ComNet-Ethernet101.GW (1) routing and switching.pptx

routing and swithching

1. Basics of Ethernet Communication

2. c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s Basics of Ethernet Communication

3. Guy Walker North America Trainer A&E Program Manager BICSI Credits 4 CEC’s Basics of Ethernet Communication ESA Credits .4 CEC’s Basics of Ethernet Communication 10-2907 Introductions

4. About Us Founded in 2007 By George Lichtblau Former owner of International Fiber Systems. Recognized several technology shifts. Same faces. New name The Majority of the ComNet team are former IFS employees or have backgrounds in the Security industry. State of the art 25,000 square foot facility in Danbury, CT

5. Legacy Fiber Optic Hardened Ethernet Commercial Ethernet Retrofit Network Products

6. Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking

7. Why is IP transmission so hot? Standards Based Multiple Signals Scalability Redundancy Monitoring

8. Cabling (physical layer) Switches, hubs Edge devices Protocols Language of packets Relates to network Relates to devices on network Basic Network Components

9. Office Building Gigabit Network WAN 100Mbps Network Core Switch Gateway Edge Switch Bridge Remote Office Building Wireless Bridge Edge Device Edge Device DVR Parking Lot Remote Client

10. MATRIX SWITCH Security Architecture

11. Types of Networks LAN – Local Area Network A network covering a small physical area, like a home, business, or small group of buildings, such as a school. All devices are considered to be “on the same network.” WAN – Wide Area Network A network that covers a broad area, such as a national corporation or Gov’t Agency. Many different LAN’s are combined to make a WAN. LAN’s can be in the same building or around the world. Source: IEEE Standards

12. Ethernet “Language” Ethernet is a family of frame-based networking technologies for LANs. Packets Frames use a source and destination addresses, error correction. Layer 1 and 2 S tandardized as IEEE 802.3 . V ersions for Coax, UTP, fiber optics and wireless. 10Base-T 100Base-T (Fast Ethernet) 1000Base-T (Gigabit) 100Base-FX, etc. (fiber-based)

13. The Ethernet Packet Source: Wikimedia Commons Range means packets are different sizes

14. Types of Messages (packets) Unicast A one-to-one communication link. Packets are sent from one IP address to another IP address. Broadcast A one-to-everyone communication link. Packets are sent from one IP address to all ports and IP addresses on the network. Multicast A dynamic, one-to-many communication link. Packets are sent from one IP address to any other IP addresses that request the packets. Since this a dynamic relationship, devices can “subscribe” and “un-subscribe” at will. IGMP – Internet Group Multicasting Protocol

15. The “ Internet Protocol Suite” is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP ) TCP/IP

16. TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to client, and to trigger re-transmission until the data is correctly and completely received. IP - is responsible for moving packets of data from node to node. 192.168.10.35 Socket - an end-point of a bidirectional process-to-process communication. 192.168.10.35:8080 Source: Wikimedia Commons Internet Protocol

17. Source: Wikimedia Commons Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol Suite has four abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. From lowest to highest, the layers are : The link layer contains communication technologies for a local network. The internet layer connects local networks, thus establishing the internet. The transport layer handles host-to-host communication. The application layer contains all protocols defined for handling the many data communications services. This layer handles application-based interaction on a process-to-process level between hosts .

18. IP Version 4 (current) 32 bit binary code 4 sections of 8 bits each (octets) Network ID, Host ID IP Addressing rules: The Network ID cannot start with a ZERO The Host ID cannot end with a ZERO No two systems on one network can have the same IP Address. An octet’s value will never exceed 255 126.15.0.10 IP Version 6 128 bit binary code 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf Backwards compatible IP Addressing

19. Class A n = network h = host nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh First Octet range ( 1 - 127) NOTES: The 127.1.1.1 address is reserved for MS Loopback. Only 128 possible networks, but over 16 million possible HOSTS Network ID Host ID 126.15.10.10 IP Addressing

20. Class B n = network h = host nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh First Octet range (128 - 191) NOTES: Over 65,000 possible networks or HOSTS Network ID Host ID IP Addressing 151.15.10.10

21. Class C n = network h = host nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh First Octet range (192 - 223) NOTES: Only 254 possible HOSTS, but 16 million possible networks Network ID Host ID IP Addressing 201.15.10.10

22. Class D Multicast – a “virtual” IP address 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class E Future or Experimental Use 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255 IP Addressing

23. Private Addresses Three ranges assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA): Computers not connected to the Internet do not need to have globally unique IP addresses, and thus do not need to be coordinated with an IP address registry. A Gateway or proxy server is used to send data over the internet or WAN from these devices. 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 To To To IP Addressing

24. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons Proxy Server

25. Subnet Masking A way of further segregating HOSTS in a network. Logically dividing the physical network. D ifferent hosts will use different routers. Class A – 255.0.0.0 Class B – 255.255.0.0 Class C – 255.255.255.0 Class C – 192.168.151.10 Class C – 255.255.255.0 masking IP Addressing

26. Chapter 2 Evolution of Ethernet

27. The Media Access Control layer of the OSI stack. Layer 1 48 -bit address defined by the manufacturer and the hardware. H ard-coded, unique address B urned onto the device during manufacturing. 00-2A-9Z-3C-78-05 Manufacturer Hardware MAC Address

28. Provides an unchanging , unique network identifier for a device. L ayer of security. Switches convert IP addresses to MAC addresses to deliver packets. ARP Table MAC Address

29. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Open System Interconnect Model “Layers” Created by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1984 Shows the progression of how computers communicate to each other OSI Model

30. CAT5, Fiber Optic, Wireless, Hubs IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), VLANs IP, IGMP, Routers TCP, UDP Half/Full Duplex MPEG, H.264, SSL HTTP, Telnet End User Applications and Networking Network & End-to-End Communication LAN/WAN & Transport Systems Mostly Hardware Mostly Software Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link 7 6 5 4 3 2 Physical 1 OSI Model

31. Switch vs. Router What is a Switch? Layer 2 (typically) LAN What is a Router? Layer 3 (always at least) Connects different LANs Gateway Acts as Traffic Cop Forwarding & Prioritization Internet Network 1 Network 2 Network 3

32. A Layer 3 protocol. Uses IP address Uses Routing Table . Lists routes and topologies Metrics (cost) The three common routing tools: IP Address QoS System Name (DNS) Routing Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.100 10 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 127.0.0.1 10 192.168.0.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10

33. RIP – Routing Information Protocol: an older interior gateway protocol (IGP) using the distance-vector routing algorithm. Considered outdated. IS-IS – Intermediate System to Intermediate System: is a link-based routing protocol, meaning that it operates by flooding network topology information throughout the routers. Each router will then independently build a picture of the network's topology. Likewise, packets are forwarded based on the best path through the network to the destination address . OSPF – Open Shortest Path First - is another dynamic routing protocol for use in IP networks. Specifically, it is a link-state routing protocol and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating within an autonomous system . Protocols

34. TCP versus UDP TCP has error correction UDP is “fire and forget” Implications for video streaming Protocols

35. QoS - Quality of Service is the ability to provide different priority to different applications, users, or data flows, or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow. CoS - Class of Service is a field within a layer two Ethernet frame header. It specifies a priority value of between 0 (signifying best-effort) and 7 (signifying priority real-time data) that can be used by Quality of Service disciplines to differentiate traffic. DHCP   (Server) - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used by networked devices ( hosts ) to obtain the parameters necessary for operation in an IP network. NTP - Network Time Protocol is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to computer systems across a network. Protocols

36. Chapter 3 Network Types

37. Point to Point Network IP ACCESS CONTROL CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE3FE7MS2 ANALOG VIDEO IP VIDEO VIDEO CODECS NTSC MONITORS VMS VIDEO CODEC

38. Add/Drop Network (Daisy Chain) IP ACCESS CONTROL CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE3FE7MS2 ANALOG VIDEO IP VIDEO VIDEO CODECS NTSC MONITORS VMS VIDEO CODEC IP VIDEO

39. Star Network CNGE3FE7MS2 IP ACCESS CONTROL IP VIDEO VMS IP VIDEO IP VIDEO VOIP VOIP CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE8FX4TX4US

40. Self Healing Ring Network IP ACCESS CONTROL CNGE3FE7MS2 CNGE3FE7MS2 ANALOG VIDEO IP VIDEO VIDEO CODECS VIDEO MONITORS CPU/SERVER VIDEO CODEC VOIP

41. “Real World” Network VMS VMS WAN

42. Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1d) Slower fail over, but less overhead Learns topology Can be manually configured Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1w) Faster fail over, but more overhead Originally written to stop bridge loop condition. Only for simple ring topologies. Only ONE failure Redundancy

43. Client Self Healing Ring Network VMS Client

44. IEEE 802.11 S tandards for WLAN 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz public spectrum bands (unlicensed) Elliptical shape 802.11b & 802.11g U se 2.4GHz ISM band and gets up to 54Mbps over max distance of 38 meters 802.11n Not a standard yet, but up to 600Mbps by utilizing MIMO. Wireless

45. Pros Less expensive than running cable Indoor and outdoor Flexible Cons Unreliable or finicky Interference Limitations Wireless

46. Point-to-Point Wireless Topologies

47. Point-to-Multi-Point Wireless Topologies

48. Mesh Wireless Topologies

49. Wireless Transmission IP Video VOIP Emergency Call Box CPU CNGE3FE7MS CNGE3FE7MS CNGE3FE7MS CNGE3FE7MS VOIP Emergency Call Box IP Compatible Access Control Wi-Fi Radio “Hop” Wi-Fi Radio Wi-Fi Radio Wi-Fi Radio Wi-Fi Radio IP Video

50. Chapter 4 Network Technologies

51. Virtual Local Area Network 802.1Q “Virtually” separate network traffic, but o n same “physical” network Increased Security Reduce broadcast domain Port-Based Tagged – Trunk or Uplink VLAN

52. Configuration (default) Disabled Default VLAN, all ports Management VLAN DHCP segmentation Source: Wikimedia Commons VLAN

53. IP Access Control VLAN 2 VOIP VLAN 3 IP Video VLAN 1 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) IEEE 802.1q TOC Seamless to the operator

54. Port 8 VLAN 1 Port 3 VLAN 2 Port 1 VLAN 3 VLAN Port 10 (trunk) VLAN 1 & 2 & 3 Packets are “tagged” Network

55. IGMP – Internet Group Management Protocol Reserved IP Addresses (Class D): Don’t ever program a HOST (device) with this IP address range. Two Parts of Multicast: Filtering (Snooping) Query 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 To Multicast

56. Client IGMP (Multicast) VMS Client Client

57. SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol M onitor network-attached devices MIB – Management Information Base (MIB Library) Device – Agent - NMS RMON Remote Monitoring A MIB that uses SNMP to communicate “Flow based” monitoring versus SNMP’s “device based” monitoring A little easier to implement RFC 3411 — An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks Protocols

58. Chapter 5 Cabling & Fiber Considerations

59. Ethernet Media Copper : Typically limited to 100 meter transmission distance between Ethernet devices Fiber Optic : Long distance, >100 Km, immunity to RFI/EMI. Highest bandwidth capability Wireless : IEEE 802.11, Point to point, point to multipoint, Mesh, Interference and latency are concerns.

60. Category 5 UTP Four twisted pairs in a single cable jacket – 24 AWG. Up to 100Mbps NO Power Over Ethernet (POE). Category 5e UTP Four twisted pairs in a single cable jacket, but more twists per inch Up to 1000Mbps. Category 6 UTP or STP Four twisted pairs – 22 AWG Up to 1000Mbps Connectors and Cabling

61. SFP Evolution of the GBIC Mini-GBIC Fiber or Copper (RJ45) Standardized* Combo Port Copper and SFP Small Form-factor Pluggable

62. RJ45 – more correctly called the 8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C) connector . ST – fiber optic cable connector ( most popular with traditional gear ) SC – fiber optic cable connector ( popular in IT) LC – fiber optic cable connector ( gaining popularity due to SFP). Here is is shown as a dual-LC. RJ-45 ST SC LC Connectors and Cabling

63. Beyond Copper Fiber Optics (analog or IP) Signal transmission 100+ kilometers Immunity to EMI Lightning isolation Carry multiple signals Optical Standards Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) Many options for media/connector

64. Optical Fiber Core (glass) Passes the light signal Refractive properties contain light 50, 62.5, 9 micron Cladding Helps keep light in glass Coating/Buffer Protects the fiber from abrasion and external forces

65. Optical Fiber Fiber Optics Types of Fiber Multimode Singlemode Laser LED 50 or 62.5 micron 9 micron

66. Modal Dispersion Core Cladding Separate light paths (modes) L E D LED ON (1) LED OFF (0) Sent LED ON (1) LED OFF (0) Received

67. Beyond Copper Fiber Limitations Analog - greater cost for singlemode transmission Distance with Gigabit Ethernet 300 meters over 62.5 micron fiber 550 meters over 50 micron fiber No Power over Ethernet Often 2 fibers per link Connectors Varied ST, SC, LC

68. Transmission Options Analog over CAT 5e - 100 meters Media Converter - 3 km to 45 km Managed Network - 300 meters to 100 km between nodes

69. Chapter 6 ComNet Ethernet Hardware Considerations

70. Dropped Packets   Routers or switches might fail to deliver ( drop ) some packets. This is normal for most networks and is not a concern unless it happens in large amounts . Lost Packets This is not good. This means packets were dropped but can’t be retransmitted . Delay   It might take a long time for a packet to reach its destination because it gets held up in long queues, or takes a less direct route to avoid congestion. In some cases, excessive delay can render an application, such as video, unusable. Jitter   Packets from the source will reach the destination with different delays. This can seriously affect the quality of streaming audio and/or video. (UDP can solve this) Real Problems

71. Bad IP Scheme   Can cause lots of problems – like edge devices dropping off the network . Edge Devices These need to be configured properly, especially video. Are reduced frame rates being used? Is it your recorder? etc Multicast Support   All network devices need to support IGMP on large or busy systems . Bandwidth   Are you exceeding limits? What is an appropriate limit ? Standard vs. Custom Protocols Many big switch manufacturers customize standard protocols. Problems, Really?

72. PoE IEEE 802.3af DC power over Ethernet cable - CAT 5e or higher Supplies 48V at 350 mA max 15.5 Watts at port 13.4 Watts max at 100m PSE – Power Source Equip. PD – Powered Device Endspan Hub Midspan Hub Can you put a non-PoE Device into a PoE switch? Yes – due to 25k Ohm resistor in PD power PD PSE Power Over Ethernet