Compare and contrast phonological processes.pptx

phonological processes

1. Compare and contrast phonological processes across languages Presented by: Sadia Noreen

2. Phonological processes: Phonological processes are natural sound changes that make speech easier. They happen in all languages and help with pronunciation . Many languages share similar phonological processes, they also differ due to their phoneme inventions, Syllable structure, And sound rules.

3. Key processes: There are five processes that are similar in most of the languages: Assimilation (sound become more similar to nearby) Deletion (sound Disappear in speech) Insertion (extra sound is added) Metathesis (Sound reordering) Dissimilation

4. 1. Assimilation: Assimilation happens when a sound changes to become more like a nearby sound. English : In casual speech, “input” is often pronounced as “ imput ” because the [n] sound changes to [m] to match the following [p]. Urdu : In words like “ دونوں ” ( donon ), the nasal sound at the end often spreads, making it more nasalized.

5. 2. Deletion : Deletion occurs when a sound is removed in speech. English : In fast speech, the [d] sound in “friendship” often disappears, making it sound like “ frenship .” Urdu : In casual speech, words like “ کہا ” ( kaha ) may be pronounced as “ کھا ” ( kha ), dropping the middle sound. Arabic : In spoken Arabic, short vowels are often deleted. For example, “ هذا هو ” ( haadha huwa ) is sometimes said as “ haadhu ”, skipping the middle sound.

6. 3. insertion: Epenthesis is when a sound is added to make a word easier to pronounce. English : Some speakers insert a vowel in words like “athlete,” saying “ ath -a- lete ” instead of “athlete.” Urdu: In loanwords, an extra vowel is sometimes added before clusters. For example, “school” becomes “ اسکول ” ( iskuul ), inserting [ɪ] at the start. Arabic: A vowel is often inserted at the beginning of words with difficult consonant clusters, like “ استفهم ” ( istifham ), which has an added vowel before “ st. ”

7. 4. Meta thesis: Metathesis happens when sounds switch places in a word. English : The word “comfortable” is often pronounced as “ comfturble ”, with the sounds rearranged. Urdu : Some words change order in casual speech. For example, “ طرح ” ( tarah ) can be said as “ ترا ” ( tara ) in some dialects. Arabic : Historically, “ قرطاس ” ( qirtaas ) changed to “ qirtas ”, switching the sound order slightly.

8. 5. Dissimilation : Dissimilation happens when two similar sounds change to become less alike. English : The word “fifths” is often pronounced as “ fifts ”, dropping the [θ] sound to make it easier to say. Urdu : In some borrowed words, like “ مکتب ” ( maktab ) and “ مکتوب ” ( maktoob ), different forms exist because of slight sound shifts.

9. Conclusion: While all three languages share phonological processes, they apply them differently. English simplifies words with deletion and vowel reduction, Urdu preserves vowels but adds sounds in borrowed words, and Arabic heavily uses assimilation and vowel deletion in casual speech.