complementary-feeding and weaning, breastfeeding

WEANING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING ,BREASTFEEDING, INFANT, NEWBORN,FOODS,NUTRIENTS

1. PRESENTER-DR SHEEZA DILRAJ CHOUDHARI COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING 1

2. Table Contents Introduction Definition Complementary Feeding About Complementary Feeding Consistency of Complementary Feeding Nutrient Composition of Complementary Foods Conclusion 2

3. Introduction Around the age of 6 months, an infant’s need for energy and nutrients starts to exceed what is provided by breast milk, and complementary foods are necessary to meet those needs. 3

4. Complementary feeding or weaning is the process of giving an infant other foods and liquids along with breast milk after the age of 6 months as breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of growing baby. It is the process by which the infant gradually becomes accustomed to adult diet. 4 DEFINITION

5. FOOD VARIETY

6. WHY START AT SIX MONTHS - - Infant's intestinal tract develops immunologically with defense mechanisms to protect the infant from foreign proteins. - The infant's ability to digest and absorb proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, other than those in breast milk increases rapidly . 6

7. -The infant's kidneys develop the ability to excrete the waste products. - The infant develops the neuromuscular mechanisms needed for recognizing and accepting variation in the taste and color of foods. 7

8. WHAT ARE THE SIGNS TH BABY IS READY FOR COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING - • Hold his/her head straight when sitting down. •Opens his/her mouth when others eat • Is interested in foods when others eat. • Receives frequent breast feed but appear hungry soon after. • Is not gaining weight adequately 8

9. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING- • Practice exclusive breast feeding from birth up to months and introduce complementary feeding after 6 months of age. • Continue frequent on demand breast feeding until 2 years of age. • Feed infant slowly and patiently and encourage them to eat but do not force them. • Practice good hygiene and proper food handling to reduce the risk of diarrhoea .

10. • Start with small amounts of food and increase the quantity as child gets older. • Gradually increase food consistency and variety as the child grows older. • Increase the number of times the child is fed complementary food, as the child gets older. • Feed a variety of nutrient rich foods to ensure that all the needs are met 10

11. • Give micronutrient rich complementary foods or vitamin and mineral supplements to the infant as needed. • It is advisable to start one or two teaspoons of new food at first which should be given when baby is hungry, just before regular feeding, during the day time 11

12. PREPARATION FOR WEANING FOOD  • Wash hands. • Keep food in clean utensils. • Separate raw and cooked food. • Cook food thoroughly. • Keep food at safe temperatures. • Use safe water and raw material. • Give freshly prepared food. • Keep the cooked food covered .

13. QUALITIES OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS • Weaning food should be liquid at first, then semi solid and solid food to be introduced gradually. • Clean, fresh and hygienic, so that no infection can occurs. • Easy to prepare at home with the available food items and not costly. • Easily digestible, easily acceptable and palatable for infants. • High in energy density and low in bulk viscosity and contains all nutrients necessary for the baby. • Based on cultural practice and traditional beliefs. • Well - balanced, nourishing and suitable for the infant 13

14. QUANTITY AND FREQUENCY OF WEANING FOOD 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. Foods to Avoid • Tea & coffee: interfere with iron absorption • Aerated beverages: No nutritional value • Too much sugary drinks & Fruit juices: cause decreased appetite for other nutritious foods and also may cause loose stools. • Nuts: may cause choking 18

19. Other Attributes of Complementary Foods ReplyForward Add reaction • Right consistency • Soft • Easy to digest • Inexpensive • Locally available • Culturally acceptable • Easily prepared at home      

20. AMOUNTS OF FOOD TO OFFER

21. PROBLEM DURING WEANING - • If on starting weaning, breast feeding is stopped suddenly, it can have adverse psychological effect on the child. • Weaning food, if prepared unhygienically or not digested properly can cause diarrhoea . • If weaning food are not nutrient rich, the child can develop malnutrition. • Children may develop indigestion, abdominal pain, diarrhoea or rashes if they are allergic to certain foods. 21

22. About Complementary Feeding Thus, homemade complementary foods remain commonly used. Even when based on an improved recipe, however, unfortified plant-based complementary foods provide insufficient key micronutrients (especially, iron, zinc, and calcium) during the age of 6–23 months. Thus, this review assessed complementary feeding practice and recommendation and reviewed the level of adequacy of homemade complementary foods. 23

23. 24

24. Conclusion Around the age of 6 months, an infant's need for energy and nutrients starts to exceed what is provided by breast milk, and complementary foods are necessary to meet those needs. An infant of this age is also developmentally ready for other foods. This transition is referred to as complementary feeding. 25

25. References 1.Healthy nutrition for a healthy child: A review on infant feeding in India - PMC ( nih.gov ) Accessed on 4/8/2022. Available at  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6984033/ 2.National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) course on Maternal Infant Young Child Nutrition. Available at  https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc22_bt01/preview   3.National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), MOHFW 4.Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine 27 th edition