comparison of india,pakistan and china.pptx

notes of chapter 10 of indian development

1. INDIA PAKISTAN CHINA 15 TH 15 TH AUG 1947 14 TH AUG 1947 1 ST OCT 1949 ASIA ASIA ASIA MIXED MIXED MIXED POP-NO 2 1311 million POP- NO 3 208 million POP – NO 1 1376 million AREA- 3,287 MILLION KM 888,913 KM2 9,597 MILLION KM2

2. All the economies are classified into developed and developing nations World economies are trying to adopt various means which will strengthen their own domestic economy. They themselves form regional and economic groupings such as SAARC, European union ,ASEAN ,G-8,G-20,BRICS Various economies trying to understand the developmental processes pursued by their neighbouring countries as it allows them to realise their own strengths and weaknesses in comparison to their neighbours.

3. Focus of this lesson We will be comparing the trends in various economic and human development indicators of India with its two principal neighbours.

4. India is a Democratic country . All these three countries development dates back to six decades ‘ China is moving towards more liberal restructuring of its command economy. . Pakistan having an authoritarian militarist political power structure . In this lesson we will be focussing on their development strategies to reach their present status.

5. India announced its five year plan in 1951. China announced in 1953 Pakistan announced in 1956

6. At present Pakistan is in 12 th five year plan China is in 13 th five year plan (2016=2020) Until march 2017 , India has been following five year plan –based developmental model.

7. CHINA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND China is one of the oldest civilization ,consisting of states and cultures dating back more than six millennia.

8. Geography China is situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the pacific ocean in the east. It is the third largest country in the world ,next to Canada and Russia ,with an area of 9.6 million square kilometres

9. China has been the world’s largest economy People’s republic of china under one –party system Factors of production are owned and operated by government

10. GREAT LEAP FORWARD IN 1958 Initiated the Great Leap Forward (GLF) MAO ZEDONG The aim of this campaign was to transform agrarian economy into a modern economy through the process of rapid industrialisation .

11. Under this programme, people were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards

12. COMMUNE SYSTEM In rural areas ,communes were started. Under the commune system, people collectively cultivated lands. In 1958 ,26000 communes were there.

13. Under which the students and professionals were sent to work and learn from the country side. However Russia had conflicts with china, it withdrew its professionals ,who had earlier sent to china to help in the industrialisation process .

14. Reforms introduced in china (1978) In the initial phase Reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment. Commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated to the individuals .People can keep their income after paying taxes. In the later phase Reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. Private sector firms and township and village enterprises were allowed to produce goods. At this stage ,enterprises owned by government (SOE) were made to face competition.

15. DUAL PRICING IN THE REFORMS PROCESS. FIXING PRICES IN TWO WAYS. Farmers and industrialists units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government . For other transactions , the inputs and outputs were purchased and sold at market prices.

16. Special economic zones Aim: to attract foreign investment

17. PAKISTAN HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Islamic Republic of Pakistan gained independence on 14 th aug 1947 1971 civil war in east Pakistan resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. Military rule and political instability.

18. GEOGRAPHY Located in south Asia and borders central Asia and the middle east. 7,96,095 sqkm Cultivated area 2,21300sqkm Forest 42,300 sqkm

19. POPULATION AND LANGUAGE Sixth most populous country in the world 188(2015) 208.57(2020) Growth rate 2.1% p.a (-0.5%) 1/3 rd population lives below poverty line. Second largest Muslim country. National language Urdu and English is the official language

20. Public sector Private sector Mixed economic system Co-existence of public and private sector. ECONOMY

21. INTRODUCTION OF VARIOUS POLICIES IN 1950 and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework for growth of domestic industries. The policy combined tariff protection for manufacturing of consumer goods, together with direct import controls on competing imports.

22. GREEN REVOLUTION Green revolution and increase in public investment in infrastructure led to a rise in the production of food grains . This changed the agrarian structure dramatically .

23. In the early 1970s, nationalisation of capital goods industries took place. Role of public sector

24. Role of private sector In 1970;s there was a shift in the government policy, when it adopted the policy of denationalisation . Government encouraged the private sector and also offered various incentives to them. This initiative created conducive climate for new investments.

25. Financial support during late 1970’s During this period , Pakistan also received financial support from Western nations Remittances from emigrants to the middle east. Stimulated economic growth

26. REFORMS IN 1988 ,REFORMS WERE INITIATED IN THE COUNTRY. Privatization Nationalization

27. COUNTRY ESTIMATED POPULATION IN MILLIONS ANNUAL GROWTH OF POPULATION 2015 DENSITY PER SQ,KM SEX RATIO 2015 FERTILITY RATE 2015 URBANISATION 2015 INDIA 1311 1.2 441 929 2.3 33 CHINA 1371 0.5 146 941 1.6 56 PAKISTAN 188 2.1 245 947 3.7 39

28. POPULATION China is the most populous next is India . Every six person living in this world one is an Indian and another Chinese . The population is very small and accounts for roughly about one-tenth of china or India.

29. Growth rate of population China’s annual population growth rate is the lowest (0-5) India’s population growth rate is 1.2% Pakistan is with 2.1%

30. One-child policy Advantage : Reduced the population growth rate. Provides a better health service for women and has reduced the risk of death and injury associated with pregnancy. Disadvantage: After few decades there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people in china China has to spend more on social security scheme.

31. Density of population China is the largest country in the world by area and growth rate is less .as a result density of population is the lowest( 146 persons per sq.km ) India (441 sq,km ) Pakistan (245 persons sq,km )

32. Sex ratio Due to preference of son, sex ratio is low and biased against females in all the three countries. Sex ratio is the lowest in India with 929 females per 1000 males China 941 female per 1000 male Pakistan 947 female per 1000 male.

33. Fertility rate Fertility rate is calculated as the number of children borne by a woman in the reproductive age (15-45) on an average China fertility fallen from 3 births per woman to 1.6 births Pakistan 3.7 births per women India comes second with 2.3 per woman

34. URBANISATION Highest in china (56%) India 33% Pakistan 39%

35. COUNTRY 1980-90 2011-15 INDIA 5.7 6.7 CHINA 10.3 7.9 PAKISTAN 6.3 4.0 GROWTH INDICATORS

36. DURING 1980- 90 china was having double digit growth of 10.3% Pakistan's growth rate was6.3% India was at the bottom with just 5.7% growth rate DURING 2011-15 There was a drastic fall in china’s growth rate from 10.3% to 7.9% Pakistan also met with a drastic decline in growth rate from 6.3% to4% .as per some scholars, reform processes in 1988 and political instability were the main reasons behind this decline. India recorded an increase from 5.7% to 6.7%

37. Sector india China Pakistan India China pAKISTAN AGRICULTURE 17 9 25 50 28 43 INDUSTRY 30 43 21 21 29 23 SERVICE 53 48 54 29 43 34 TOTAL 1009 100 100 100 100 100` CONTRIBUTION IN GDP DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE

38. AGRICULTURE (PRIMARY SECTOR) IN CHINA Due to topographic and climatic conditions, the area suitable for cultivation is just 10% of its total land area. 2. The total cultivable area in china accounts for 40% of the cultivable area in India . 3. Till 1980 , more than 80% of its population was dependent on farming as their sole source of livelihood. 4. Since then, government encouraged people to leave their fields and pursue other activities ,such as handicrafts, commerce and transport. 5. As a result ,proportion of workforce engaged in agriculture reduced to 28% in 2014-15 with contribution to GDP at 9%

39. IN INDIA The contribution of agriculture to GDP was 17%. The proportion of workforce engaged in agriculture was 50% IN PAKISTAN The contribution of agriculture to GDP was same at 25% , but proportion of workforce engaged in agriculture was 43% as compared to 50% of India.

40. China’s contribution to GDP China’s manufacturing industries contribute to 43% China has shifted its employment and output from agriculture to industries 29% of china’s population engaged in ,manufacturing sector.

41. India and Pakistan are emerging players in service sector with the GDP contribution of 53% and 54% Contribution to GDP IN CHINA the service sector contributes to 32%. Proportion of workforce Workforce engaged in tertiary sector are 17%,12%and 27% to 29% ,43% and 34% In the 1980, Pakistan was faster in shifting its workforce to service sector than India.

42. The contribution of agriculture sector with the largest workforce had declined in all the countries. In the industrial sector china maintained a double digit growth rate where as India and Pakistan’s growth gone down In case of service sector china was able to raise up its growth rate whereas India and Pakistan remained stagnant in their growth rate.

43. Items s India china Pakistan Human development index(value) 0.624 0.736 0.550 Rank (based on HDI) 131 91 146.3 Life expectancy at birth(years) 68.3 76 66.5 Mean years of schooling (% aged 15 and above) 6.3 7.5 5.1 People below poverty line (at $ 3.10 a day PPP) % 2011 37% 32% 44% Infant mortality rate (per 1 lakh) 38 9 66 Maternal mortality rate (1lakh births) 174 27 178

44. Population using improved sanitation(%) 40 77 64 Population with sustainable access to improved water source (%) 94 96 91 Percentage of under nourished children GDP PER CAPITA 39 6092 9 14400 45 4866

45. Liberty indicator Liberty indicator may be defined as the measure of the extent of demographic participation in the social and political decision making. Measures of the extent of the constitutional protection rights given to the citizens, Extent of the constitutional protection of the independence of the judiciary and rule of law . Human development index may be said to be incomplete unless such indicators are included.

46. China appraisal of development strategy(1978) Pre reforms Massive extension of basic health services in rural areas. Through the commune system there was equitable distribution of food grains. Due to collectivisation and great leap forward there was no notable change in per capita output. Post reforms Each reforms measure was implemented in smaller level and extended to larger scale. Development in infrastructure(education, health and land reforms) Decentralised planning Existence of Small enterprises increased social and income indicators. Agricultural revolution (handing over the land to individuals improved the life of poor people.

47. Pakistan Pre-reforms Agricultural growth and food supply chain depend on good harvest and not on institutionalised process of technical change . Foreign exchange earnings came from the remittances of Pakistan workers and not from export. Growing dependence of foreign loans and increasing difficulty in paying back the loans. Post reforms Pakistan has recovered its economic growth and has been sustaining. Agriculture ,industry and service sector shows a positive trends .

48. India Pakistan China Majority of the people still depend on agriculture. Political instability, over-dependence on foreign remittances, poor performance of agriculture – reasons for the slow down of Pakistan economy. Lack of political freedom and human rights are major concerns. Infrastructure is lacking in many parts of the country. Showing a positive trends in GDP rate. In recent years china used market system without losing political commitment and succeeded in raising the level of growth and poverty line. More than one –fourth of the people living below poverty line. Positive trends in growth indicators shows Pakistan economy is recovering. Allowing individuals to cultivate lands china has ensured social security in rural areas. Public intervention in providing social infrastructure brought positive results in human development indicators in china.