comparative-police-system-s (2).pdf LAW.

POLICE

1. Comparative Police System
GLOBALIZATION
Effects to police service
Changing role and nature of the police
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Terrorism
Drug Trafficking
Money Laundering
Human Trafficking
Cyber Crimes
Others
SELECTED POLICE MODELS
Japan
Singapore
Australian Federal Police
U.S and Other European Countries
Programs of selected police models
Applications to Philippine Setting
INTERPOL
Organizational setup
Functions and programs
Role in Anti-Transnational crime
Criminal Intelligence Analysis
BILATERAL and INTERNATIONAL
CO-OPERATION
UN convention against transnational crime
Role of aseanapol
PARTICIPATION OF PNP PERSONNEL IN
UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Selection and qualifications
Terms of Deployment

2. Whatis comparative police
system?
Itistheprocessofoutliningthesimilarities
anddifferencesofonepolicesystemto
anotherinordertodiscoverinsightsinthe
fieldofinternationalpolicing.
WhatisGLOBALIZATION?
Isthesystemofinteractionamongthecountriesoftheworld
inordertodeveloptheglobaleconomy.Globalizationrefers
totheintegrationofeconomicsandsocietiesalloverthe
world.Globalizationinvolvestechnological,economic,
political,andculturalexchangesmadepossiblelargely
byadvancesincommunication,transportation,and
infrastructure.

3. GLOBALIZATION DEFINED
MarfleetandKiely(1998:3)
•definedglobalizationinreferencetoaworldinwhich
societies,cultures,politicsandeconomicshavein
somesensecomeclosertogether.
Thereasonastowhyglobalisationislinkedtocrime
restsonthefactsthatfallingfrontiersbetweenstates
broughtaboutby:
•(i)easeofmigrationintermsoftravel,
•(ii)audiovisualandcyberspacecommunicationare
bringingmanybenefits,buttheyarealsomakingit
easierforcriminalorganizationstobeactiveacrossthe
globeandwithinstates(Findlay,2000;59-73).

4. Effects of Globalization
NegativeEffects
•WhiteCollarCrimes&Laborexploitation
•Jobinsecurity/unstableduetoincreasedcompetition
•Internationalcrimeslikehumantrafficking
•WorldTerrorism,Cybercrimes,Drugtrafficking
•Humanrightsviolationsonglobalscale
•Badeffectsofforeignculturetolocalcultures
•Deadlydiseasesspreadonglobalscale
•Priceincreaseoncommodities
•Localindustriestakenoverbyforeignmultinationals

5. EFFECTS TO POLICE SERVICE
Undeniablycrimeisgoesglobalalso.
•Thecrimethatwehavebeforeisnolonger
localbutitgoesglobal.
•Meaningit’sbeenglobalizedbecausesomeof
thelocalcrimesnowarebeinglinkglobally
andsometimeshasaninternationalbacking
frominternationalcriminalorganization.

6. Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement
(V. Delos Santos)
1.Thefacilitationoftransnationalcrimesandcriminalscanbe
easilyachieved.
2.Thereisaneedfortransnationalpolicing.Thecooperation
amongpoliceorganizationsintheworldisvital.
3.Traininginstructionsforincominglawenforcementofficers
mustincludeadvancecomputertopreparethemascyber
copssotheycanbebetterpreparedtodealwithcyber
crimes.
4.Developmentofnewstrategiestodealwithinternational
organizedcrimesisamust.
5.Provisionsoflawenforcementwithupdatedlegislations
relatedtomodernizationtheoriesofcrime.

7. Threats on law enforcement
Somethreatsbroughtaboutbyglobalizationare:
–Increasingvolumeofhumanrightsviolations
evidentbygenocideormasskilling
–Theunderprivilegedgainunfairaccesstoglobal
mechanismsonlawenforcementandsecurity
–Conflictbetweennations
–Transnationalcriminalnetworksfordrug
trafficking,moneylaundering,terrorism,etc

8. Opportunities for law enforcement
Whileglobalizationbringsthethreatsandmanyotherthreats
tolawenforcement,opportunitieslikethefollowingare
carried:
•Creation of International tribunals to deal with human
rights problems
•Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal
norms and link them to the enforcement power of states
•Transnational professional network and cooperation
against transnational crimes
•Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across
transnational issues

9. Characteristics of Globalization
Theseincludegreaterinternationalmovementof:
•Commodities-tradingpricesforoil,gold,silver,copperandmore
•Money-generallyacceptedmediumoffinancialexchange
•Information-isthatwhichinforms
•People-
•Technology-
•Organizations-
•legalsystems-
•Infrastructures-
Theactualexistenceofsomeofthesetrendsisdebated.

10. THE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Worldwide Net of Communication & Info -worldwide
availability of knowledge & info -new chances to
influence world society
Economy:world trade = “inland market”
new mobility of capital, goods, services
Society:the world as “global village” -migration + the
importance of cultures and identities
Securitythreatened by new dangers -increase of
private violence -“new wars” -grey zone: security
internal/ external -terrorism
Political: evidenced when governments create
international rules and institutions to deal with issues
such as trade, human rights, and the environment.

11. What are the probable solutions to counter the effects
of globalization in the police service?
•Actually-thereisquiteasimilarityinthedutiesand
methodsofpolicingworldwidebutthathasmoreto
dowiththeuniversalityofpsychologyandthehuman
conditionandhowcriminalsthink,act,andarecaught,
morethananythingtodowithpolicingwithaglobal
mindset.

12. 1. What makes a particular crime to
be considered a global problem?
Acrimecanbesaidtobeaglobalproblemifit
meetsanyoneofthetwocriteria:
(i)Ifaparticularcrimehasanaccentuating
characterinmostnationsontheglobe.
Thiscrimedoesnotnecessarilyneedtohave
actorsinducingitacrossfrontiers.
(ii)thecrimeisoccurringacrossfrontiersand
therearesocialactorsinducingwhotraverse
frontiers.

13. The following are considered
as critical global crimes :
•DealingInillicitdrugs
•Illegaltraffickinginweapons
•Illegaltraffickinginhumanbeings
•MoneyLaundering
•Corruption
•ViolentCrimesincludingterrorism
•Warcrimes
Whatmakesthesecrimestomeritconcernis
thattheyhaveunwarrantedeffects.
Theseunwarrantedeffectsbringustoexamine
theeffectsofglobalcrimes.

14. 2. What are the criminogenic effects
of globalization?
•Globalcrimeasanewphenomenonisseento
profoundlyaffectinternationalandnationaleconomies,
politics,security,and,ultimately,societiesatlarge
(Eduardo,2002)
•Ithasbeenseenthatglobalcrimegroupshavethe
powertocriminalizepolitics,businessandthepolice,
developingefficientnetworks,extendtheirreachdeep
andwide.Allhaveoperationsextendingbeyond
nationalborders,andtheyarenowdevelopingstrategic
allianceslinkedinaglobalnetwork,reapingthebenefits
ofglobalisation."(HDR,1999:5and42)
•Criminogenic:Producingortendingtoproducecrimeorcriminality

15. 3. What are the links between
globalization and crime?
•Thereasonastowhyglobalisationislinkedtocrime
restsonthefactsthatfallingfrontiersbetweenstates
broughtaboutby
(i)easeofmigrationintermsoftravel,
(ii)audiovisualandcyberspacecommunicationare
bringingmanybenefits,buttheyarealsomakingit
easierforcriminalorganizationstobeactiveacrossthe
globeandwithinstates(Findlay,2000;59-73).
•Whereasthescourgeoforganizedcrimeisnotnew,
criminalshavebeentakingadvantageoffastmoving
technologicaladvancessuchastheInternet,overall
globalizationandthefreedomofcirculationand
establishmentofglobalmarkets.

16. How to Deal with Globalization
Thefirstphenomenonaffectinglocallawenforcementis
globalization.
•Historyhastaughtthatglobalizationhasbeenanagent
ofchangeforhundredsofyears.Historicaleventssuch
asthediscoveryofAmericabyEuropeansandthe
openingoftheSuezCanalhavechangedour
expectations,aspirations,andcapabilities.TheSuez
Canal,forinstance,shortenedtheEuropeanseatrade
routetoIndiaby5,800miles,makingtheworlda
smallerplace.
•Theonlyrestrictionthatlimitsglobalizationis
government,whichforcriminalsisanobstacleeasily
overcome.

17. The Suez Canal
•TheSuezcanalisa
waterway
connectingthe
MediterraneanSea
totheRedSea
through the
IsthmusofSuez.It
wasopenedin
1869after10years
ofconstruction.

18. SUEZ Canal Details
•THE NORTHER and
SOUTHERN TERMINUS

19. Changing relationship of
between Globalization and
crime

20. What do we need in changing relationship
between globalization and crime?
•Clearly,whenitcomestopeopletrafficking,the
smugglingofmigrants,cocaineandheroine
trafficking,firearmstrafficking,thesmugglingof
naturalresources,theillicittradeincounterfeit
goods,maritimepiracyandcybercrime,somekind
ofinternationalcooperationisrequired.
•Withoutanykindofinternationalcooperation,it
wouldbedifficultforcriminalstobeprosecuted,asit
wouldbeimpossibletogatherenoughevidenceto
provetheirguiltbeyondreasonabledoubt.

21. What is International cooperation?
•Internationalcooperationreferstoagroupof
actionsand/orresourcesexchangedbetween
actorsfromdifferentcountries,voluntarily
andaccordingtotheirowninterestsand
strategies
•Theinteractionofpersonsorgroupsof
personsrepresentingvariousnationsinthe
pursuitofacommongoalorinterest.

22. Example of the relationship between
globalization and crime
•Drugtraffickingisoneexampleoftherelationship
betweenglobalizationandcrime,butthereare
certainlyplentyofothersandoftenitisdeveloping
nationsthatbearthebruntofcriminalactivity.
•NaturalresourcesarestolenandtakentotheWest;
poorinhabitantsaretoldabetterlifeawaitsthem
abroadwhentherealityisverydifferent,astheyare
forcedintoprostitutionwhentheyarrive;gunsend
upinthewronghandswhichfuelsconflict.

23. END OF THE TOPIC GLOBALIZATION

24. WHAT IS
Transnational Crime?
acrimeperpetuatedbyorganizedcriminal
groupswhichtheaimofcommittingoneor
moreseriouscrimesoroffensesinorderto
obtaindirectlyorindirectly,afinancialorother
materialbenefitscommittedthroughcrossingof
bordersorjurisdictions.

25. COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
: TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
25
Definition:
•Criminologistusetheterm
TRANSNATIONALCRIMEtoReferto
criminalactivities,transactions,or
schemesthatviolatesthelawsof
morethanonecountryorhave
directimpactonaforeigncountry.

26. Transnational or Borderless crime
According to the United Nations Convention of Transnational
Organized Crime, an offense is transnational if it:
•Is committed in more than one state;
•Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its
preparation, planning, direction or control takes place
in another state;
•Is committed in one state but involves organized
crime group that engages in criminal activities in
more than one state; or
•Is committed in one state but has subs effects in
another state.

27. It specifically targets three types of criminals:
["those who operate in more than one country...,
[those] who do not travel at all but whose crimes affect other countries...; and
[those] who commit a crime in one country and flee to another"

28. Comparative Police System
Forms of Transnational Crime in
Asia Pacific Examples

29. Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational crime covers many different
types of crime with varying levels of gravity:
–Organized crime
–Corporate crime
–Professional crime
–Political crime

30. Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational organized crime includes:
–Drugs and arms trafficking
–Trafficking in human beings
–People smuggling
–Smuggling of foodstuffs and stimulants (particularly
tobacco products, alcohol and meat)
–Smuggling of growth promoting substances for the
livestock industry
–Credit card fraud
–Smuggling of nuclear materials
–Illegal car trading

31. Categories of Transnational Crime
•Transnational corporate crimeincludes:
–Tax evasion
–Social security fraud
–Dumping of goods (clothes and electronic
equipment) or products (foodstuffs of inferior
quality) on foreign markets
–Obtaining government subsidies by fraudulent
means

32. Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational corporate crimeincludes:
–Formation of illegal cartels or monopolies
–Infringement of intellectual property rights
–Industrial espionage
–Import and export of protected plants and animals
–Illegal dumping of toxic and other waste in
another country

33. Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational professional crimeincludes:
–Serious theft, fraud, kidnapping
–Illegal export and purchase of works of art
–The supply of fake brand name products
–Insurance fraud
–Production of counterfeit money and forged
papers

34. Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational political crime includes:
–Illegal activities by terrorist groups or
organizations
–Circumvention of sanctions imposed on countries
by the UN

35. Players in Transnational Crime
Organized crime groups such as :
•Russian organized crime syndicates,
•Chinese triads,
•Japanese yakuza,
•Colombian cartels,
•Nigerian networks and
•Burmese narco-warlords
•Individuals
•Corporations
•Organizations

36. Facilitators of Transnational Crime
•Corruptionofofficialsmakesiteasiertocommita
punishableoffenceandtocoverupthetrail
•Moneylaunderingviaoffshorebanksorotherwiseto
financeillegaloperationsandtoprevent
governmentsgettingtheirhandsonproceedsof
crime
•Perpetratorsinsomeinstanceswillingandableto
useviolenceagainstauthoritiesandinnocent
bystanders

37. Asian Organized Crime
TransnationalorganizedcrimeinEastAsiais
dominatedbynonstateactorsprincipally
Chinesetriads,theJapaneseyakuzaand
ChineseandVietnameseethnicgangswho
operateindependentlyandinassociationwith
thetriadsandyakuza.

38. Transnational Crime Types
Aircraft Hijacking
Computer crime/cyber crime
Corruption and Bribery of
public and political officials
Environmental crime
Drug Trafficking
Arms Trafficking
Money Laundering
Sea Piracy
Theft of art and artifacts
Trafficking in persons
Trafficking in human body
parts
Terrorism and others

39. Money Laundering
Rank#1onthelistbecauseofitsmassiveimpactonthe
economyoftheentireworld.
•Criminalswhogettheirmoneyfromillegalactions,suchas
prostitution,smugglingorcomputerfraudtypicallylaunder
theirmoneyinordernottoattracttheattentionof
authorities.
Moneylaunderingisdoneinthreemainways:
1.disguisingthesourceofthemoney
2.suchasdisguisingaprostitutionringasamassageparlor,
changingtheform
3.suchaschangingcashintoamoneyorder,ormovingthe
fundssuchastakingmoneyfromonelargebankaccount
andputtingitinseveralsmalleraccountsunderdifferent
names.

40. Copyright © 2009 LEA 6
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM.
40
Money Laundering Scheme

41. RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194
•ThisActshallbeknownasthe"Anti-Money
LaunderingActof2001."•CreationofAnti-
MoneyLaunderingCouncil(AMLC).–The
Anti-MoneyLaunderingCouncilishereby
createdandshallbecomposedofthe
GovernoroftheBangkoSentralngPilipinasas
chairman,theCommissioneroftheInsurance
CommissionandtheChairmanofthe
SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionas
members.

42. Terrorism
What is Terrorism?
Terrorism is destruction of people or property by people not
acting on behalf of an established government for the
purpose of redressing a real or imaginary injustice attributed
to an established government and aimed directly or
indirectly at an established government.
Not all cases of destruction of people or property are terrorism. The
important definitive characteristics of terrorism are:
1.the act of destruction is performed by a person or group of personsnot
acting on behalf of an established government,
2.the act of destruction is performedto redress a real or imaginary
injustice, and
3.the act isaimed directly or indirectly at an established government, who
is seen as the cause of the injustice.

43. 4 Key Elements of Terrorism
•Terrorism is premeditated
•It is political
•It is aimed at civilians
•It is carried out by sub –national groups

44. OCG DISTINGUISHED FROM
TERRORISM:
•Organized crime groups are motivated by -
money
•Terroristsare motivated by -ideology

45. TYPES OF TERRORISM
•DOMESTIC/NATIONALTERRORISMbasedand
operateentirelywithinacertaincountry.•
TRANSNATIONALTERRORISMterroristgroups
whooperateacrossnationalborders,whose
actionsandpoliticalaspirationsmayaffect
individualsofmorethanonenationality.•
INTERNATIONALTERRORISMforeignbased
andisdirectedagainstacountrybycountries
orgroupsoutsidethatcountry.

46. Characteristics of Terrorism
•Distinction between domestic and international terrorism, i.e.,
Oklahoma City –September 11, 2001.
•Political in aims and motives.
•Exploitation of fear (terror) through violence or the threat of
violence.
•Psychological effects (fear through intimidation).
•Perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity.

47. Characteristics of Terrorism
(cont’d)
•Designedtocreatepowerwhenthereisnopower.
•Toterrorists,therearenorulesofwarfareorcodesofconduct.
•Thegoalisthatthroughthepublicitygeneratedfromtheir
violence,terroristswillhavetheleveragetoeffectpolitical
change.
•Perpetratedbysomeorganizationalentitywithanidentifiable
chainofcommandcapableofconspiratorialconduct.

48. Terrorism Typologies
•Nationalist:seektoformaseparatestatefortheirown
nationalgroup,i.e.,freedomfighters.Examplesinclude:
IRA,BasqueFatherlandandLiberty,andKurdistanWorker’s
Party.
•Religious:useviolencetofurtherwhattheybelieveare
divinelycommandedpurposes–aspiritualratherthana
militaryobjective.Examplesinclude:Al-Qaeda,HAMAS,
Hezbollah,AumShinrikyo.

49. Terrorism Typologies
(cont’d)
•State-Sponsored: Used by radical states as foreign policy
–provide a cost effective way to wage war covertly through
terrorists, i.e., U.S. embassy –Tehran (1979). States
considered to sponsor terrorism include: Cuba, Iran, Iraq,
Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.

50. Terrorism Typologies
(cont’d)
•Left-Wing,Right-Wing,andAnarchist:Left-wing
groupsseektodestroycapitalismandreplaceitwitha
communistsocialregime.Right-winggroupsseektocreate
fascistsstates.Anarchistsarerevolutionarieswhoseekto
overthrowallformsofgovernment.Examplesinclude:Left-
Wing(RedBrigade,Baader-MeinhofGang,JapaneseRed
Army);Right-Wing(Neo-Nazis,skinheads,white
supremacists);and,Anarchist(contemporaryanti-
globalizationgroups).

51. TERRORIST MAY USE
•weapons of mass destruction
•threats to create fear
•traditional weapons
Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) is a term
used to describe a massive weapon with the
capacity to indiscriminately kill large numbers
of people. NBC –Nuclear, Biological, and
Chemical Weapons
•Nuclear Weapons Kill… Destroy…Contaminate…

52. THE HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF
2007 REPUBLIC ACT 9372
•Policy(Sec.2)•Protectlife,libertyand
propertyfromactsofterrorism;
•Condemnterrorismasinimicalanddangerous
tothenationalsecurityofthecountryandto
thewelfareofthepeople
•MaketerrorismacrimeagainsttheFilipino
people,againsthumanityandagainstthelaw
ofnations
•thelawtookeffecton15July2007

53. Terrorism (Sec. 3) Three-part
definition:
•predicate act,
•results/consequences and
•objective
•Predicateacts•Piracyandmutinyonhighseas(Art.122)•
Rebellionorinsurrection(Art.134)•Coupd’etat(Art.134-A)
•Murder(Art.248)•KidnappingandSeriousIllegalDetention
(Art.267)•Arson(Art.324*;PD1613)•RANo.6235(Anti-
HijackingLaw)•PDNo.532(Anti-PiracyandAnti-Highway
RobberyLawof1974)•PDNo.1866asamendedbyRA8294
&10592(IllegalPossessionofFirearmsandAmmunition)

54. Results/Consequences
•therebysowingandcreatingaconditionofwidespreadand
extraordinaryfearandpanicamongthepopulace
•Objective•inordertocoercethegovernmenttogiveintoan
unlawfuldemand
•Penalty•40yearsofimprisonmentwithoutthebenefitof
parole
•PeriodofDetentionWithoutJudicialWarrantofArrest•within
aperiodofthree(3)dayscountedfromthemomentthesaid
chargedorsuspectedpersonhasbeenapprehended.•Note:
fineofPhp500,000.00perdayofunlawfuldetentionof
innocentperson.

55. Famous Terrorist Groups
•Al-Qaeda•translation:"TheBase”isaglobal
militantSunniIslamistgroupfoundedby
OsamabinLadensometimebetweenAugust
1988andlate1989.
•Itoperatesasanetworkcomprisingbotha
multinational,statelessarmyandaradical
SunniMuslimmovementcallingforglobal
Jihad.

56. Famous Terrorist Groups
•Hezbollah•Hezbollah(Arabic:بزحلالهḥizbu-llāh(i),
literally"PartyofGod")isaShi'aMuslimmilitant
groupandpoliticalpartybasedinLebanon.
•Hezbollahfirstemergedinresponsetothe1982
IsraeliinvasionofLebanon,duringtheLebanesecivil
war.
•HezbollahLeaderHassanNasrallahFounded1982–
1985(officially)•IdeologyShiaIslamismReligionShia
Islam•OfficialcoloursYellow,Green

57. Famous Terrorist Groups
•JemaahIslamiah•(Arabic: ةعامجلاةيملاسلإا,meaning
"IslamicCongregation",frequentlyabbreviatedJI),•
isaSoutheastAsianmilitantIslamicorganization
dedicatedtotheestablishmentofaDaulahIslamiyah
(regionalIslamiccaliphate)inSoutheastAsia
incorporatingIndonesia,Malaysia,thesouthern
Philippines,SingaporeandBrunei.•JIwasaddedto
theUnitedNations1267Committee'slistofterrorist
organizationslinkedtoal-QaedaortheTalibanon25
October2002underUNSecurityCouncilResolution
1267.

58. Famous Terrorist Groups
•IslamicStateofIraqandtheLevant(ISIS)•
Status:Rebelgroupcontrollingterritory•
Largestcity:Mosul,Iraq•
•Government:Caliphate(self-declared)•
Caliph(self-declared):AbuBakral-Baghdadi,
"CaliphIbrahim"•FieldCommander:Abu
Omaral-Shishani•Formation:8April2013•
Declarationofcaliphate:29June2014

59. Famous Terrorist Groups
•AbuSayyafGroup•AbuSayyaf,ASG,Filipino:
GrupongAbuSayyaf)alsoknownasal-Harakatal-
IslamiyyaisoneofseveralmilitaryIslamistseparatist
groupsbasedinandaroundthesouthern
Philippines,whereforalmost30yearsvarious
Muslimgroupshavebeenengagedinaninsurgency
foranindependentprovinceinthecountry.•The
nameofthegroupisderivedfromtheArabicوبا,abu
("fatherof")andsayyaf("Swordsmith").Thegroup
callsitself"Al-HarakatAl-Islamiyya"orthe"Islamic
Movement".

60. Famous Terrorist Groups
•BokoHaram("Westerneducationis
forbidden"),•Active:2002–present•
Ideology:SunniIslamicfundamentalism•
Leaders:AbubakarShekau;MohammedYusuf
†•Areaofoperations:Nigeria,Cameroon,
NigerandChad•Strength:Upto9,000+•
Opponents:Nigeria,Cameroon

61. DRUG TRAFFICKING
Copyright © 2009 LEA -6 61

62. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
62
Drug Trafficking
•Drug trafficking refers to illegal drugs
being sold and distributed.
Global heroin flows from Asian points of origin

63. Cont;
•Thisproblemofdrugsisnotonlyrestrictedto
afewcountriesbutisglobal.
•Forinstance,theSeptember11attacksis
linkedtopoliticalterrorismunderthehandof
terroristorarmedorganizationsthroughdrug
trafficking.AccordingtoTNI(2003)many
armedconflicttakingplacemaybefinanced
byillegalsources,ofwhichapartderivesfrom
drugs.

64. Drug Trafficking
•Areportsaidtheglobaldrugtradegeneratedan
estimatedUS$321.6billionin2005.
•WithaworldGDPofUS$36trillioninthesameyear,
theillegaldrugtrademaybeestimatedasslightly
lessthan1%oftotalglobalcommerce.
•Consumptionofillegaldrugsiswidespreadglobally.
•IllicitdrugtraffickinginthePhilippinesremains
difficulttobringtoahaltduetonewmodus
operandiandtheinvolvementofpersonsof
authority.

65. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
65
COMPUTER/CYBER CRIMES

66. Copyright © 2009 LEA-6
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
66
Cyber/Computer Crimes
Computercrime,orcybercrime,referstoanycrimethat
involvesacomputerandanetwork.Thecomputermayhave
beenusedinthecommissionofacrime,oritmaybethe
target.
Internationally,bothgovernmentalandnon-stateactors
engageincybercrimes,includingespionage,financialtheft,
andothercross-bordercrimes.
Activitycrossinginternationalbordersandinvolvingthe
interestsofatleastonenationstateissometimesreferredto
ascyberwarfare.
Theinternationallegalsystemisattemptingtoholdactors
accountablefortheiractionsthroughtheInternationalCriminal
Court.

67. NETCRIME
Netcrimereferstocriminalexploitationofthe
Internet.
Suchcrimesmaythreatenanation’ssecurityand
financialhealth.Issuessurroundingthistypeof
crimehavebecomehigh-profile,particularlythose
surroundingcracking,copyrightinfringement,
childpornography,andchildgrooming.There
arealsoproblemsofprivacywhenconfidential
informationislostorintercepted,lawfullyor
otherwise.

68. LawEnforcement
Challenges With cybercrime
•Lawenforcementhasalsoincreasedand
steppedtheirgameup.Justascrimehas
developedwiththeuseofcomputers,it’s
beenabitchallengingtoactuallyfindand
convictcriminals.
•Computerscanbeusedtohelpfacilitatea
crime,betheactualtarget,orevenan
instrumentofthecrime.

69. Cyber-Crime
•Cyber-Crime:
“..acrimecommittedwheretheuseorknowledgeof
computersisrequired”.
(e.g.,denialofservice,attackingpasswords)
•Computer-assistedCrime:
“acrimeinwhichthecomputerisusedtoassistin
perpetratingthecrime”.
(e.g.,fraud,childpornography)

70. Various categories and types of
cybercrimes
Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3
major categories:
1. Cybercrimes against persons.
2. Cybercrimes against property.
3. Cybercrimes against government.

72. ROLE OF COMPUTER IN CRIME

73. Professionals who involve in these
cybercrimes are called
a.Hacker
b.Cracker
c.Cyber criminal
d.Cyber pro
Answer is: b. Cracker
crackerssoleaimistobreakintosecure
systems,hackersaremoreinterestedin
gainingknowledgeaboutcomputersystems
andpossiblyusingthisknowledgeforplayful
pranks.
Althoughhackersstillarguethatthere'sabig
differencebetweenwhattheydoandwhat
crackersdo,themassmediahasfailedto
understandthedistinction,sothetwoterms-
-hackandcrack--areoftenused
interchangeably

74. Hackers
•Definitions:
–1) “an expert at programming and solving
problems with a computer”.
–2) “a person who illegally gains access to and
sometimes tampers with information in a
computer system”.
Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

75. WHO ARE CYBER CRIMINALS?

76. Targets:

77. Imagine Planning for These Contingencies
Unrelated Events or Strategic Attack?
Power
Outages
Trade Center
City
ATM
Failures
Airliner
Crash
Bridges
Down
ISPs All
Offline
Oil Refinery
Fire
System Down
Poisoned Water
Supply
Telephone
Outages

78. The transnational character of computer
crimes creates new challenges for the law.
•Morethananyotherinternationalcrime,the
speed,mobility,flexibility,significanceand
valueoftransactionsinandforwhichcyber
crimesarecommittedprofoundlychallenge
theexistingrulesofinternationalcriminallaw.
•ThePhilippinespassedtheCybercrime
PreventionActRepublicActNo.10175.

79. Republic Act No. 8792
This Act shall be known as the “Electronic
Commerce Act”.
•Addresseereferstoapersonwhoisintended
bytheoriginatortoreceivetheelectronicdata
messageorelectronicdocument.
•Thetermdoesnotincludeapersonactingasan
intermediarywithrespecttothatelectronic
datamessageorelectronicdocument.

80. Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 80
Corruption and Bribery of Public
Officials

81. Definition of Corruption
•Themostcommonlyuseddefinitionof
corruptionreferstotheabuseofapublic
positionforprivategain
•Corruptionisfacilitatedbybribery,
embezzlementandtheftbutalsobynepotism
andcronyism
•Corruptionaffectsboththepublicandprivate
sectorsandisoftensubdividedintograndand
pettycorruption
•Itrangesfromtheprovisionofsmallgiftstothe
misappropriationofpublicassetsatthehighest
levels

82. Causes of Corruption
Thethreemostimportantcausesofcorruption
forbothhighandlowincomecountriesare
estimatedtobe:
–Normsandvaluesofpublicservants
–Lackofcontrol,supervision,auditing
–Interrelationships–business,politicsandstate

83. Scope of Corruption
The size and incidence of corruption might be
attributed to four key factors:
–The level of public benefits available
–The discretionary power of officials
–The level of risk associated with corrupt deals
–The relative bargaining power of the corruptor
and the corruptee

84. Transnational Crime and Corruption
Corruptactsinclude:
–Bribingorofferingtobribepublicofficials
–Solicitationoracceptancebyapublicofficial,
directlyorindirectly,ofanundueadvantageto
refrainfromactingintheexerciseofhisorher
officialduties
–OECDOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment-
–ForeignBriberyConventionandUNCAC
UnitedNationConventionAgainstCorruption-
–havefocusedontheseformsofcorruption

85. Corruption
•Corruptionisseenastheoldest
formoftransnationalcrime
whichisprevalentinallkindof
societieswhetheritis
democraticorundermilitary
rule.
•Thusglobalizationcanbeheldas
amainfactorfortheexistenceof
corruptionincontemporary
societieswhichshowsastrong
partnershipbetweencriminals
andwhitecollarofficials.

87. •HumanTraffickinginvolvestherecruitment,
transport,harboring,orsaleofpersons,
withinoracrossnationalborders,forthe
purposeofexploitingtheirlabor.
•Traffickedpersonsareforcedinto
prostitution,domesticservitude,bonded
sweatshoplabor,andotherkindsofwork
slavery-likepractices.
•Traffickedpersonsarealsovictimsoforgan
removalandsale.

88. •Humantraffickingistheacquisitionof
peoplebyimpropermeanssuchasforce,
fraudordeception,withtheaimof
exploitingthem.
•Smugglingmigrantsinvolvesthe
procurementforfinancialorothermaterial
benefitofillegalentryofapersonintoa
Stateofwhichthatpersonisnotanational
orresident.

89. Human Trafficking and Human Smuggling
•Traffickinginperson
Usuallyinvolvescoercion
Characterizedbysubsequentexploitationafter
theillegalentryofapersonintoaforeigncountry.
Consideredahumanrightsissue
•HumanSmuggling
Usuallydoesnotinvolvecoercion
Characterizedbyfacilitating,foranillegalentry
ofapersonintoaforeigncountry
Consideredamigrationconcern

90. PHILIPPINEDOMESTICLAWS
•RepublicActNo.9208-“Anti-traffickinginPersons
Actof2003”.
•RepublicActNo.7610-“SpecialProtectionof
ChildrenAgainstAbuse,Exploitationand
DiscriminationAct”.
•RepublicActNo.8042-“MigrantWorkersand
OverseasFilipinoAct”
•RepublicActNo.6955-“AnActtoDeclareUnlawful
thePracticeofMatchingFilipinoWomenfor
MarriagetoForeignNationalsonaMail-OrderBasis
andOthersimilarPractices…
•RepublicActNo.8239-“PhilippinePassportActof
1996”

91. ASIA
EUROPE
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA

92. CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
•Poverty
•Uneven economic development
•Family orientation & values
•Weak enforcement of laws
•Corruption
•Immediate benefits of working abroad

95. ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT
R.A. 8042
Illegal Recruitment shall mean any act of
canvassing, enlisting, contracting,
transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring of
workers which includes referring, contract
services, promising or advertising for
employment abroad, whether for profit or
not, when undertaken by a non-license or
non-holder of authority

96. Modus Operandi of Illegal
Recruiters

97. •TouristWorkerScheme–workersleavethe
countryastouristsbutareactuallyleavingfor
employmentabroad.
•EscortServices–workersare“escorted”at
theairportsandseaportsandallowedtoleave
evenwithouttherequiredtraveldocuments
•BlindAds–advertisementsforoverseas
employmentpublishedinthedailiesdonot
indicatethenameoftherecruiterbut
providesaP.O.Boxtowhichapplicationsmay
be submitted.

98. •ByCorrespondence–applicantsareencouragedto
submittheirrequirementsthroughmailtogether
withseeminglyminimalfee.
•BackdoorExit–workersleavethroughthesouthern
portsofexitwhereimmigrationcontrolislax.They
usuallyleaveoncargoshipsoronboats.
•Assumedidentity–workersleaveunderanother
nameeitherusingthenameofanotherworkeror
throughthe“baklassystem”orobtainingpassports
throughfakebirthcertificatesandotherdocuments.
Minorsareusuallydeployedthroughthisscheme.

99. •Directhiring–workersarerecruiteddirectlyby
theforeignemployeranddeployedeitheras
touristsorthroughanyoftheotherillegalmeans.
•Trainee-WorkerScheme–workersarerecruited
anddeployedastraineesonatrainingagreement.
Moreoften,HRMstudentsleavingintheguiseof
atraineeshipprogramforhotelsabroadbut
eventuallylandingjobsinhotels/restaurants
abroad.

100. •VisaAssistanceorImmigrationConsultancy
Scheme–entitiesoperatingundertheguise
ofconsultancyorofferingservicesforvisa
facilitationareactuallyengagedinrecruitment
byofferingplacementabroadonimmigrant
visa.Someofthemalsooperatethroughthe
conductoforientationseminars,whichare
actually recruiting activities.

101. •Camouflagedparticipants/representativesin
seminars/sportsevents–workersleaveas
participantsinseminarsorsportsevents
abroadbutactuallyintendtoworkthere.
•MailOrderBrideScheme–marriageis
arrangedbybrokersbetweenFilipinowomen
andforeigners.TheFilipinowifeendsupbeing
adomestichelpertoherhusbandandhis
familyorinworstsituationsabroad.

102. •Tie-UporKabitSystem–unlicensedrecruiters
tie-upwithlicensedagenciesandrecruit
workersthroughthefacilitiesofthelatter.
Workersareeitherdeployedunderthejob
orderofthelicensedagencybutactuallywork
foranotheremployerabroadortheforeign
principaloftheunlicensedrecruiteris
registeredoraccreditedunderthelicensed
agency’sname.

103. ADOPTION METHOD
•AdoptionofChildrentosmuggleoutofthe
country;
•Foreignerswillpretendtoadoptthem;butthe
reality,theywillbesoldto:
-labormarkets
-Prostitutiondens

104. FAMILY TOURS
•Organized by unscrupulous travel agency to
have one “bogus family”;
•Somebody will pretend as parents; and
•Children will use tampered documents to
complete the bogus family.

105. ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

106. BACKDOOR EXIT
MANILA –PALAWAN –KUDAT, MALAYSIA

107. BACKDOOR EXIT
MANILA –PALAWAN –CAGAYAN DE ORO –
TAWI-TAWI –SANDAKAN –KOTA KINABALU

108. PEOPLE SMUGGLING
•Peoplesmugglingortraffickingisanotherformof
transnationalcrimewhichisthefastestgrowing
crimeincontemporaryworld.Accordingtothe
reportsofAustralianInstituteofcriminology.
•Thusitcouldbeclearlypointedoutthatpeople
smugglingisawellorganizedcrimelikeothercrimes
whichinvolveslessriskandmaximumgains.
•Inordertounderstandhumantraffickingweneedto
lookatthebroaderaspectofpeoplesmuggling
whichwillfurtherclearourdoubtsandquestions
regardingwhypeoplesmugglingtakesplaceand
whataretheimpactsofthiscriminalactivity

109. People smuggling
•(alsocalledhumansmuggling),underUSlaw,
is"thefacilitation,transportation,attempted
transportationorillegalentryofapersonor
personsacrossaninternationalborder,in
violationofoneormorecountries'laws,
eitherclandestinelyorthroughdeception,
suchastheuseoffraudulentdocuments“.

110. People Smuggling
•Internationally,thetermisunderstoodasandoften
usedinterchangeablywithmigrantsmuggling,
•whichisdefinedintheProtocolagainstthe
SmugglingofMigrantsbyLand,SeaandAir,
supplementingtheUnitedNationsConvention
againstTransnationalOrganizedCrimeasthe
procurement,inordertoobtain,directlyor
indirectly,afinancialorothermaterialbenefit,ofthe
illegalentryofapersonintoastatepartyofwhich
thepersonisnotanational".

111. People Smuggling

112. Copyright © 2009 LEA 6
112

113. Copyright © 2009 SEReNNA
MISCHE
113
Environmental Crime
•Environmentalcrimecanbebroadlydefinedas
illegalacts,whichdirectlyharmtheenvironment.
•InternationalbodiessuchastheG8,Interpol,
EU,UNEnvironmentProgramandtheUN
InterregionalCrimeandJusticeResearchInstitute
haverecognizedthefollowingenvironmental
crimes:
•Interpolfightstwotypesofenvironmental
crime:
•1.pollution
2. wildlife

114. Copyright © 2009 CengageLearning. All rights
reserved.
114
Recognized Environmental Crimes
•Illegalwildlifetradeinendangeredspeciesincontraventiontothe
ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofFaunaand
Flora(CITES);
•SmugglingofOzonedepletingsubstances(ODS)incontraventiontothe
1987MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer;
•Dumpingandillicittradeinhazardouswasteincontraventionofthe1989
BaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementof
HazardousWastesandOtherWastesandtheirDisposal;
•Illegal,unreportedandunregulatedfishingincontraventiontocontrols
imposedbyvariousregionalfisheriesmanagementorganizations;
•Illegalloggingandtheassociatedtradeinstolentimberinviolationof
nationallaws.

115. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
115
Sample of Environmental crimes

116. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
116
Crime against nature

117. OzoneDepleting Chemicals
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)and
otherhalogenatedozonedepleting
substances(ODS)aremainly
responsibleforman-madechemical
ozonedepletion.Thetotalamount
ofeffectivehalogens(chlorineand
bromine)inthestratospherecan
becalculatedandareknownasthe
equivalenteffectivestratospheric
chlorine(EESC).

118. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
118
Wild Life Crime

119. Wild Life Crime
•Illegalwildlifetradehasexplodedtomeet
increasingdemandforelephantivory,rhino
horns,andtigerproducts,particularlyinAsia.
Controlledbydangerouscrimesyndicates,
wildlifeistraffickedmuchlikedrugsor
weapons.
•Wildlifecriminalsoftenoperatewith
impunity,makingthetradealow-risk/high-
profitbusiness.Today,itisthefifthmost
profitableillicittradeintheworld,estimated
atupto$10billionannually.

120. I am not a rug
Every part of the tiger—from whisker to tail—is traded in illegal wildlife
markets. Poaching is the most immediate threat to wild tigers. In relentless
demand, their parts are used for traditional medicine, folk remedies, and
increasingly as a status symbol in some Asian cultures.

121. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
121
Environmental Crimes

122. Global momentum in elephant conservation
•June20,2016Elephantshavebeenhithardby
aglobalpoachingepidemicthat’semptying
theplanetofanarrayofwildlife.
•Asmanyas30,000elephantsarekilledfor
theirivoryeachyear.Butpeopleand
governmentsaretakingastandforthese
remarkableanimals–andmakinga
tremendousimpact.

123. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
123
Environmental Crimes

124. Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.
124
Trafficking of
Persons

125. Copyright © 2009 lea 6.
125
Definition:
Humantraffickingistheillegaltradeofhumanbeings
forthepurposesofreproductiveslavery,
commercialsexualexploitation,forcedlabor,or
amodern-dayformofslavery.
TheProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunish
TraffickinginPersons,especiallyWomenand
Children(alsoreferredtoastheTrafficking
Protocol)wasadoptedbytheUnitedNationsin
Palermo,Italyin2000,andisaninternational
legalagreementattachedtotheUnitedNations
ConventionagainstTransnationalOrganized
Crime.
TheTraffickingProtocolisoneofthreeProtocols
adoptedtosupplementtheConvention.

126. Republic Act 9208
•Anti-TraffickinginPersonsActof2003”
•“ANACTTOINSTITUTEPOLICIESTOELIMINATE
TRAFFICKINGINPERSONSESPECIALLY
WOMENANDCHILDREN,ESTABLISHINGTHE
NECESSARYINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMS
FORTHEPROTECTIONANDSUPPORTOF
TRAFFICKEDPERSONS,PROVIDINGPENALTIES
FORITSVIOLATIONS,ANDFOROTHER
PURPOSES”

127. The Trade in Women and
Children
•Based on supply
and demandfrom
sending and
receiving countries,
regions, or cities

128. Supply of Victims
•Easy recruitment of women and girls
–Poverty
–Unemployment
–War
–Lack of opportunity or a
promising future
–“Love” and security
–Eager for Western lifestyle

129. Supply of Victims
Where will trafficking
occur?
•Where traffickers
operate
•Traffickers target cities,
regions based on the
ease of recruiting
victims
•Traffickers target
vulnerable women and
children -anywhere

130. Is There a Demand for TraffickedVictims?
•There is a demand for commercial sex acts,
not for trafficked women
•No evidence that men attempt to distinguish
between “free” and “forced” or women and
girls

131. The Demand Side of Sex Trafficking
•Sex trafficking process begins
with the demand for victims
Receiving/destination countries,
regions, cities
–Legal or tolerated sex industries
and prostitution
•Few women will enter
prostitution if they have other
choices
•Pimps cannot recruit enough
local women

132. Demand Factors
1) Men who purchase sex acts
2) Exploiters who make up sex
industry and supporting
services –Profiteers
3) States (countries) that profit,
particularly the destination
countries
4) Culture that glamorizes,
eroticizes & romanticizes the
sex trade

133. ARMS TRAFFICKING
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 133

134. SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS
ARMS SMUGGLING

135. •“Firearms-includesrifles,muskets,carbines,
shotguns,revolvers,pistolsandallother
deadlyweaponsfromwhichabullet,ball,
shot,shallorothermissilemaybedischarged
bymeansofgunpowderorotherexplosives.
Thebarreloffirearmsshallbeconsidered
completefirearms.”---PD1866:

136. •Illegal Arms Trafficking or Gunrunning
involves the act of smuggling contraband
weapons and ammunitions.
•“FIREARMS-Any barreledweapon that will
or is designed or may be readily converted to
expel a bullet or projectile by the action of an
explosive.” ….UN Firearms Protocol

137. •“SMALL ARMS -weapons designed for an
individual use…”
•“LIGHT WEAPONS -are designed to be
deployed and used by a crew of two (2)
or more...”

138. Definition:
Copyright © 2009 ARMS
TRAFFICKING
138
Arms trafficking, also known
as gunrunning, is the illegal
trafficking or smugglingof
contraband weaponsor
ammunition.

139. Arms Trafficking
Whatconstituteslegaltradeinfirearmsvaries
widely,dependingonlocalandnationallaws.
•Illicitarmstraffickingfuelscivilwars,
contributestosky-rocketingcrimeratesand
feedsthearsenalsoftheworld'sworst
terrorists.
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 139

140. Sea Piracy
•"Piracyistheactof
boardinganyvessel
withanintentto
committheftorany
othercrime,andwith
anintentorcapacity
touseforcein
furtheranceofthat
act."
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 140

141. SEA PIRACY
Copyright © 2009 SEA PIRACY 141
Piracyisoftenreferredtoasa
"movablecrime"becausenew
hotspotstendtopopupallthe
timewhileotherlocationsreturn
torelativepeace.
Onethingforsure,forsometime
nowthe2mostdangerousareas
withoutpeerareoneithersideof
theStraitofMalacca,between
Malaysiaononesideandthe
IndonesianIslandofSumatraon
theother.

142. TYPES OF PIRATES
•Thefirsttypeofpirateisyourstandardissuelow-life
criminal.Thesearescumwhofinditmoreexpedientto
juststealyourfinger,insteadoftakingthetimetoremove
yourring.
•Thesecondpiratetypeisamoresophisticatedorganized
crimegroupsuchasthefivegangsthoughttocontrola
significantpercentageofpiracyinSoutheastAsiaorone
oftheseveraltriadsbelievedtocontrolthiscrimein
China.
•Thethirdandperhapsthemosttroublingtypeisthe
"Semi-OfficialMilitaryPirate,"examplesofwhichhave
beenseeninChina,Indonesia&Somaliaandelsewhere.
Copyright © 2009 TYPES OF
PIRATES
142

143. Theft of Arts
•Art theftis usually for the purpose of resale or for
ransom(sometimes called artnapping).
•Stolen art is sometimes used by criminals to secure
loans.One must realize that only a small percentage of
stolen art is recovered. Estimates range from 5 to 10%.
•This means that little is known about the scope and
characteristics of art theft.
•According to UNESCO, and police statistics the problem
of art theft is number three in magnitude after illicit
trade in drugs and arms. However there is a wide gap
between these two (each over US$ 100 million, and art
theft: some US$ 6 million.Copyright © 2009 Art Theft 143

144. The White Duck
•Jean-Baptiste
Oudry'sTheWhite
Duck,whichwas
stolenin1990
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 144

145. Notable unrecovered works
•JanvanEyckpainting
"GhentAltarpiece",
finished1432.
•Detail:JustJudges
stolen panel
reproductionpainted
byVanderveken
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 145

146. Notable unrecovered works
JohannesVermeer:
The Concert
(c.1658-1660)
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 146

147. TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BODY
PARTS
•Organ trade is the trade
involving human organs
for transplantation.
•There is a worldwide
shortage of organs
available for
transplantation,possibly a
result of regulations
forbidding their
trafficking
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 147

148. End of Transnational Crime
SELECTED POLICE MODELS

149. Paradigmsof DemocraticPolicing
FragmentedSystem
CentralizedSystem
IntegratedSystem

150. Characteristics:
1.NumerousPoliceAgencies
2.SeverelimitationsonpoliceAuthority
3.Tolerateahighdegreeofcrimeinexchangefor
greatercivilliberties
Examples:Belgium,Canada,TheNetherlands,
Switzerland,andtheUnitedStates
FragmentedSystem:extremelydecentralized

151. United States
•The American system of policing is unique by world
standards. There are approximately twenty thousand state
and local police agencies in the United States (Maguire, et
al.; Reaves and Goldberg, 1999).
•Other English-speaking democracies have a much smaller
number: Canada has 461, England has forty-three, India has
twenty-two, and Australia has eight (Bayley).
•Furthermore, the majority of police agencies in the United
States are only loosely connected to one another.
•Many have overlapping jurisdictions at multiple levels of
government, including city or town, township, county, state,
and federal agencies.

152. FragmentedSystemsofpolicingsometimesreferred
toas«nonsystems»orasbeing«extremely
decentralized»
ThreedominantfeaturesofpolicingintheUnited
StatescanbetracedtoitsEnglishheritage;These
featuresare:
United States

153. United States
1.LimitedAuthority:Thepowerofthepoliceisclearly
circumscribedbylaw,individuallibertyisjealously
protectedattheexpenseofsocialcontrol.
2.Localcontrol.
Theresponsibilityforprovidingpoliceservicesrests
primarilyonlocalgovernments.
Whiletherearenumerousvariationswithinthe
UnitedStatesregardingtheorganizationoflocal,
state,andfederalpoliceagencies,forthemostpart
policingintheUnitedStatesishighlydecentralized

154. United States
3.Fragmentedlawenforcement.
Theresponsibilityforprovidingpoliceserviceswhichis
bornepredominantlybylocalagencies,isusually
dividedamongseveraldifferentagencies
withinanarea.
Thisoftenleadstoproblemswith
communication,cooperation,andcontrol
am0ngagencies

155. Checks and balances/Separation
of powers
The Federal Government
(Sovereign over federal law)
The constitution of the
United States
The constitution of the
various States
The State Governments
(Sovereign over state law)

156. Executive Authority
Every law enforcement agency has a
chief executive official.
The most common title is;
•Police Chief
•Sheriff
•Director
•Superintendent
•Colonel
•Commissioner
•Martial
•Chief constable
Chief of police/police
commissioner/superintendent/sheriff
Deputy Chief of police/Deputy
Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/undersheriff
Inspector/commander/colonel
Major/deputy inspector
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Detective/Inspector/Investigator
Officer/Deputy Sheriff/corporal

157. Centralized Systems
Police control under direct control of the National Government
•Characteristics:
1.National Government held accountable for
success or failure of law enforcement
2.Rights of society outweigh those of individual
citizens
Example: France, Italy, finland, Israel, Thailand, Taiwan, Ireland,
Denmark, and Sweden

158. Police in France
1.Single System of law administration of justice
2.Servants of the Republic rather than local
governments

159. Police in France
Lawenforcementbodies
•InFrance,theStateisresponsibleforprotectingpersonsand
property,maintainingpublicorderandenforcingthelaw.
Thesetasksareperformedbytwoinstitutions,thePolice
NationaleandtheGendarmerieNationale.
•Othergovernmentinstitutionsareresponsibleforlaw
enforcementintheirparticularsectors.
•TwomainexamplesaretheDirectiongénéraledesDouaneset
Droitsindi-rects(CustomsOffice)andtheDirectiongénérale
delaConcurrence,delaConsom-mationetdelaRepression
desFraudes(Competition,ConsumptionandFraudOffice),
bothofwhicharedepartmentsoftheMinistryofFinance.

160. JAPAN, USA, ENGLAND and France
•Possible Role Models: Police
Structures in
Established Democracies

161. Possible Role Models: Police Structures in
Established Democracies
•Describingthepolicestructuresandpolice
reforminestablisheddemocraciesservestwo
purposes.Ontheonehand,thosestatesare
likelytoserveasrolemodelsforstatesin
transitiontodemocracy.
•Ontheotherhand,itservesasaframeof
referencetoasseswhetherthepolice
structuresinthecasestudiesarerather
centralizedordecentralizedbyinternational
comparison.

162. ENGLAND
•ThepolicestructuresinEnglandandWalesare
identical.InScotlandthelocalcontrolisexercised
mainlythroughrepresentativesofthejudiciaryand
lessthroughlocalcouncilmembers.InNorthern
Irelandthecentralizedcolonialpolicingmodelhas
beenkeptuntiltoday.Butapolicereformispartof
thepeaceagreementof2006.
•OnsomeChannelIslandsunpaidconstablesarestill
partofthepolicingsystem(Mawby1999:33,41-45,
BBC2006).

163. USA
•thecharacteristicoftheUSpolicingsystem
arepoliceagenciesonallstatelevels:the
municipality,thecounty,thestate,andthe
federallevel.
•Thesystemisclearlydecentralized,whenit
comestopreventivepolicingandemergency
response.Butthefederallevelhasincreasing
competencieswhenitcomestothe
investigationoftrans-statecrimesand
especiallyorganizedcrime.

164. Policing in France
•ThemaincharacteristicoftheFrenchpolice
structureremainedthedifferentcentralized
policeforces,whichareaccountableto
differentnationalministries.

165. JAPAN
•This police structure is in existence in Japan
until today. In essence, it can be described as
centralized system, with minor decentralized
consultation mechanisms.

166. The Police Kobans
Chuzaiso Kobans

167. POLICE IN JAPAN
•ThepoliceinJapanstandoutasanapolitical
bodythatfunctionunderthegeneral
supervisionofindependentagenciesfreeof
directcentralgovernmentexecutivecontrol.
Thepolicearefurthercheckedbyan
independentjudiciaryandmonitoredbyafree
andactivepress.

168. National Public Safety Commission
(NPSC)
•TheNPSCisagovernmentalbodyresponsiblemainly
fortheadministrativesupervisionofthepoliceand
coordinationofpoliceadministration.
•Italsooverseesmattersrelatingtopoliceeducation,
communication,criminalidentification,criminal
statistics,andpoliceequipment.
•OriginallyinstalledbytheOccupationForcesto
“democratize”theJapanesepolice,thepublicsafety
commissionsemergedasapowerfulinstitution
bufferingtheNPAandprefecturalforcesfrompublic
scrutinyandpoliticalinfluence.

169. National Police Organization
TheNationalPublicSafetyCommissionandtheNationalPolice
AgencyconstituteJapan’snationalpoliceorganization.
NationalPublicSafetyCommission
•TheNationalPublicSafetyCommissionexercisesadministrative
supervisionovertheNationalPoliceAgency.
•WhiletheCommissionisunderthejurisdictionofthePrime
Minister,thePrimeMinisterisnotempoweredtoexercisedirect
commandorcontrol.
•ThisensurestheCommission’sindependenceanditspolitical
neutrality.

170. NPSC
•TheNPSCiscomposedofaMinisterofStateasits
chair,andfiveothermembersappointedbytheprime
ministerwiththeconsentofbothhousesoftheDiet.
•TheMinisterofStateispositionedasthechairmanof
theNPSCtofacilitateabalancebetweenensuring
politicalneutralityandclarifyingthecabinet’s
responsibilitiesregardingpublicsafety.
•TheremainingmembersoftheNPSCcanbemembers
ofthepublic,lawyers,journalistsetc.
•Retiredpoliceofficersareonlyeligibleifremovedfrom
thepoliceforover10years.

171. System of Public Safety
Commissions

172. National Police Agency (NPA)
•TheNPAisthecentralcoordinatingbodyfortheentire
policesysteminJapanempoweredunderArticle13of
thePoliceLaw1954.
•Itisresponsiblefordetermininggeneralstandardsand
policies,aswellasfundingthroughitscentraloffice,
whiledetaileddirectionofoperationsislefttothelower
echelonsofthepoliceintheprefectures.
•Onlyincaseofanationalemergencyoralarge-scale
disasteristheagencyauthorizedtotakecommandof
prefecturalpoliceforces.

173. National Police Agency
OrganizationandAuthority
•TheNPAisheadedbyaCommissionerGeneral
•whoisappointedordismissedbytheCommission
withtheapprovalofthePrimeMinister.
•TheCommissionerGeneral,undertheadministrative
supervisionoftheCommission,administersthe
agency’soperations,appointsanddismissesagency
employeesandsupervisesandcontrolsprefectural
policeorganizationswithintheagency’sdefined
duties:

174. National Police Academy

175. NRIPS and IGH

176. Regional Police Bureaus (RPB)
•TheNationalPoliceAgencymaintainsregionalpolicebureaus,
eachresponsibleforanumberofprefectures.Thereareseven
bureausinthemajorcities,excludingTokyoandthenorthern
islandofHokkaido.EachisheadedbyaDirectorGeneraland
hasanorganizationalsetupsimilartothecentraloffice.
•TheRPB’sareresponsibleforcertaindutiesgivenunderArticle
5(2)ofthePoliceLaw.TheseRPBsarelocatedinmajorcitiesof
eachgeographicregion.
•EachRPBexercisesnecessarycontrolandsupervisionover
prefecturalpolicewithinitsjurisdictionaswellasprovidesthem
withsupportservicesundertheauthorityandordersofNPA’s
CommissionerGeneral.AttachedtoeachRPBisaRegional
PoliceSchoolwhichprovidestrainingtopolicepersonnelfor
allprefecturesthatcomeunderit.
•

178. Organization in the Prefectures
•Eachprefecturalgovernmentisalocalentityandcomparabletoa
state/provincialgovernmentinSouthAsia.ThePoliceLaw1954
stipulatesthateachprefectureshallhaveitsownPrefectural
Police(PP).
•ThePPissupervisedbythePrefecturalPublicSafetyCommission
(PPSC),similartotheNPSC,andthePP’sareresponsiblefor
carryingoutallpolicedutieswithintheboundariesofthe
prefecture.
•Thesepolicearethensub-dividedatthePoliceStationandPolice
sub-stationlevels.Thisorganizationonlydiffersontheislandof
Hokkaido.ThePPheadquartersareunderthesupervisionand
controlofRPB’softheNPAwithindefineddutiesunderArticle
5(2)ofPoliceLaw1954

179. RPB

180. Organization in the Prefectures
THE LINE OF COMMAND

181. Rank
Police officers are divided into nine
ranks:
1.superintendent general,
2.Superintendent supervisor,
3.chief superintendent,
4.senior superintendent
5.superintendent ,
6.Police inspector,
7.assistant police inspector,
8.police sergeant and
9.police officer.

182. Promotion
Thepolicepromotionprocessdiffersaccordingto
rank.
•Promotionuptopoliceinspectorisbasedon
writtenexaminationandprofessional
accomplishment.Ineachcase,however,
knowledge,skillandexperiencearetakeninto
consideration.
•Promotiontosuperintendentoraboveisbased
onanevaluationofability,experienceandwork
record.

183. Pay and Welfare
•Becausepoliceworkisinherentlydangerous,policeofficersare
paidunderaspecialpayscale.Theirinitialsalaryinthecaseof
highschoolgraduatesis,onaverage,approximately15%higher
thanthatofadministrativeservicepersonnel.
•Policeofficerswhoengageindangerousordifficultduties,such
ascriminalinvestigation,trafficcontrolandvehiclepatrols,are
alsopaidspecialallowances.
Recruitment
•RecruitmentproceduresofNPApoliceofficersdifferfromthose
ofthePrefecturalPoliceHeadquarters.
•TheNPArecruitsfromthosewhohavepassedtheNational
PublicServiceExaminationsconductedbytheNational
PersonnelAuthority.
•TheseofficersareassignedeithertotheNPAorthePPHaskey
members.

184. Educational Training
•Newlyrecruitedprefecturalpoliceofficersundergoaninitial
trainingprogramconsistingofpre-servicetrainingcourse,on-
the-jobtraining,pre-serviceprogresscourse,andtheactual
exercisecourse.
•Educatedtrainingforhighschoolgraduatesis21months(15
monthsforuniversitygraduates).
•Highschoolgraduatesfirstattendaten-monthpre-service
trainingcourseattheprefecturalpoliceschool(6monthsfor
universitygraduates).Duringthecourse,theyacquirebasic
communitypolicingknowledgeandskills.
•Aftergraduation,theyareassignedtoapolicestationfor3
monthsofon-the-jobtrainingunderinstructionofasenior
officer.

186. Assessment
•ThepublicsafetymodelwasappliedinPakistanthroughtheill-
fatedPoliceOrder2002,where,similartoJapan,thepublic
safetycommissionswheredividedatthenational,provincialand
districtlevel.
•“PakistanistheonlycountryinAsiaotherthanJapantohave
institutedthetransparentsystemofneutraloversightofitslaw
enforcementagencies”,MinisterforInterior,AftabAhmadKhan
Sherpaostatedin2006.Duetopoorimplementation,this
modelhasnotbeensuccessfulinPakistan,andwasseensimply
asapoliticallymotivatedmovebytheMusharrafgovernmentto
havegreaterfederalcontroloverprovincialpolice.

187. Cont;
•Perhapsthemaindifferenceliesinoursocieties.
•TheJapanese,forwelloveracenturyhaveacquiescedto
observetheunceasingdutyofbalancingtheconflicting
demandsoftraditionalhierarchy,discretion,circumspection
andreticenceontheonehand,withWestern-styleambition,
logicandassertiveargumentationontheotherparticularlyin
thepost-warperiod.
•Thedisciplineandhomogeneityoftheirpopulationisthe
probablereasonfortheirsuccessascomparedtootherAsian
andwesterncounterparts
http://www.nipsa.in/newsletter/2010-2/october-2010/

188. Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
•PeacekeepingisdefinedbytheUnitedNations
as"auniqueanddynamicinstrument
developedbytheOrganizationasawayto
helpcountriestornbyconflictcreatethe
conditionsforlastingpeace“.

189. Duty of Peacekeepers
•Peacekeepersmonitorandobservepeace
processesinpost-conflictareasandassistex-
combatantsinimplementingthepeace
agreementstheymayhavesigned.•
AccordinglyUNpeacekeepers(oftenreferred
toasBlueBeretbecauseoftheirlightblue
beretsorhelmets)canincludesoldiers,police
officers,andcivilianpersonnel.

190. The PNP's international deployments
are:
•CAMBODIA:1992-93♦UnitedNations
TransitionalAuthorityinCambodia(UNTAC)•
HAITI:1994-95;2004–present♦Operation
UpholdDemocracyinHaïti–
•InternationalPoliceMonitorscomponent
EASTTIMOR:1999-2002♦UNMissioninEast
Timor(UNAMET)

191. Selection and Qualifications Terms of
Deployment
COVERAGEoftheUNSATPrequalifying
Examinationswillbeasfollows:
•1stStageWrittenExamination
•(Reading Comprehension, Listening
Comprehension,ReportWriting)
•2ndStage•DrivingProficiencyTest
•3rdStageFiring
•ProficiencyTest.

192. QUALIFICATIONS
•Age Requirement
•All applicants must not be less than twenty
five (25) years old or more than Fifty three(53)
years old upon actual deployment.

193. Rank Requirement
•ForPoliceCommissionedOfficers(PCOs):
•OnlythosewiththerankofPoliceSenior
Inspector,PoliceChiefInspector,orPolice
Superintendentareallowedtoapply.•
•ForPoliceNoncommissionedOfficers(PNCOs):
OnlythosewithintherankbracketofPolice
Officer3toSeniorPoliceOfficer4areallowed
toapply.•Allapplicantsmusthavebeen
appointedinpermanentstatusintheir
respectivepresentranks.

194. Service Requirement
•Allapplicantsmusthaveattainedaminimum
offive(5)yearsofactivepoliceservice
(excluding cadetship, officer
orientation/traineecourse,andpolicebasic
course)bythefirstdayoftheUNSAT
examinations.

195. •AmongtheluminariesofthePNPContingentis
PoliceDirectorRodolfoATor,whobecamethefirst
FilipinopolicecommissionerofaUNoperation.
•In2006,hewastaskedtoheadtheUNIntegrated
MissioninTimor-Leste,oneofthelargestcivilian
policeoperationsestablishedbytheUN.
•ThePNPContingent'sfirstfemalememberwas
noncommissionedSeniorPoliceOfficer2EsterA
Mardicas(deployedtoEastTimorinAugust1999),
whileitsfirstfemalepolicecommissionedofficerwas
PoliceInspectorAurisaIMitra(deployedtoKosovoin
July2000).

196. END of Topic
•INTERPOL is NEXT

197. •References
•http://www.studymode.com/subjects/effects-
on-globalization-to-law-enforcement-
page1.html
•http://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/stop-
wildlife-crime