Complete blood count and its importance in dentistry

2. “A basic screening test that
evaluates the cells that
circulate in blood.”
A complete blood count  (CBC),
also known as full blood
count (FBC) or full blood
exam (FBE) or blood panel.

3. Screen for a wide range
of conditions and
diseases
Help diagnose various conditions, such
as anemia ,infection,
inflammation, bleeding disorder
or leukemia etc
Monitor the condition and/or
effectiveness of treatment after
a diagnosis is established
Monitor treatment that is known to
affect blood cells, such as
chemotherapy or radiation therapy

4. •A CBC is a panel of
tests that evaluates the
three types of cells that
circulate in the blood
and includes the
following:
Evaluation of white
blood cells
Evaluation of red blood
cells
Evaluation of platelets

5. •White blood cell (WBC)
count is a count of the total
number of white blood cells in a
person's sample of blood.  All
the white cell types are given as
a percentage and as an absolute
number per litre.
•White blood cell
differential
may or may not be included as part of
the panel of tests. It identifies and
counts the number of the various
types of white blood cells present. The
five types
include neutrophils, lymphocytes,mon
ocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

6. WBC:
4,000 – 10,000/cubicmm
WBC
DIFFERENTIAL :
Neutrophil 40-75%
Lymphocytes 15-75%
Monocytes 1-10%
Eosinophils 1-6%
Basophils 0-2%

7. Test
Full

Name
examples of
causes of a low
count
examples of
causes of a
high count
WBC White
Blood
Cell
Count
Known as leukopenia
or damage
•Autoimmune
conditions
•Severe infections
(sepsis)
•lymphoma or other
cancer that spread to
the bone marrow
•Diseases of immune
system (e.g., HIV)
Known as
leukocytosis
•infections most
commonly
bacterial or viral
•Leukemia,
myeloproliferativ
e disorders
•inflammation
•Allergies ,
Asthma
•Tissue death
(trauma,
burns, heart
attack)
•Intense exercise
or severe stress

8. Test Full Name examples of causes of
a low count
examples of causes
of a high count
Neu,
PMN,
polys
Absolute neutro
phil count, %
neutrophils
Known as neutropenia
•Severe,over whelming
infection (sepsis)
•Autoimmune
disorders
•Reaction to drugs,
chemotherapy
•Immunodeficiency
•Bone marrow damage
(e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
Known as
neutrophilia
•Acute bacterial
infections
•Inflammation
•Tissue death
(necrosis) caused
by trauma, heart
attack, burns
•leukemia
eos Absolute eosino
phil
count, %
eosinophils
 not medically
significant.
Parasitic
infections,
asthma,allergic
reaction.
baso Absolute basoph
il count, %
basophils
not medically
significant
bone marrow
related conditions
such as leukemia or
lymphoma

9. TEST Full Name examples of
causes of a low
count
examples of
causes of a high
count
mono Absolute monocy
te 
count, %
monocytes
not medically
significant.
bacterial infection,
tuberculosis,
malaria, monocytic
leukemia
lympho Absolute 
Lymphocyte
count, %
lymphocytes
Known as
lymphocytopenia
•Autoimmune
disorders
(e.g., lupus rheumat
oid arthritis)
•Infections (e.g.,
HIV, viral hepatitis ,
typhoid
fever, influenza)
•Bone marrow
damage (e.g.,
chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
•Corticosteroids
Known as
lymphocytosis
•Acute viral
infections
(e.g., chicken
pox,cytomegaloviru
s (CMV), Epstein-
Barr virus
(EBV),herpes)
•Certain bacterial
infections
(e.g. tuberculosis
•Lymphocytic
leukemia,
lymphoma
•Stress (acute)

11. Red blood cell (RBC) count is a count
of the actual number of red blood cells in a person's
sample of blood.
Hemoglobin measures the amount of the oxygen-
carrying protein in the blood.
Hematocrit measures the percentage of a person's
blood that consists of red blood cells.
Red blood cell indices are
calculations that provide information on the physical
characteristics of the RBCs:
•(RDW), which may be included in a CBC, is a
calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs.
• Mean corpuscular volume
(MCV) is a measurement of the average size of
RBCs.
•
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-
carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.
•Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC ) is a
calculation of the average percentage of hemoglobin
inside a red cell.
 reticulocyte count which is a
measurement of the absolute count or percentage of
young red blood cells in blood.

13. TestFull Name
examples of causes of
low result
examples of causes of
high result
RBC Red Blood
Cell Count
Known as anemia
•Acute or chronic
bleeding
•RBC destruction
(e.g.hemolytic
anemia,etc.)
•Nutritional deficiency
(e.g., iron deficiency,
vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency)
•Bone marrow disorders
or damage
•Chronic inflammatory
disease
•Kidney failure
Known as polycythemia
• Dehydration
•Pulmonary disease
•Kidney or other tumor
that produces excess
erythropoietin
•Smoking
•Genetic causes (altered
oxygen sensing,
abnormality in
hemoglobin oxygen
release)
Hb Hemoglobin
Usually mirrors RBC
results, provides added
information
Usually mirrors RBC
results
Hct Hematocrit
Usually mirrors RBC
results
Usually mirrors RBC
results; most common
cause is dehydration

14. Test
Full Name
examples of causes of
low result
examples of causes of
high result
MCV
Mean
Corpuscul
ar Volume
Indicates RBCs are
smaller than normal
(microcytic); caused
by iron deficiency
anemia or thalassemia,
for example.
Indicates RBCs are
larger than normal
(macrocytic), for
example in anemia
caused by folate or vit
B12 deficiency
MCH
Mean
Corpuscul
ar
Hemoglobi
n
Mirrors MCV results;
small red cells would
have a lower value.
Mirrors MCV results;
macrocytic RBCs are
large so tend to have a
higher MCH.
MCHC
Mean
Corpuscul
ar
Hemoglobi
n
Concentra
tion
May be low when MCV is
low; decreased MCHC
values (hypochromia)
are seen in conditions
such as iron deficiency
anemia and
thalassemia.
Increased MCHC values
(hyperchromia) are
seen in conditions
where the hemoglobin
is more concentrated
inside the red cells,
such as autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, in
burn patients, and
hereditary
spherocytosis, a rare
congenital disorder.

15. Test Full
Name
Examples of causes of
low result
Examples of causes of
high result
RDW
RBC
Distrib
ution
Width
Low value indicates
uniformity in size of
RBCs
Indicates mixed
population of small and
large RBCs; immature
RBCs tend to be larger.
For example, in iron
deficiency anemia or
pernicious anemia,
there is high variation
(anisocytosis) in RBC
size (along with
variation in shape –
poikilocytosis), causing
an increase in the RDW.
Reticuloc
yte count
Reticul
ocytes
(absol
ute
count
or %)
In the setting of anemia,
a low reticulocyte count
indicates a condition is
affecting the production
of red blood cells, such
as bone marrow
disorder or damage, or a
nutritional deficiency
(iron, B12 or folate)
In the setting of anemia,
a high reticulocyte
count generally
indicates peripheral
cause, such as bleeding
or  hemolysis, or
response to treatment
(e.g., iron
supplementation for
iron deficiency anemia)

17. The platelet count  is
the number of platelets in a
person's sample of blood.
Mean platelet
volume (MPV) may be
reported with a CBC. It is a
calculation of the average size
of platelets.
Platelet distribution
width (PDW) may also
be reported with a CBC. It is
a measurement of the
variation of platelet size.

18. •Platelet count :
140,000 to
450,000 /cubic mm
•Mean platelet
volume: 7.5 – 11.5 fL
•Platelet
distribution width:
10% -
17.9%

19. Test
Full
Name
examples of causes of
low result
examples of causes of
high result
pltPlatelet
Count
Known as
thrombocytopenia:
•Viral infection
(mononucleosis,hepatiti
s)
•Rocky mountain spotted
fever
•Platelet autoantibody
•Drugs (acetaminophen,
quinidine, sulfa drugs)
•cirrhosis
•Autoimmune disorders
•Sepsis
•Leukemia, lymphoma
•Myelodysplasia
•Chemo or radiation
therapy
Know as
thrombocytosis:
•Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal,lymp
homa)
•Rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammatory bowel
disease, lupus
•Iron deficiency
anemia
•Hemolytic anemia
•Myeloproliferative
disorder (e.g.,
essential
thrombocythemia)

20. Test Full
Name
Examples of causes
of low result
Examples of causes of high
result
MPV
Mean
Platelet
Volume
Indicates average
size of platelets
is small; older
platelets are
generally
smaller than
younger ones
and a low MPV may
mean
that a condition is
affecting the
production of
platelets
by the bone marrow.
Indicates a high number
of larger, younger platelets
in the blood; this may be
due to the bone marrow
producing and releasing
platelets rapidly into
circulation.
PDW
Platelet
Distrib
ution
Width
Indicates uniformity
in
size of platelets
Indicates increased
variation in the size of the
platelets, which may mean
that a condition is present
that is affecting platelets

23. Reviewing clinical laboratory test
results about a patient's condition can
provide valuable information for
Diagnosis and management of
orofacial conditions
Guidance on assessing the patient's
ability to tolerate the proposed dental
treatment
A prognosis based on a particular
treatment

24. EVALUATION OF WBC
•when a patient is being treated with a
medication that suppresses WBC
production (such as antineoplastic
agents), the patient is at a greater
risk for postoperative infection, and
dental treatment should be deferred
until the WBC result is back to
normal.
• For invasive dental treatment,
perioperative antibiotics are
indicated in patients with ANC
less than 1,000 cells/mm3 in
order to minimize the risk of
infection. When the ANC falls
below 500 cells/mm3,
intravenous antimicrobial
therapy may be necessary to
prevent sepsis resulting from
invasive dental treatment.

25. EVALUATION OF RBC
•Patients with polycythemia
may experience orthopnea in
the dental chair, dizziness,
headache, red facial coloring,
and dyspnea.
•Hgb and Hct are necessary
parts of the assessment for
anemias and in patients with
burning mouth disorders and
aphthous stomatitis.
•Differ routine dental
treatment in Patient with
severe anemia

26. EVALUATION OF
PLATELETS
•Bleeding disorders or bone
marrow diseases, such
healthcare provider to
determine as leukemia,
require the dental the
number of platelets
present and/or their
ability to function
correctly prior to invasive
surgery.
•Minor dentistry: counts
should be greater than
50,000/cubicmm