Complement system

Definition with types amimated

1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

2. WHAT IS COMPLEMENT SYSTEM Complement system is a part of the immune system called the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.

3. HISTORY Research on complement began in the 1890s, when Jules Bordet showed that sheep antiserum to the bacterium Vibrio cholerae caused lysis of the bacteria and that heating the antiserum destroyed its bacteriolytic activity. Surprisingly, the ability to lyse the bacteria was restored to the heated serum by adding fresh serum that contained no antibodies. JULES BORDET

4. HISTORY Paul Ehrlich in Berlin independently carried out similar experiments and coined the term complement, defining it as “the activity of blood serum that completes the action of antibody.” In ensuing years, researchers discovered that the action of complement was the result of interactions of a large and complex group of proteins. PAUL EHRLICH

5. OVERVIEW The complement system is part of the innate immune system . It is named “complement system” because it was first identified as a heat-labile component of serum that “complemented” antibodies in the killing of bacteria It is now known that it consists of over 30 proteins and contributes 3 g/L to overall serum protein quantities

6. Function of Complement After initial activation, the various complement components interact, in a highly regulated cascade, to carry out a number of basic function. Lysis of cells, bacteria and viruses. Opsonization, which promots phagocytosis of perticulate antigens Binding to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, triggering specific cell function, inflammation, and secretion of immunoregulatory molecules. Immune clearance, which removes immune complexes from the circulation and diposit them in spleen and liver.

7. Components of Complement The soluble proteins and glycoproteins that constitute complement system are synthesize mainly by liver hepatocytes, although significant amount are produced by blood monocytes, tissue macrophages and epithelial cells of GI tract. Components are designated by munerals( C1-C9 ), by latter symbols ( factor D ), Peptide fragments formed by activation of a component are denoted by small letters. In most cases, the smaller fragment resulting from cleavage of a component is designated “a” and the larger fragment designated “b” (e.g., C3a , C3b ; note that C2 is an exception: C2a is the larger cleavage fragment). The larger fragments bind to the target near the site of activation, and the smaller fragments diffuse from the site and can initiate localized inflammatory responses by binding to specific receptors. The complement fragments interact with one another to form functional complexes. Those complexes that have enzymatic activity are designated by a bar over the number or symbol (e.g ., C4b2a, C3bBb ).

8. Complement Activation CLASSICAL PATHWAY Begins with antibody binding to a cell surface and ends with the lysis of the cell The proteins in this pathway are named C1-C9 (the order they were discovered and not the order of the reaction) When complement is activated it is split into two parts a – smaller of the two B – larger part and usually the active part (except with factor 2) Three steps in this pathway- ACTIVATION AMPLIFICATION ATTACK

9. CLASSICAL PATHWAY ACTIVATION C1q portion of C1 attaches to the Fc portion of an antibody Only IgG and IgM can activate complement Once activated C1s is eventually cleaved which activates C4 and C2 C4b & C2a come together to form the C4b2a which is the C3 convertase C3 convertase activates C3 to C3a and C3b

10. CLASSICAL PATHWAY ACTIVATION C3a binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells triggering them to release there vasoactive compounds (enhances vasodilation and vasopermeability) C3a is called an anaphylatoxin C3b serves as an opsonin which facilitates immune complex clearanc e

11. CLASSICAL PATHWAY AMPLIFICATION Each C1s creates many C4b and C2a fragments Each C4bC2a creates many C3b (activated C3) Each C3b goes on to create many Membrane Attack Complexes Example 1 C1S makes 100 C4bC2a 100 C4bC2b makes 10,000 C3b 10,000 C3b makes 1,000,000 MAC

12. CLASSICAL PATHWAY ATTACK Most C3b serves an opsonin function Some C3b binds to C4bC2a to form the C5 convertase C4bC2aC3b C5 convertase cleaves C5 leading to the formation of the Membrane attack Complex (C5-C6-C7-C8-C9) The MAC “punches holes” in cell walls resulting in lysis

13. C1q C2 C4 2a 2b 4b 4a C3-convertase C3 C3a C3b C5-Convertase C3a binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells triggering them to release there vasoactive compounds (enhances vasodilation and vasopermeability) - ANAPHYLATOXIN C5 C5a C5b C5a is a: Potent anaphylatoxin Chemoattractant for neutrophils C6 C7 C8 C9 Classical Pathway

14. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY Requires no specific recognition of antigen in order to cause activation ACTIVATION Spontaneous conversion from C3 to C3b occurs in body Normally, C3b is very short lived and quickly inactivated by proteins on the surface of the body’s own cell walls However, bacteria or other foreign material may lack these surface proteins allowing C3b to bind and stay active

15. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY AMPLIFICATION Factor B binds to C3b Factor B is then cleaved by factor D into Ba and Bb C3bBb remains which acts as a C3 convertase (C3  C3a and C3b) C3bBbC3b is formed which acts as a C5 convertase

16. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY ATTACK C5 is cleaved to C5a and C5b C5b then starts the assembly of the Membrane Attack Complex C5 C5a C5b

17. C3 C3b C3a Anaphylatoxin B D Bb Ba C3 C3a C3b C5-Convertase C3-Convertase C5 C5a C5b Alternative Pathway C6 C7 C8 C9

18. LECTIN PATHWAY Lectins are proteins that recognize and bind to specific carbohydrate targets. The lectin pathway, like the alternative pathway, does not depend on antibody for its activation. The lectin pathway is activated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to mannose residues on glycoproteins or carbohydrates on the surface of microorganisms including certain Salmonella, Listeria, and Neisseria strains, MBL is an acute phase protein produced in inflammatory responses.

19. LECTIN PATHWAY Its function in the complement pathway is similar to that of C1q, which it resembles in structure. After MBL binds to the surface of a cell or pathogen, MBL-associated serine proteases, MASP-1 and MASP-2 , bind to MBL . The active complex formed by this association causes cleavage and activation of C4 and C2 . The MASP-1 and -2 proteins have structural similarity to C1r and C1s and mimic their activities. This means of activating the C2–C4 components to form a C5 convertase without need for specific antibody binding represents an important innate defense mechanism comparable to the alternative pathway, but utilizing the elements of the classical pathway except for the C1 proteins.

20. LECTIN BINDING COMPLEMENT PATHWAY Bacteria C4 C2 C3 C5 MBP C4b C4a

21. LECTIN BINDING COMPLEMENT PATHWAY Bacteria C4 C2 C3 C5 MBP C4b C4a C2a C2b

22. LECTIN BINDING COMPLEMENT PATHWAY Bacteria C4 C2 C3 C5 MBP C4b C4a C2b C2a C3b C3a

23. LECTIN BINDING COMPLEMENT PATHWAY Bacteria C4 C2 C3 C5 MBP C4b C4a C2b C2a C3b C3a C5b C5a

24. LECTIN BINDING COMPLEMENT PATHWAY Bacteria C6 C7 C8 C9 MBP C4b C2b C3b C5b C6 C7 C8 C9 C9 C9 C9 C9 C9

25. BIOLOGIC FUNCTION anaphylatoxins: C3a and C5a: mast cell degranulation smooth muscle contraction mast cell degranulation mediator release (histamine, leukotrienes) vascular changes: dilation, increased permeability (edema) C5a also leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis (recruitment) opsonization: C3b, C3bi, C3d: (binding to complement receptors and enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages) clearance of circulating immune complexes membrane attack complex: C5b-C9 (cell lysis)

26. Complement Deficiencies Role of Complement in Disease The complement system plays a critical role in inflammation and defence against some bacterial infections. Complement may also be activated during reactions against incompatible blood transfusions, and during the damaging immune responses that accompany autoimmune disease. Deficiencies of individual complement components or inhibitors of the system can lead to a variety of diseases ( Table 1 ), which gives some indication of their role in protection against disease.

27. Complement Deficiencies Complement Deficiency Disease C3 and Factor B Severe bacterial infections C3b-INA, C6 and C8 Severe Neisseria infections Deficiencies of early C components C1, C4, C2. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), glomerulonephritis and polymyositis C1-inhibitor Hereditary angioedema Table 1 . Diseases associated with complement deficiencies

28. Referance KUBI IMMUNOLOGY 6 th EDITION IMMUOLOGY, NANDINI SHETTY, 2 nd EDITION https://www.google.co.in/#q=complement+system+ppt

29. I would like to express thankful gratitude to Dr.Amit Chakravarty, Principal of IGE as well as Dr.Sudipa Chakravarty,Vice Principal of IGE.I would also like to thanks Jayasmita Mahapatra, help me to making this presentation and I also helped me to doing this. THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

30. THANK YOU