Comparison Of Paramecium, Amoeba, And Euglena

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1. Comparison Of Paramecium, Amoeba, And Euglena
There are five supergroups within the Domain Eukarya. All supergroups contain organisms called
protists. Most Protists are often described as simple organisms; however, their cellular organization
and metabolism are as complex as other higher organisms (McGraw Hill, 2017). Therefore,
comparing between three of these supergroups will make us understand their classification in that
specific group. Paramecium, Amoeba, and Euglena are three eukaryotic organisms that can be
interesting to compare them for several reasons. One of them is that these three organisms cause the
most harmful illness to the human body. Also, their structural differences are very exciting to look at
under the microscope. Therefore, knowing their trophic level, life strategy, locomotion, and
reproduction of these organisms will help us understand why they were not grouped in the same
supergroup. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of Paramecium and Amoeba are heterotrophs which means they depend on other organisms to
obtain food. Both can be found in ponds, streams, swamps, and oftentimes leaf surfaces. However,
under the microscopic, Paramecium can be easily distinguished by its two nuclei that it possesses.
On the other hand, Amoeba looks like a gray blob with single nuclei. On the other hand, Euglena
can be both heterotrophs and autrophs, which can be called mixotrophs. That means that Euglena
depends on its surrounding environment. It can be parasitic or free living where water and soil are
present. It looks green under the microscopic because it contain
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5. Aggressive Behavior Of Mantis Shrimp
Mantis shrimp also known as highly aggressive and defend their burrows using a raptorial
appendage capable of inflicting lethal blows (Caldwell, 1975). Usually when two stomatopods meet,
they display intense agonistic behavior. However, this behavior is may influence by the presence or
absence of species in a habitat or its abundance. Study showed that two similar sized Gonodactylus
falcatus completely taken over a habitat previously occupied by Pseudosquilla ciliate within short
span of nine years (Kinzie, 1968). In this matter, the more aggressive species would hold a
competitive advantage.
2.61 Approach
Mantis shrimp also has good visual and at a considerable distance, all species are capable of
distinguishing other stomatopods (Caldwell,
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9. Hypotrichida
In Order Sporadotrichida (Faure–Fremiet, 1961)Size, small to large; shape, sometimes elongate,
even tailed, but often oval to elliptical in outline; free–swimming; somatic ventral ciliature as
frontoventralcirri, typically heavy and conspicuous,arranged in specific, localized frontal and
ventralgroups, except in a few taxa (e.g., FamilyHalteriidae, Laurentiella , Onychodromus ,
andStyxophrya ); marginal cirri, typically present; transverse cirri, may or may not be present;
caudal cirri, may or may not be present. Order Sporadotrichida having two families (Denis H. Lynn,
2008).
Family Oxytrichidae(Ehrenberg, 1830) Size, small to large; shape, relatively elongate;free–
swimming; somatic ventral ciliature as frontoventral and transverse cirri, ... Show more content on
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Euplotia, Hypotricha p.p ., Hypotrichea
p.p., Hypotrichida p.p., Hypotrichina p.p.
Hypotrichorida p.p., Pseudohypotrichina)
Size, small to medium; shape, dorsoventrally flattened, typically rigid, oval to rectangular;
freeswimming; alveoli well–developed and, at least in euplotids, filled with a protein, called platein;
somatic ciliature commonly represented by rows or localized groups of polykinetids, called cirri,
conspicuous on the ventral surface; dorsally, files of widely spaced dikinetids with short cilia
("sensory bristles") and retention of a laterallydirected kinetodesmal fibril ; files of marginal cirri,
incomplete or absent; somatic infraciliature typically retained during encystment ; prominent adoral
zone of generally numerous oral polykinetids, as paramembranelles, on left–anterior portion of the
ventral surface, bordering a broad, non–ciliated peristomial field and sometimes continuing over
apical end of body onto the dorsal surface; paroral as paroral and/or endoral in diploor
polystichomonad condition; stomatogenesis, generally apokinetal, beginning in a cortical pocket in
some forms, but sometimes parakinetal; macronucleus, ellipsoid to band–shaped or in fragments,
with replication bands moving from ends to middle when the nucleus is elongated; micronucleus,
one to several; conjugation, temporary; contractile vacuole, at least present in freshwater forms;
cytoproct, present; microphagous and macrophagous; in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats,
widely distributed as free–living forms, but a few species as ectocommensals on various
invertebrates and one inquilinic in an echinoid; two orders. (Denis H. Lynn,
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13. Zoe's Eye Case Study
This case study is to identify the issues occurring with Zoe's eye. In lab there were test that were
done to see the function of cranial nerves. There are a 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are responsible
for doing different things. The first nerves is the olfactory nerve. The other cranial nerves in order
are optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve,
vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and hypoglossal
nerve. Many cranial nerves deal with vision one of these is the optic nerve. The nerve that carries
sensory information from the eyes to the brain would be the optic nerve. The cranial nerves that
carry motor commands from the brain to the eye would be oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve and
the abducens nerve. The muscles that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The function of the optic nerve is to carry afferent impulse from the eye to the brain for vision. This
is how to identify different things being looked at. The other three nerves which are motor mainly
responsible for eye movements and focus. The oculomotor nerve helps direct the eyeball, which is
done by the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique muscles. The levator
pappebrea helps raises upper eyelids. Motor fibers of the sphincter pupillae, which are the muscles
of the iris cause the pupil to contract. The ciliate muscles controls the shape of the lens for visual
focusing. The trochlear nerves function is to provide movement of the eye. The last nerve is the
abducens nerve which controls the movement of the latercu rectus muscle in the eye. Knowing the
function of the nerves that control the eye will allow the finding out the issues that is occurring with
Zoe's eye. From Zoe's examination, it was learned that she has misalignment of the eyes which
causing problems focusing. If Zoe's is having problems forcing then her oculomotor nerve could be
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17. Mixotrophs
For many scientists, organisms are categorized as being either plant–like, meaning they
photosynthesize, or animal–like, meaning they must consume other energy sources. However, in the
past few decades, scientists have discovered that some organisms contain a mix of animal– and
plant–like behaviors; these organisms are called mixotrophs. Mixotrophs either ingest prey that
provide photosynthesis for the organism, or they can both perform photosynthesis and ingest prey.
These organisms affect the rest of the oceanic food web and ecosystem, and studies have shown that
their abundance is widespread throughout the ocean and varies according to changes in latitude and
season. Each study in the three research articles analyzed the abundance of mixotrophs in various
locations across the world. All three groups of scientists used different methods to determine the ...
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Different statistics have been calculated revealing the extent of mixotrophs in the environment and
their resulting effect on the food web. A study by Dolan and Pérez found that mixotrophs represent
"on average about 30% of oligotrich numbers" in the ocean and are a "generally minor component
of oligotrich communities" (Dolan and Pérez, 2000). However, recent research by Leles et al. shows
that mixotrophs represent "approximately 40% of total ciliate biomass" and even influence the
biological carbon pump (Leles et al., 2017). In addition, Gast et al. found that mixotrophs "can have
significant impact on polar food webs" (Gast et al., 2014). These contradicting statements regarding
the importance of mixotrophs in the oceanic food web show the need for further research on exactly
what and how they contribute to the ecosystems they populate. Nevertheless, most scientists agree
that mixotrophs do impact the oceanic biomes in some
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21. Sylvan Stream
Species Diversity at UMass Amherst Introduction University of Massachusetts Amherst in located in
Western Massachusetts. The area is has more tress and farmland rather than buildings like Boston.
The campus is rather large and there are close to 29,000 students currently studying and living here
(UMass Amherst Enrollment). Due to its student population size, there is constant construction on
campus, which also has an affect the species diversity at UMass Amherst. On this campus, two
locations were chosen to be studied for their species diversity in water. The two locations were, the
Sylvan Stream and the Campus Pond. We hypothesized that the Sylvan Stream would have greater
diversity than the Campus Pond due to the Sylvan Stream being in ... Show more content on
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On our arrival we looked for an area deeper in the forest and with flowing water. Taking our tubes,
one at a time we filled them up trying to get enough sample with little to no rocks from the stream.
We took four samples to make sure the area was well covered. A group we were working with went
to the other location, the Campus Pond to gather data from there. They too took tubes to gather data
and used two tubes. Once the tubes were filled with the samples we took them back to the lab, the
tubes were put on a tube holder. After having the tubes stay still for a few minutes a few drops were
put on a wet mount to view under the microscope. The samples were also shaken thoroughly to find
more species. We also used a filter. Going through the different samples we tried to find the different
amount of species that were in the stream. Looking at different online organism identification
websites helped is in identifying the organism. Specifically we looked at a Microscopy–UK pond
key. We also used a website called MicroscopyU as well as a Pond Identification Sheet. Calculations
were all done on a Microsoft program Excel. All of the organisms were put into our data table.
Using the Excel spreadsheet, the sum of species per location and their Shannon index were
calculated using the proportions and
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25. Histoplasmosis Research Paper
capable of photosynthesis for their energy, and others absorb nutrition from the host. Protozoan
pathogens are commonly encountered during daily life. They may be attached to arthropod vectors
or in something as simple as undercooked meat. This animal like pathogen requires liquid to be
active b. Fungal pathogens– Fungal pathogen are found everywhere. Fungal pathogens are more
commonly found outside in the natural environment, but can be also found indoors and on/or inside
humans. Fungal pathogens like moist environments, but they require a carbon source to thrive. The
nutrient that is taken in by the fungi is first digested and then ingested, Storing their food in the form
of starch. Fungi eat saprophytes, parasites, or symbionts. c. Helminthic ... Show more content on
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a. There are several types of histoplasmosis. Mild forms of histoplasmosis will show no indication
of the infection with symptoms, but more sever histoplasmosis infections would show more life
threatening symptoms. The variation in symptoms is due to compromised immune systems
increasing the severity of the infection 10. Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite that is usually
transmitted to humans by eating undercooked meat from animals such as pigs. How does Trichinella
spiralis cause disease in humans? Why might ingesting this organism be more dangerous than
ingesting a beef tapeworm? a. Once the Trichinella spiralis is ingested it goes through the body into
the stomach, and encounters pepsin and gastric acid. Once this occurs larva is released and travels
into the small bowel mucosa where they mature into adult worms. The adult worms then travel into
the striated muscle an encyst into the body where they may live for years. Compared to beef
tapeworms Trichinella is far more dangerous, due to the potential that the larva will migrate to the
brain, this may cause very serious symptoms such as epilepsy or even death. Part II
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29. Common Sense Essay
In Common Sense, by Thomas Paine writes that America cannot recon ciliate with Great Britain.
Paine gives many examples in this document of why America cannot reconsolidates with Great
Britain. One of them is there is no advantages to being connected to Great Britain; only
disadvantages can come out of the connection and the second idea is British government must
sooner or later end.
In the first point about the connection with the British, Paine states that America can benefit much
more if it was not connected to the British for many reasons. One of them is trade with other
European countries will decline or even go to ruins because if Europe breaks out into a war other
countries will not trade with America ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paine gives two points to support his idea of this; one is the fact that the King can pass any law he
wants upon America because he still has absolute power. He states this because he thinks the notion
of this is completely wrong because he says that a twenty–one year old youth is not wiser than some
the millions and millions of people he serves. Thomas Paine’s second point is that
America needs a new form of government the kind of “The Law Is King'; instead of the
king is the law to make America be a free country. In this point Paine also states that there would be
civil unrest unless there is a government in America. The example of the government he gives is the
continental form of government. He says that this form of government will keep peace in America.
In this document Thomas Paine shows two biases. One of them is the toward not reconciliation with
the British because of this bias Paine does not give any examples of how Great Britain benefited
America and his second bias is toward a constitutional government not an absolute monarch.
This document impacted society in two ways: society of 1776 and society of today. In society of
1776 it impacted them because this document influenced people to fight for their independence
against the British because Paine gave many examples of how wrong the British is treating America
and showing people there is no benefit toward
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33. Unicellular Eukaryotes Observation Essay
In the labs preformed, objective is to understand the way the Unicellular Eukaryotes look, act, move
around, survive, and so on. Through out the lab, different organisms will be observed, such as
Euglena, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Paramecium, Vorticella, and Amoeba. Each organism will be
observed under the microscope to give a better understanding of the major structures of each
organism as well as the movement associated with each eukaryote.
Procedure and Observation
Euglena
Using a plastic dropper, a small drop containing the organism was placed on a microscope slide and
a cover slip was placed on top. The slide with the Euglena was observed under medium and high
power. The organisms were fast at random. A drop of methylcellulose was added to slow the motion
of the specimen. Observed: Cytoplasm, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organism was observed under high power once being located under low power.
Choanoflagellates
Scientists are being led to believe that modern sponges and choanoflagellates are closely related.
Due to the recent study of RNA and the way they are assembled, scientists believe that it represents
a sister group. A single flagella surrounded by a column of microvilli is yet another similarity that is
allowing the scientists to study the resemblance between the two organisms.
9. Matching
Kinetoplastid – Unicellular parasite with one large mitochondrion (G)
Amoeba – Unicellular heterotroph that moves using pseudopodia (C)
Euglenoid – Flagella arise fro anterior pocket (F)
Ciliate – Unicellular heterotroph with two types of nuclei (B)
Dinoflagellate – Flagella arise from grooves in cellulose plates (E)
Choanoflagellate – Sessile protist with single flagellum surrounded by collar (A)
Apicomplexan – Non–motile parasite with penetrating apical region (D)
10.

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38. Blepharisma Americana Case Study
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the response of Blepharisma americana,
Paramecium caudatum, Euplotes, and Vorticella microorganisms to the acidification of their
environment and the impact of acidification on the their community diversity. We hypothesized that
lower pH values would cause Ciliophora community diversities and health to decline.
Based on our collaborative data from BI107 lab sections (2016), compared to the starting
population, Blepharisma americana, Paramecium caudatum, Euplotes, and Vorticella's average
population size increased in pH conditions 7.0, 5.5, 4.5 and 3.5 (Figure 1). The reason for the
ciliates to have a much higher average population size compared to the starting population is
because they had the opportunity to reproduce for a week. All four ciliates had the lowest average
populations at the pH condition 3.5 and the average population sizes of Euplotes and P. caudatum
decreased as the pH levels decreased, implying that an acidic environment is not beneficial for their
survival (Figure 1). This supports our hypothesis that a decrease in pH conditions leads to the
decrease in average population size. Our results agree with Tremaine and Mills's (1991) data, which
suggests acidification decreased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can also test the effect of acidification on plants that live in the ocean or lakes such as seaweed
or water lilies to expand our results and include the influences of acidification on the aquatic plants.
Conducting the study for a longer period of time will provide more opportunities for ciliates to
reproduce and allow us to observe the long–term effects of acidification on the ciliates population.
Moreover, this would allow us to determine if the ciliates can eventually adapt to overcome the
effects of acidification and
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42. Chromalveolata Observation Essay
The Chromalveolata supergroup has a clade called alveolates. The alveolates are named as such
because under their cell membrane it has an alveolus. An alveolus is a membrane–enclosed sac that
has an uncertain responsibility however it is suggested that it has something to do with
osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the maintenance of keeping the water quantity at a proper ratio.
Alveolates has three groups that consists of the apicomplexans, the dinoflagellates, and the ciliates.
The dinoflagellates can range from photosynthetic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic which deals with
how an organism receives its nutrition needed for survival. A majority of dinoflagellates have
connecting plates that are made of cellulose and two ninety degree angled flagella. The flagella are
able to be positioned into the connecting plates. One of the flagella is surrounds the dinoflagellate
while the other one runs lengthwise. The function of the flagella is to assist the dinoflagellates
movement of rotation. Figure 1 demonstrates the wide variety that dinoflagellates can be.
Dinoflagellates can also start to glow due to stress. The group of apicomplexans is named due the
fact that it contains fibrin, microtubules, and vacuoles contained in a apical complex structure. The
function of the structure is for access to contaminate a host cell. The group of ... Show more content
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Even though a few species can collaborate into colonies most golden algae are unicellular. They can
be located in either freshwater or in a marine environment. Seaweed, or brown algae, is a marine
algae that has multiple life cycles. In some of the species, the life cycle the gametophyte and
sporophyte are multicellular. Oomycetes are water molds with no close relations to fungi even
though its name means egg fungus. Oomycetes have cell walls that are cellulose based and have
filaments that assist with food. For movement, they have hairy and smooth
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46. Neveran Protozoan ( Np )
Neveran Protozoan (NP)
Introduction
Neveran Protozoan (NP) is a blood–borne protozoan transmitted by mosquitoes that causes malaria–
like symptoms, it draws upon the microbiologist name ××× while going through a vector transmitted
diseases project research in Southeast Asia. Neveran Protozoan (NP) is recently discovered a genus
of parasitic protozoans, plasmodium (Kim–Sung, L, Janet, C & Balbir, S, 2009). It is predicted to
become a new severe vector transmitted infections with high incidence rate and fatality rate for
human beings. Case of NP are recently discovered in tropical and subtropical countries which has
higher temperatures like Africa, Asia, Indonesia and so forth (Better Health, 2015).The best
prevention method Because of NP has the host defensive ability for the human immune system,
there is no defences in vaccine form so far, thus, the best effective method is control mosquito
before vaccine is created successfully.
Characteristic1: Fast Vector Transmission
Human is transmitted by the particular species of female mosquitoes and named Anopheles which
are found worldwide but Antarctica (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The
parasite is collected by the Anopheles from the blood of infected people and multiplied, and ready to
pass other person by next inject (World Health Organization, 2014). Besides, increasing tourism and
human migration along with the rapid socio–economic development, the trend of numbers in
infectors with NP is significantly
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50. The Importance Of Mutualism Between Animal And Animal Species
It is a kind of positive interspecific interaction in which members of two different species favor the
growth and survival of each other and their association is obligatory.
Species A = (+)
Species B = (+)
In this interaction, the members have widely different requirements and so interdependent that they
cannot survive separately. It is an extreme type of symbiosis in which symbionts have permanent
and obligatory close contacts.
1.Mutualism between animal and animal species
Cleveland (1926) reported the presence of a multi flagellate protozoan – Trichonympha Campanula
as a symbiont in the intestine of white ant – termite.
The ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan which in turn secretes cellulase enzymes to digest
the cellulose of wood ingested by the ant. Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars which are used by both
the partners.
When the gut lining of Termite is ready for molting, Trichonympha undergoes encystment and are
passed out with molting.
To ensure infection, the ant eats its molt. Newly hatched termites lick the anus of the older termites
to ingest the symbiont.
About 11 families and 40 genera of flagellates have been reported from the intestine of termites.
Ant–aphid mutualism
Some kinds of ants pick up aphids or the aphids eggs from the surface of green plants and shelter
them inside their own nest. The ants use the digestive wastes of the aphids as their food while aphids
in return get nourishment from the rootlets of the plants ramifying through
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54. Coral Reef Building Organisms And Form The Reef Frame Work...
Scleractinian corals are the major reef building organisms and form the reef frame work
3 that serves as a habitat for numerous life forms (Owen et al., 2012). Existence of corals is
4 threatened by numerous factors generated by climate change and anthropogenic activities. The
5 "Climate change" exerts its impacts through variety of processes including warming seas, ocean
6 acidification, diseases, altered currents, strong storms and rising sea–levels. Coral diseases linked
7 to climate change are often difficult to predict as numerous other factors are also involved in
8 inducing the outbreak of diseases (Bourne et al., 2009; Ainsworth et al., 2010). The
9 anthropogenic stress including over–exploitation of reef resources, nutrient enrichment through
10 pollution, coastal development and the synergistic action of these stresses have profound
11 implications on coral reef ecosystems and dilute the recovering potential of the corals (Harley et
12 al., 2006).
13 There are four major coral reefs in India, namely Gulf of Kachchh and Lakshadweep
14 atolls in the Arabian Sea; Gulf of Mannar & Palk Bay and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of
15 Bengal. Additionally, off–shore patchy reefs are found along the central west coast of India
16 between Maharashtra to Goa (Pillai, 2010) (Fig. 1). Ministry of Earth Sciences and Space
17 Application Centre (SAC) present a more recent picture of the total reef area in India and its
18 extent, using remote sensing imageries for the period
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58. Bio Exam Study Guide Essay
Chapter 17
Louis Pasteur's experiment illustrated that: microbes will not grow in a nutrient broth that has been
sterilized unless air is allowed to enter the vessel through an opening.
Living organisms can spontaneously generate from nonliving matter. True or False?
False
The scientists usually given credit for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation of bacteria
are:
Tyndall & Pasteur
Miller and Urey's experiments attempting to recreate the prebiotic environment produced a rich
mixture of complex organic chemicals from simple chemicals. True or False?
True
Miller and Urey's experiments attempting to recreate the prebiotic environment produced
prokaryotic cells. True or False?
False
The theory that life began in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
True or False?
True
What is the main reason scientists use Latin scientific names?
Latin names are recognized worldwide, overcoming language barriers.
Which of the following is the largest or most inclusive group?
Phylum (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)
Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group?
Genus (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)
Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group?
Species (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)
Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of the wolf?
Canis lupus Canis latrans, Canis lupus, and Canis familiaris are all members of the same:
Family & Genus
The most powerful way to infer evolutionary relationships relies on which type of evidence?
comparison of DNA base sequences
Throughout the history of taxonomy, what characteristic was most commonly used for determining
species relationships?
Anatomical similarity
DNA analysis reveals that two species of birds appear to have evolved from a common ancestor.
These two species belong to the same:

59. Clade
Based on the tree of life, which two groups have the closest ancestor in common?
Animal & fungi
According to chemical and molecular evidence, members of the kingdom Fungi are most closely
related to which of these groups in the tree of life?
Animals
Scientists currently identify three domains: plants, animals, and
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63. Final Lecture Study Guide
Bio 100 Lecture Final Study Guide
(All answers are true or false)
1. The level of scientific thought that we have the most certainty in is the hypothesis.
2. Controlled science experiments have no validity in biology research.
3. All living things obtain energy from their environment.
4. The four organic macromolecule groups common to all living things are carbohydrates,
proteins, nucleic acids, and fats.
5. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
6. Humans are unicellular creatures.
7. Mitosis is cell Xeroxing that occurs in prokaryotic cells.
8. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a dynamic equilibrium of factors within which
living things can exist.
9. Of the cellular metabolic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
76. Brown algae are in the Phylum Phaeophyta.
77. Birds are dinosaurs.
78. The first great antibiotic was penicillin.
79. Cooksonia plants are known only from fossils.
80. A capsid is the proteins that surround a typical virus.

64. 81. Generally speaking, the longer the wavelength of light, the smaller the available energy
82. Oxidation occurs when there is a removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a
83. Hydrocarbons are chains consisting of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen atoms.
84. ATP is a nucleotide made up of a base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.
85. Chemiosmosis generates ATP.
86. Carotene is a yellow or orange pigment that serves as an accessory to chlorophyll during
photosynthesis.
87. Cycads are close relatives of the mosses.
88. Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with identifying and naming organisms.
89. A normal human female has two X chromosomes.
90. Mammals are members of a class of reptiles characterized by pressure of hair and
mammary glands.
91. A fossil was once a living organism but its tissues have now been replaced by minerals
and it no longer exhibits most properties of life, except for organization.
92. The sequence of classification categories is species, genus, domain, family, order, class,
phylum and kingdom.
93. Glycogen is a polysaccharide used to store glucose in plants.
94. Three major domains of life are archaea, bacteria, and
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68. Pond Water Essay
Skinny Dipping and You
Why this is no longer a perfect date
12/8/2007
Aaron Gonzalez
Materials and Methods
 Nikon Compound Microscope
 Glass Microscope slides
 Cover Slips
 Paper Towels
 Thermometer
 Glass Jar
 pH Strips
I took the sample pond water from the library pond (Central Michigan University), thinking well
during mock rock this year I want to know really what I am swimming in. So I took a jar then
scooped it up from the muskiest part of the pond. After collecting the sample we placed the sample
in a glass jar in the Biology lab at Mid Michigan Community College by a window and then it was
sealed with oxygen holes. We would be checking on the sample once a week for lasting six weeks,
just incase we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sample of life that I got were relalativly the same. I got pretty much the same sample of
Rotifers, Diatoms, and green Algae, nothing exciting at all. Measureable things that were observed
during this pond water experiment such as total chlorine, free chlorine, total hardness, and total
alkalinity all stayed pretty much the same with variations at the –/+ .2 rate. But the pH for my pond
water sample did rise between 8.1–9.0 which is incredible and I have no idea why.
Measureable Quantitative Date Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
Degrees C 16 18 19 18 19
Total Chlorine 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Free Chlorine 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
Total Hardness 20/425 23/425 25/425 25/425 25/425
Total Alkalinity 180 180 180 220 180 pH 8 8.1 8.3 8.4 9.0
Slide Observation Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

69. Slide #1 Rotifers Rotifers Rotifers+Algae Rotifers+Algae Rotifers+Algae
Slide #2 Diatoma Diatom Cyclotella Ankistrodesmus Fragilaria
Slide #3 Ciliate Algae Diatom Protozoan Paramecium
Appearance Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
Color Tan Dark Tan Brown Dark Brown Light Grey
Smell Terrible Fish Odor Rotten Eggs Stink Bomb Garbage
Clarity Clear Tan Mist Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy
Observations Plants green Greenish
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73. Rumen Microbiome Essay
Diversity based on rumen microbiome
Yak is lower methane producer than cattle, in spite of the fact that both the animals are fed similar
diets and there are only small variations between the microbiomes of both the animals. Lower
methane and hydrogen yields in yak vs cattle are 0.26 vs 0.33 mmol methane/g dry matter intake
and 0.28 vs 0.86 mmol/d hydrogen generation have been reported. Hydrogen recovery from cattle
was significantly higher than that from yak (Mi et al., 2017). There were a few higher abundant
bacteria in the yak species, which would produce less hydrogen, in comparison to that in cattle.
However, in the abundance of methanogens, there was no difference between the two animal
species. It is therefore, hypothesized that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, these compounds have been used as medicine in traditional system of medicare in India,
Pakistan, China, Srilanka, Japan and other Asian and African countries These are also used for
preservation of foods and as spices in kitchen in many parts of the world since time immemorial.
More than 200,000 defined structures of plant secondary compounds have been identified. These
PSM can generally be classified into three major groups: saponins, tannins and essential oils (EO)
(Kamra et al., 2008).
Plant secondary metabolites might inhibit methane emission by the following modes:
They might directly inhibit methanogens as these compounds have anti–microbial activities against
different microbial groups, but unfortunately the methanogens donot have any correlation with the
methane emitted by the animals.
The plant secondary metabolites might have anti–protozoal activity, which might indirectly result in
reduced numbers of methanogens. As the ciliate protozoa and methanogens have an ecto–symbiotic
relationship, the latter might lose their symbiotic partners and hydrogen supply due to killing of
ciliates by the plant secondary metabolites and therefore, might result in reduced production of
methane (Santra et al., 1994).
As the plant secondary metabolites have anti–microbial activity, which might reduce the numbers of
bacteria and fungi
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77. Interdependence Between the Species
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE SPECIES INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS: Animals are depending upon plants for their food shelter and also for various things.
ANIMALS HELP PLANTS IN DIFFERENT WAYS 1.Many animals are involved in the pollination
in plants. 2.Fruits and seeds of many plants are dispersed by animals 3.Decomposers convert organic
substances into inorganic substances so that plants can absorb them easily. SPECIES
INTERACTION All types of relationship between organisms can be divided into two 1)Positive
interaction–which is beneficial to one or both partners. These include a) commensalism b)proto co–
operation c) mutualism 2)Negative interaction–which is harmful to one or more of the participants.
These include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Epiphytes and epizoans: Epiphytes are plants that grow perched on other plants only as support
and not for food and water. They are provided with special roots called velamin roots, which can
take up water from the moisture. Epizoans are plants that grow on the body of animals. Eg the green
algae grow on the long, grooved hairs of the sloth. Sucker fish attaches itself to the body of a shark.
A commensal that lives inside the body of the host is referred to as endocommensal. 1.Some
saprophytic fungi and bacteria live within the tissues and cavities of higher plants and animals.
Some microbes are seen in the lower intestines of animals.(Here they are not taking anything from
the host's body) 2.Termite nests provide ecologic niches for more than a 100 species of other
animals such as ants, beetles and millipeds. 3.A oyster crab, Pinnothers ostreum is found in the
mantle cavity of the oyster. In addition to shelter it also gets food from the host molluscs, oyster
without causing any harm. PROTOCOOPERATION :–It is a short step ahead of commensalism and
cooperation. In this relationship, both organisms gain by the association and are mutually
benefited(facultative mutualism) Eg the Red billed Oxpecker form protocooperation with Black
Rhinoceros– the bird feed on the parasites sticking on the skin of the rhinoceros relieving him of the
parasites, and inturn obtaining
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81. Analysis Of My Life
really enjoyed your character's backstory, and how the events in her life have sort of shaped her
personality! And I am going to give you one more post for this, but first I'd like you to do some
revisions with this last one. The first half is basically a giant block of dialogue. In line with making
your posts more interesting, I think that dialogue could be broken up. For instance, what could have
been going on while she was talking? Is she just standing there? Does she gesture? What's the tone
of her voice as she talks, and does it change throughout her speaking here? There's a lot of other
information that you could have added to make her speaking more engaging. On another note, it
seemed rather abrupt at the beginning when she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But besides not being the best fit for an island excursion, I'm also interested in neuroscience and
have a couple relevant classes related to nuclear calcium signaling. Calcium wasn't a big part of
either Neuro or the Neuron, but inter– and intra– cellular communication was, and the complexity of
receptors and pathways and proteins involved in it. I've actually come across bits in my reading that
are connected to things I learned in those classes. And besides, I think my experience in the Neuron
especially, was the class that prepared me the most so far for what it's like to do research. Finding
and reading articles for that paper was one of the most intense things I've ever had to do, and was
almost like a research project without any lab research happening, just the literature part and a
proposal for a experiment. The next few days I really need to buckle down and read the articles I've
found. It's probably a sign that I've found some of the most relevant things that I could when search
variations of the same topics bring up the same handful of articles over and over. And I need to take
better notes than I have, to have something to tell Cole next week when he gets back. Summary of
everything I've learned, both in experiments and in the literature, and even a proposal of what I want
to try next with Hoeschet. Well, I've sort of got an idea for that because I ended
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85. Testing On Animals : The Dangers Of Animal Testing
Many of us are unaware of the sheer number of animals that undergo constant suffering in the name
of human vanity. Animal testing was originally introduced in the early 20th century and is still
prominent today. It is morally unacceptable to experiment on animals for human purposes. The
procedures used in animal testing are cruel and inhumane, nor are they the most reliable source of
data; resulting in many mishaps. Moreover, with the perpetual advancements in technology, there
are several alternative methods making animal testing unnecessary. If testing cosmetics and drugs on
humans is unacceptable, what makes it acceptable to test on animals? Animal testing plays a
significant role in scientific discovery to better human health. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the main cosmetic tests used is the "Lethal Dose 50" or (LD50). In this test, animals are
forced to swallow large amounts of the chemicals being tested to verify the dosage level that will
cause death (Corazza, 2017). It is known to cause intense pain and suffering on the animals.
Chemicals are pumped into an animal's stomach until it dies. The reason for the intense pain is that
it can take days or even weeks before the animal dies. In the rare case where test animals are not
killed during the experiment, they are then, "killed either by asphyxiation, breaking of the spinal
cord or decapitation" ("Ward: End support of animal testing by using cruelty free cosmetics", 2015).
Humans use animals to test drugs and cosmetics but they do not respect the animal enough to
provide them with a humane death. Animals are burned, blinded, poisoned, force–fed chemicals,
genetically manipulated, electrocuted and killed, all in the name of science. How is the death of
millions of animals fair and humane for results that are not necessarily justified? Additionally,
animals also undergo immense pain and trauma in the pursuit of results that are not directly
applicable for human use. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S. has been using
animals for testing to conclude that drugs and cosmetics are safe and effective before going into the
human tests since the 1960s. These tests have been going on for
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89. A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
HISTORY OF EUKARYOTES: 1. Evidence indicates that the first Eukaryotic cells first appeared
on the earth approximately 2 billion years ago. Fossilized cells appear in shale sediments from
China, Russia and Australia the date from 850–950 million years ago. 2. Biologists have discovered
evidence to suggest that the eukaryotic cell evolved from prokaryotic organisms by a process of
intracellular symbiosis. 3. Some of the organelles that distinguish eukaryotic cells originated from
prokaryotic cells that became trapped inside them. 4. The structure of these first eukaryotic cells was
so versatile that eukaryotic microorganisms soon spread out into available habitats and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In sexual reproduction spores are formed following fusion of male and female strains and the
formation of a sexual structure. Sexual spores are one basis for classification. D. Major Groups: The
four main phyla among the terrestrial fungi, given with sexual spore type are: Zygomycota;
Ascomycota; Basidimycota and Chytridiomycota. E. Importance: Fungi are essential decomposersof
plant and animal detritis in the environment. They are economically beneficial as sources of
antibiotics; used in making foods and in genetic studies. Adverse impacts include: decomposition of
fruits and vegetables; human infectionsand some produce substances that are toxic if eaten.
THE PROTISTS:
––General group that traditionally includes single celled and colonial eukaryotic microbes that lack
organizations into tissues A. THE ALGAE: * Overall Morphology: Are unicellular, colonial,
filamentous, or larger forms such as seaweeds * Nutritional Mode/ Distribution: Photosynthetic;
freshwater and marine water habitats, main component of plankton * Importance: Provide the basis
of the food web in most aquatic habitats. Certain algae produce neurotoxins that are harmful to
humans and animals.
B. THE PROTOZOA:
––Include large single celled organism, a few are pathogens * Overall Morphology: Most are
unicellular, lack a cell wall. The cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm. Many
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93. Thermodynamics: Intertidal Benthic Cells
The benthic environment has life in, or on, the sand, mud, and rocks. There are two intertidal
benthic zones: rocky intertidal and estuary/salt marsh. The rocky intertidal is a rocky mountainous
which has been eroded by the wave action and weathering. It is composed of a steep slope. There is
an extreme difference between high and low tides. Different from the rocky intertidal is the
estuary/salt marsh this is shallow and has less wave action. Coupled with a shallow slope. The
source of benthic energy is sustained through three methods. The first is benthic microalgae, who
are single celled and are microscopic organisms. They do primary production, it is here that
cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and diatoms reside. The second is benthic macroalgae that are the
seaweeds. It has leafy reds, kelps, and sea grasses. The third is sedimentation is the sediment of
particles. Primary production occurs in the surface of the ocean and once they sink to the bottom,
this is primary production, but not directly. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organisms that live on top of the sea are called epifauna and the organisms that live inside the
benthic environment are called infauna. The prokaryotes/bacteria contribute to the recycling of
nutrients. In addition, they transfer DOM up the trophic pyramid. The following consumer is
protozoan bacterivores they eat the bacteria. Another consumer is the harpacticoids, who feed
primarily on ciliates and microalagae. The macro–organism is broken into two categories suspension
(worms) and deposit feeders (bivalves or worms). The top predators are the fish, sea stars, and
crustaceans. They all contribute to the biogeochemical cycling if they are efficient then high
recycling occurs, if there is low efficacy then high burial occurs. Burial removes the matter for
hundreds to thousands of
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97. Environmental Diversity Lab
Olek Peraire
Lab Report
E4 – Emily Speranza
11/23/14
Diversity and Ecosystem Health: Protist Survival in Acidic Habitats
Abstract:
In this lab, we studied the health and response of a protist community in an environmental change.
The objective of this lab was to study and learn about how variables, such as a more acidic
environment, impact the community in a habitat. Furthermore, it was also to learn about how
diversity is quantified. To test this, we added protist communities to habitats of different pH levels,
from 7 to 4, and let them live there for a week. We then studied the results and investigated which
protists lived better in which environments. We discovered that at a pH of 7, the neutral pH of spring
water, protists were able to live. As the pH was decreased, however, protists began to die off and
could not survive in such acidic conditions. We also noticed that the lower the pH, the lower the
diversity because fewer types of protists could survive. We can use this information to see how
acidic conditions in nature such as those caused by acid rain can affect communities. We now know
that an acidic environment can be extremely harmful to a community and so we should be more
cautious of acid rain. If acidic conditions are bad for protists, it is quite possible that they are
unfavorable for humans as well.
Introduction:
In this lab, we examined protist survival in different communities. An biological community is a
community where two or more species coexist in
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101. Microorganisms
In this essay I will be analysing micro organisms and disease. Firstly I will be defining micro
organisms and then explaining the key features of the main categories of microorganisms. Followed
by the roles of commensals and pathogens I will then go on to explain how micro organisms are
transmitted and the routes of entry to and exit from the human body of micro organisms. I will also
be explaining the logical sequence of events that occur from entry of a micro–organism to the body
to the appearance of symptoms of a disease and then go onto discuss why not all infections lead to a
disease. Finally I will explain a logical sequence the signs, symptoms and treatments of yellow fever
which is an infectious disease. Micro organisms are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fungi such as mushroom, molds, and yeasts are eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus. Most fungi are
multicellular and their cell wall is composed of chitin. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic
material from their environment decomposers, through symbiotic relationships with plants
(symbionts), or harmful relationships with a host (parasites). They form characteristic filamentous
tubes called hyphae that help absorb material. The collection of hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi
reproduce by releasing spores. Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They have a nucleus,
complex organelles, and obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized
structures. They make up the largest group of organisms in the world in terms of numbers, biomass,
and diversity. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose. Protozoa have been traditionally divided
based on their mode of locomotion: flagellates produce their own food and use their whip–like
structure to propel forward, ciliates have tiny hair that beat to produce movement, amoeboids have
false feet or pseudopodia used for feeding and locomotion, and sporozoans are non–motile. They
also have different means of nutrition, which groups them as autotrophs or heterotrophs. Viruses are
noncellular entities that consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Although viruses are classified as microorganisms, they are not considered living organisms. Viruses
cannot reproduce
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105. Essay On Silver Nanotechnology
Silver is known to be very efficient material since ancient times for its microbicidal properties to
treat diseases, such as, ulcer, chronic wounds, sepsis, acute epididymitis, tonsillitis, and infections
and to prevent the eye diseases in infants.1,2 But with the passage of time use of Ag is reduced due
to development of new antibiotics.3 However, an introduction of nanotechnology, nanoparticles
during the last decade have proved that this element can be used in almost every field of application
due to their tremendous behavior with reduction in size (high surface to volume ratio). Silver
nanoparticles have started to be used in various applications, such as, antimicrobial coatings, house
hold appliances, water purifiers, cosmetics, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Silver nanoparticles show stronger antioxidant activity than synthetic commercial standards. A lot of
efforts have been made by researchers to synthesis Ag nanoparticles by various methods, such as,
chemical reduction,9 gamma ray radiation,10 electrochemical method,11 laser ablation,12
microwave13 and photochemical reduction.14 In recent years, the necessity of environmental safety
leads to the rising interest in biological approaches. Interestingly, green synthesis has proven many
advantages to synthesis AgNPs over any other approaches due to low cost, non–toxicity,
repeatability, bulk production, environmental friendly, less time consuming, ease of synthesis,
avoiding capping agents used in chemical synthesis etc.15 Number of biological method to
synthesized metal nanoparticles are available in literature, such as, using microorganisms including
bacteria, fungi and plants.16,17 But this process involves the tedious procedure of maintaining
microbial cultures. The plant extracts give a good choice for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they
are widely dispense, easily accessible and much safer to handle, nontoxic and provides a natural
capping agents. Plant extracts is also of great interest for its use in antioxidant activity as plants
contain a wide variety of free radicals scavenging molecules including phenols, flavonoids,
vitamins, terpenoids are rich in antioxidant activity.18 Plant extracts act reducing as well as
stabilizing
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

109. Dgrwtrw
Tahmina Ahmed
Professor Cammilleri
English 201
19 march, 2013
"Forgiveness is not forgetting an injustice done; it is the understanding that allows us to set aside the
emotional impact of that injustice pertaining to ourselves. When we no longer hold those emotions,
and have understanding for the person, we forgave them "(singer). In other words, this quote means
being able to forgive a person actually allow the person forgiving to begin the healing process, but
this does not mean that the person forget what damage it has caused them. In psychology,
"forgiveness is a process that involves the change in emotions and attitudes regarding the offender."
This definition of forgiveness points out that forgiveness is a personal choice ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As Brown goes on, she continues to describe how the relationship is getting bitter and bitter, to the
point where the protagonist lost herself and her identity due to her partner's behavior. Then the
partner leaves her but eventually returns in her arms. Even though the partner has hurt the
protagonist immoderately, she takes her back once again. In this situation, the protagonist is hurt but
trying to recon ciliate but she hasn't forgiven her partner and is being resentful towards her. The pain
that she felt initially was still there. She had not moved on. Even though she has taken back her
partner, forgiveness is not present. So she continues to feel the hurt of the past pains not being able
to move on. She's held in bondage by her pain. If she had forgiven her partner, the pain would have
been less. We live in a society where there are very few people who truly forgive one another for
their mistakes or shortcomings. In a perfect life, everything would be splendid and peachy. In all
reality, in most of our lives we face obstacles from day to day. In life we will always be around
individuals who upset us, make us angry and are dishonest with us or even hurt us physically or
emotionally. In "forgiveness" the lead character says to her mate "That night I bled again. I woke up
and the bed was red, all full of blood and wet, I reached over to touch you
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113. Microbes : Four Types Of A Microscopic Organisms
What are microbes? Microbes are microscopic organisms that can be found everywhere. They
cannot be seen by the naked eye however if you look through a microscope you can see what is
everywhere without being noticed. There is four types of microbes: Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi and
Viruses, they either have a positive, neutral or negative effect. Some Good microbes are in Food,
Decomposers and in the Gut. Bad microbes can cause diseases and infections. Without some
microbes the world would not be able to function the way it does.
2. Types of Microbes
Bacteria
Bacteria is probably the most well known microbe. There is three types of bacteria: bacillus shaped
as a rod(see fig 1), cocci shaped as sphere and spirilla shaped as a spiral. Bacteria can grow outside
a host unlike viruses, bacteria grow in warm moist environments. In 1665 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
was the first to observe bacteria. Antibiotics are medical to kill bacteria inside the body, however
Antibiotics are being over used and bacteria are becoming resistant.
Protozoa
Protozoa are single celled and commonly associated with animals. The four main groups of Protozoa
are the ciliates, the flagellates, the sarcodina and the apicomplexans. They are named like that
because they behave like microscopic animals, they hunt and feed on other microbes for their food
source. Protozoa usually doesn't hurt humans however this microbe has one of the deadliest disease
in the world Malaria, Malaria claims more than 800,000
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117. Observations Regarding Slides Of Many Species Seen With A...
Observations Regarding Slides of Many Species Seen With a Light Microscope Introduction: Our
class gathered to observe the differences and similarities of life observable under a microscope. We
wanted to study details of each slide to understand the larger picture of the life that they make–up.
Methods and Materials: Our class of twelve was subdivided into six groups of two. Each group used
a light microscope to observe thirteen slides of organic materials (listed with the appended images).
The slides were dyed one or two colors to show different parts of the organisms or cells. With each
slide we started our observations on 40x magnification and moved up, through 100x, to 400x
magnification. After recording what I saw under the microscopes, I researched what I had seen, and
collected images for comparison, which appear in the appendix.
Observations/Results:
The first slide that my team observed was of Allium root tip in mitosis. Even on the lowest
magnification, cell wells were clear, and nuclei were visible. This visibility shows how relatively
large the cells are. On higher magnification, chromosomes were visible, and clearly splitting; they
were in varying stages of mitosis. Not all cell walls seemed to have nuclei in them. The duplicating
cells were caught in stop motion. If they could have continued this action they would have created
so many new cells that the Allium specimen could have grown. In effect, we were observing a
multicellular organism in the act of
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121. Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn Research Paper
Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn is an Australian/American biological researcher who studies
telomeres, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosomes. She was born on
the 26th of November 1948 in Hobart, Tasmania. She is 66 years old and is currently a researcher at
the University of California, San Francisco.
Details of Education and Training Professor Blackburn attended the Broadland House Church of
England Girl's Grammar School in Hobart until the age of sixteen. She then attended the University
High School in Melbourne because of her family's relocation to the city. Elizabeth went on to
achieving a Bachelor in Science in 1972 from the University of Melbourne and her PhD from the
University of Cambridge in 1975.
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125. Describe The Relationship Between Termites And Dermatobia...
1. A phoretic relationship is when two different species, who benefit from one another, travel
together throughout their relationship. An example of phoresis is the species of fly, Dermatobia
hominis. The fly attaches the larvae to another insect such as a mosquito and when the mosquito
travels and feeds on an animal or human, the eggs hatch and the larvae burrows itself into it's skin.
2. Mutualism is when both parties of the relationship benefit from the association. Obligatory
mutualism is when both species depend on one another in the relationship because otherwise they
would not be able to survive alone.
3. The obligatory relationship between termites and gut protozoa is very important. Termites bodies
do not produce the necessary enzymes that are essential in digesting the cellulose in wood. The
protozoa that live inside the gut of the termite, however, secrete the same enzyme that is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protozoa can reproduce both sexually and asexually and can go back and forth between the two
depending on its environment. With asexual reproduction protozoa reproduce by binary fission.
Some use multiple fission, also known as mergony or shizogony. The resulting daughter cells are
called merozoites. Another type of multiple fission called sporogony where meiosis occurs before
mitosis.
16. When the union of whole cell gametes are similar they are called isogametes. When they differ
they are called anisogametes.
17. Two individual ciliates unite and fuse their pellicles at the point of contact. The macronucleus in
each ciliate disintegrate and then the micronuclei undergo meiosis to produce four haploid pronuclei
and two of four of these pronuclei degenerate. The migratory pronucleus from each individual ciliate
moves into the other to fuse with the stationary pronucleus and restores the diploid status. The cells
then separate and undergo nuclear division to produce macronuclei. The resulting cells are called
exconjugates and are now ready to undergo sexual
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129. Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant
Wastewater treatment systems are very important to providing clean, drinkable water to its
surrounding societies. These systems also help in the removal of contaminants in wastewater from
household sewage, runoff, domestic, commercial and institutional units. Processes include physical,
chemical and biological manipulation of contaminants to neutralize their effects on the human body
for consumption. There are three main types of treatment, primary, secondary and tertiary, all of
which have separate units and processes that flow in an organized manner to ultimately end up with
recycled potable water.
First in primary treatment the sewage is temporarily held in a quiescent basin where heavy solids
settle to the bottom while other contaminants such as oil, grease and lighter solids float to the top.
Commonly used procedures involve bar screens with washer compactors that remove a majority of
non–fine solid material waste. Other airs is added to settle solids for grit removal. Fine screens as
also used to capture the finer waste material that flows through the primary larger hole bar screens.
They can often have two different sizes of bar screens that help in removing as much sold material
waste before moving onto secondary treatment. The finer screens are used to capture plastics that
come into the system.
Secondary treatment removes dissolved material and biological matter that is suspended between the
top and bottom of the tank. Secondary treatment involves the use of
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133. Forgiveness In The Kite Runner
Author of "The kite runner", Khaled Hosseini once said, "I wondered if that was how forgiveness
budded; not with the fanfare of epiphany, but with pain gathering its things, packing up, and slipping
away unannounced in the middle of the night." Forgiveness is an attribute that all should possess. In
Hosseini's first novel the main character Amir is on a mission to forgive himself and make things
back to normal. Forgiveness is shown conscientiously in the novel and is a result of jealousy,
unconditional loves, and the desire to get a fresh start in life. The main character, Amir has always
been jealous of his servant, whom he later came to know was his half–brother. Time to time, Amir
did unreasonable things because he was jealous of the treatment ... Show more content on
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Moreover, Amir chose to be a coward and not to take stance, he always looked back at the incident
and felt guilty for his decision. Amir was happy to move countries because he knew he would be
able to bury his past behind and have a fresh start in America. Amir knew it had been his fault, he
knew he could have done something, and he knew there was more than one option. Amir wanted to
leave all his mistakes in Kabul, not have to face them, and not own up to them. Amir was relieved
and was with his father's idea of moving to America he stated, "I could wade into this river, let my
sins drown to the bottom, let the waters carry me someplace far. Someplace with no ghosts, no
memories, and no sins". Amir's fresh start in life was going well until Rahim Khan– his father's
business partner– asked him to pay a visit. Rahim khan stated over the phone, quote forgive me baba
and yourself. Hence, Amir knew the only way he would be able to forgive himself because of his
past would be to save the son of Hassan of his half–brother, Hassan whom he had wronged. Amir
later adopted Sohrab and made sure no one would treat him rudely, similar to how hehimself treated
Hassan or call him the wrong names. People will ask. They will want to know why there is a Hazara
boy living with our daughter. What do I tell them?" Consequently, Amir forgave himself and moved
on from
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137. Differences Between Meiosis And Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes can reproduce in two ways, via mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a process of cell division
where a single round of replication is followed by separation of sister chromatids to form 2 daughter
cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. On the other hand, during meiosis, a single
round of DNA replication is precedes two rounds of cell divisions leading to the formation of
haploid gamete from a diploid parent (Figure 1). Figure 1: In meiosis, the DNA replication occurs in
S phase followed by two rounds of replication. Homologs are segregated during meiosis I and sisters
during meiosis II.
Meiosis I is a reductional cell division, where sister chromatids are mono–oriented and homologous
chromosomes that are pulled to the opposite poles. The proper segregation of homologous
chromosome is mainly ensured by meiotic recombination that leads to the formation of a physical
link between them (Chiasmata). Meiotic recombination also leads to the exchange of genetic
material between the homologous chromosomes, leading to genetic variation. Meiosis II (like
mitosis) is an equational division, where the sister chromatids are segregated to form gametes with
half the genetic composition as the parents. The two gametes from different individuals so formed
then fuse via ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three of these are subsequently degraded and one undergoes a round of mitosis. The conjugating
partners exchange one of the progeny MIC that fuses with the other to form a diploid MIC. The
zygotic MIC undergoes two more rounds of mitosis. 2 of these form the new MIC and 2 form a new
MAC and the parental MAC starts to degrade. For the formation of the new MACs from the zygotic
MAC, RNAi mediated DNA elimination and chromosome breakage sequence followed by telomere
addition leads to the formation of the mini–chromosomes with a reduced genome size (from 120Mb
to
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141. A Study On The Behavior Of A Human Cell
Author: Nolan Parks
Date: 11/8/15
Word count (for body of text): 581
TurnItIn Score: Click & type
Attempt #: 1
Comments from previous RWC:
Title: Tetrahymena Mating
Tetrahymena are often found in fresh water ponds, lakes, and streams. The cells are quite large and
their complexity rivals that of a human cell. This makes them a good alternative to things like
human tissues. The cells do not cost much to grow and require little resources to culture effectively
(Ciliate Genomics, nd). They are ciliate protozoa. Like humans, they mate, but for different reasons.
They do not mate to reproduce, they mate to survive. There are seven different sexes and they
numbered one through seven. This high number of sexes opens up many doors in the world of
mating, therefore Tetrahymena are not as limited as other creatures on Earth. For example, Humans
only have two sexes which limit us drastically in the world of mating (Zoologger, 2015). In order for
Tetrahymena to mate the cells must be starved of nutrients, mature, and must be a different sex. The
same two sexes cannot mate (Ciliate Genomics, nd).
Tetrahymena have two nuclei. The germline nucleus and the somatic nucleus. The germline nucleus
is also known as the micro nucleus, which controls the complicated sex life. The macronucleus, or
somatic nucleus, deals with the everyday functions of the cell (Zoologger, 2015). The Gender of the
offspring cells is determined during the mating. Fertilization results in a new micro and macro
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145. Genotype Research Paper
Ch. 7
Genotype is the genetic information included in the DNA of a living thing. (Page 197)
Phenotype refers to the actual physical characteristics visible by the organism. (Page 197)
I think it's interesting how ultraviolet lights are placed in hospitals to destroy airborne bacteria.
(Page 201).
Numerous skin cancers are the result of xeroderma pigmentosum. (Page 202).
Mutations are known for changing the information in the DNA. (Page 182).
Ch. 8
I think it's interesting how gene transfer is not an important part of the life cycle in bacteria. (Page
214).
I wonder if we will learn more about Frederick Griffith and bacterial transformation. (Page 215).
DNA is transported by a virus that has the ability to infect bacteria in transduction. ... Show more
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(Page 230).
Ch. 10
A nucleus is not present in a virus. (Page 273)
Viruses are able to infect all different forms of life. (Page. 276) (reword?)
I think it's interesting how many animals are infected with certain types of the herpesvirus. (Page
283).
Viruses reproduce inside of a host cell. (Page 273).
Rubella, HSV 1, and HSV 2 are known to cause neurological defects in children. (Page 299).
Ch. 11
Pathogens are parasites that cause diseases. (Page 312)
Worms are known as endoparasites. (Page 312)
Trichocysts are located on ciliates and grab prey. (Page 321)
Fungi are able to acquire food from living organisms and dead matter. (Page 324)
The female arthropods produce a great amount of eggs. (Page 327)
Ch. 12
Good disinfectants are responsible for working against all kinds of infectious agents without ruining
tissues. (Page 349)
I think it's interesting how surfactants diminish surface tension. (Page 350)
Silver nitrate was used to help protect against gonococcal infection in infants. (Page 353)
I was surprised to learn that betadine and isodine do not sterilize the skin. (Page 353)
Alcohol evaporates fast and does not kill endospores. (Page

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150. Research Paper On Hopf Bifurcation
Abstract. In this paper, a classical model describing a food web in a chemostat involving three
species competing for non–reproducing, growth rate–limiting nutrient in which one of the
competitors predates on one of the other competitors is considered. Quantitative analyses of non–
negativity and boundedness of solution trajectories, dissipativity, and behavior around equilibria,
global stability and persistence of the model equations are analyzed. We present the global stability
of equilibria by constructing a Lyapunov function. Hopf bifurcation theory is applied. Keywords:
Chemostat; Food web; Global stability; Hopf bifurcation; Dissipative. 1. Introduction In
microbiology and population biology, the laboratory device chemostat extensively uses as a research
technique to culture microorganisms continuously under nutrient limitation in a controlled
environment in order to study the general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since one can measure the control parameter easily, the device has various applications in ecology
and population biology. It can be viewed as a simple lake system in ecology while it serves as a
laboratory bio–reactor in chemical engineering used for investigations in genetically altered cell. As
for example, the prey (bacteria) consumes nutrient (waste) while the predator (ciliates) feeds on the
prey in waste water treatment process. It is of mathematical interest to construct models with
chemostat. The dynamics of chemostat model with nutrient uptake is of Monod kinetics play an
important role in population ecology. After the first introduction of chemostat the researchers have
paid their attention to develop mathematical theories of models in it. Qualitative analyses of
predator–prey models in chemostat both from the experimental and the modeling aspect describe by
set of differential equations were studied by many authors (Aris and
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154. What Is Microvilli-Epithelial Tissue Functions?
1. Microvilli– epithelial tissue, function is to increase surface area ( 472)
2. Brush boarder– The microvilli on the free surface of a epithelial cell (472)
3. Cilia– occur in some epithelial cell, such of those lining of trachea (472)
4. Simple squamous epithelium– occur as single layer of the flattened cells tightly held together (
473)
5. Simple cuboidal epithelium– consist of single layer cubed–shaped ( 473)
6. Simple columnar epithelium– consist of single layer of long column–shaped( 473)
7. Goblet cell– In the intestines modified cell are interspersed in the columnar cell and secret mucus
that protect and lubricate the wall of the digestive system (473)
8. Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium– when cilia are found on the free ... Show more
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Elastic fibers– yellow in color, appear singly rather than in bundles but branch to form network.
Elastic fibers contain the protein elastin. These fibers give organ, such as skin, the ability to move
stretch and contract. (477)
19. Leukocyte– includes five types of white blood cell WBCs (477)
20. Plasma cell– produce antibodies to destroy antigen (477)
21. Mast cell– produce histamine, a chemical that dilated small blood vessel during inflammation in
addition to the anticoagulant heparin (477)
22. Chondrocytes– cartilage cell are embedded in small cavities within the matrix (478)
23. Lacunae– chondrocytes small cavities (478)
24. Bone tissues or osseous tissue– is a hard connective tissue that consist of living cells dispersed in
an organic and mineral matrix, the organic portion of the matrix contain collagen fibers and other
organic molecules. The mineral part contain contain tricalcium phosphate crystal call hydroxyapatite
and calcium carbonate (478)
25. Spongy bone– has space between the plate ( trabeculae) bone, some of them are filled with red
bone marrow example the strenum, rib, hip bones, and hear the end of the long bones in production
of red blood cell. Sponge bones make up most of the bone tissue flat, short, and irregular bones
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158. Archaea: Extremophile Bacteria
Archaea are extremophiles because this organisms are inhibit extreme environment and are well
adapted with their habitat. Archaea are only presence in minority diverse. Archaea used cultured
independent technique in global habitat in their presence, so they cannot be cultured in the
laboratory setting. One thing that commonly used culture independent technique is the isolation, and
analysis of nucleic acid rather than analysis of cultured sample isolated from the same environment.
They using RNA and DNA directly from an environment. Archaea are abundant and rich, they also
contribute the important roles in cold and high temperature ecosystem.
Archaea: Extremophile Bacteria
Bacteria Organisms that master the art live in most inhospitable environments
Archaea is a group of single celled prokaryotic organism where they have lack of defined nucleus, it
have the distinctive molecular characteristics that separating them from bacteria that are categorize
more prominent group of prokaryotes as well as Eukaryotes that have defined nucleus and can be
found in plants and animals. Archaea itself is derived from the Greek word Archaios, meaning
"Ancient" or "Primitive" that's why archaea exhibit characteristic worthy of it name. Member of
archaea include: Pyrolobus fumarii, which can live in the high temperature environment up to 113
°C (235 °F) and they can be found living in hydrothermal vents. Species of Picophilus, that can be
isolated from acidic soil and they are well
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