Complete LECT 14 AND 15 BASIC AGRICULTURE (3).pptx

Complete LECT 14 AND 15 BASIC AGRICULTURE (3).pptx

1. LECTURE #14 &15 BASIC AGRICULTURE

2. TILLAGE Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops. The word tillage is derived from ‘Anglo-Saxon’ words Tilian and Teolian , meaning to plough and prepare soil for seed to sow , to cultivate and to raise crops.

3. Objectives of tillage The main objectives of tillage are as follows:- To prepare a good seed bed which helps the germination of seeds. To create conditions in the soil suited for better growth of crops. 3. To control the weeds effectively. To make the soil capable for absorbing more rain water. To mix up the manure and fertilizers uniformly in the soil. To aerate the soil To provide adequate seed-soil contact to permit water flow to seed and seedling roots. To remove the hard pan and to increase the soil depth.

4. TILLAGE PRACTICES Tillage operations may be grouped into On season tillage Off season tillage 1. ON SEASON TILLAGE : Tillage operations that are done for raising crops in the same season or at the onset of the crop season are known as on-season tillage. They may be preparatory cultivation and after cultivation.

5. A. Preparatory tillage : This refers to tillage operations that are done to prepare the field for raising crops. It consists of deep opening and loosening of the soil to bring about the desirable tilth as well as to incorporate or uproot weeds and crop suitable when the soil is in a workable condition. Types of preparatory tillage: Primary tillage Secondary tillage

6. a. Primary tillage The tillage that is done after the harvest of crop to bring the land under cultivation is known as primary tillage or ploughing . Ploughing is the opening of compact soil with the help of different ploughs. Country plough, mould board plough, Bose plough, tractor and power tillers drawn implements are used for primary tillage. b. Secondary tillage: The tillage operations that are performed on the soil after primary tillage to bring a good soil tilth are known as secondary tillage. Secondary tillage consists of lighter or finer operation which is done to clean the soil, break the clods, and incorporate the manures and fertilizers. Harrowing and planking is done to serve those purposes. Harrows, cultivators, Guntakas , and spade are used for secondary tillage.

7. B. AFTER CULTIVATION (INTER TILLAGE) : The tillage operations that are carried out in the standing crop after the sowing or planting and prior to the harvesting of the crop plants are called inter tillage. It includes harrowing, hoeing , weeding, earthing up, drilling or side dressing of fertilizers etc. Spade, hoe, weeders , etc are used for inter cultivation. 2. OFF SEASON TILLAGE : Tillage operations done for conditioning the soil suitably for the forthcoming main season crop are called off-season tillage. Off season tillage may be post harvest tillage, summer tillage, winter tillage and fallow tillage.

8. 3. SPECIAL PURPOSE TILLAGE: Tillage operations intended to serve special purposes are said to be special purpose tillage. They are: a. Sub-soiling : To break the hard pan beneath the plough layer, special tillage operation (chiseling)is performed to reduce soil compaction. Sub soiling is necessary once in 4-5 years. b. Clean tillage Refers to working of the soil of the entire field in such a way no living is left undisturbed. It is practiced to control weeds, soil borne pathogen and pests. c. Blind tillage It refers to tillage done after seeding or planting the crop (in a sterile soil) either at the pre emergence stage of the crop plants or while they are in the early stages of growth.

9. d. Dry tillage Dry tillage is practiced for crops that are sown or planted in dry land condition having sufficient moisture for germination of seeds. Dry tillage is done in a soil having sufficient moisture (21-23%). e. Wet tillage or puddling The tillage operation that is done in a land with standing water is called wet tillage or puddling . Puddling operation consists of ploughing repeatedly in standing water until the soil becomes soft and muddy. Puddling creates an impervious layer below the surface to reduce deep percolation losses and to provide soft seed bed for planting rice. Wet tillage destroys the soil structure. Wet tillage is only means of land preparation for transplanting semi-aquatic crop plant such as rice.

10. EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON SOILS Conservation tillage practices change many soil properties when implemented for a long term. Changes in soil properties change the way in which crops respond to fertilizer management practices. Tillage systems affect soil properties such as temperature, moisture, bulk density, aggregation, organic matter content, and plant properties such as root density.

11. Impacts on Soil Structure: Conventional tillage can lead to soil compaction and degradation over time. Conservation tillage helps preserve soil structure, promoting better aeration, water infiltration, and nutrient cycling. Soil Erosion and Water Management: Intensive tillage increases the risk of soil erosion, leading to loss of topsoil and degradation of water quality. Conservation tillage methods contribute to reduced erosion, enhancing water conservation and mitigating environmental impacts.

12. Weed and Pest Control: Tillage influences weed seed germination and pest populations. Conservation tillage may require alternative strategies for weed and pest control, such as cover cropping and integrated pest management. Economic Considerations: The cost of tillage equipment, fuel, and labor can be significant in conventional tillage systems. Conservation tillage may initially require specialized equipment but can result in long-term cost savings and increased profitability.

13. IRRIGATION SYSTEM Irrigation is the supply of water to crops by artificial means. It is designed to permit the desired plant growth in arid regions and to offset drought in semiarid regions or sub humid regions. Even in areas where average seasonal precipitation may seem ample, rains are frequently unevenly distributed, or soils have low water holding capacities so that traditional rainfed agriculture is a high-risk enterprise. Irrigation provides a means for stable food production. In some areas, irrigation prolongs the effective growing season. With the security provided by irrigation, additional inputs like higher producing varieties, additional fertilizer, better pest control, and improved tillage, become economically feasible. Irrigation reduces the risk of these expensive inputs being wasted by drought.

14. Water Resources of Pakistan Water Resources of Pakistan Pakistan has been blessed with a variety of water resources in the form of glaciers, seasonal precipitation, groundwater and surface water through the Indus Basin Irrigation system. Glaciers Significant part of the Indus River flow originates from Karakoram Himalaya, Western Himalaya, and Hindu Kush Mountains. The role of this runoff for the climatic characterization of the mountain catchments is well recognized, particularly, the glaciers carry great significance in the flow volume and timing of the Indus River and its tributaries, as well as on the potential impact of climate change on this water supply. The role of glaciers in the hydrologic regime of these mountains is due to the inaccessibility and altitude of Himalayan glaciers, which exist at an altitude of 4000 to 7000 meters.

15. 2. Rainfall The regional distribution of average annual rainfall varies from less than 100 mm in Balochistan and Sindh provinces to more than 1500 mm in Northern mountainous areas. About 70 percent of annual rainfall is received during the monsoon period, i.e., the months of July and August. During Rabi season (October to March), it is less than 50 mm in parts of Sindh and more than 500 mm in Khyber PakhtoonKhaw (KPK) provinces. The extreme changing pattern of rainfall results in large variations. Due to this severe aridity, about 92% of areas of Pakistan is facing extreme shortage of water and hence classified as semi-arid to arid.

16. 3. Groundwater Groundwater provides an alternate water resource for agriculture. It is estimated that around 33% of the world’s population utilizes groundwater. Many countries, such as Pakistan, India, intensively exploit groundwater to supplement the canal water. The abstraction of groundwater has reached to its limits in much of the area of the world, especially in drought zones. The rice-wheat region (Central Punjab) of Pakistan is meeting 70% of their crop water requirements from groundwater.

17. 4. Surface Water The agriculture sector is the one of the major users of water and its consumption will be continued to dominate over all other sectors. Direct rainfall contributes less than 15% of the water supplied to crops. Pakistan has two cropping seasons, Kharif (Summer) and Rabi (Winter). Sowing season of Khari starts from April-June and the crops are harvested in SeptemberOctober . The summer season crops include rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, moong , mash, bajra and jowar . The sowing season of "Rabi“ starts from October-November and the crops are harvested in April-May. The winter season crops include wheat. gram, lentil ( masoor ), tobacco, rapeseed, barley and mustard. The crop production depends on timely availability of water. During the year 2012-13, the water availability was 14% less than the normal supplies, but to compare with Kharif-2011, it was 4.4% less. The water availability during Rabi 2012-13 was estimated 39 BCM, which was 12.4% less than the normal availability, but 8.5% higher than the Rabi2011 crop

18. CANAL NETWORK IN PAKSITAN The Indus River is the largest river in Pakistan and serves as the primary source for the country's canal system. The Indus River is divided into various major canals, such as the Upper Jhelum Canal, Upper Chenab Canal, Lower Chenab Canal, Upper Bari Doab Canal, and Lower Bari Doab Canal. The Sukkur Barrage and Guddu Barrage are two major structures regulating water flow in the Indus River and diverting water into various canals.

19. The canal network caters to the agricultural needs of different provinces, with Punjab being the main beneficiary, followed by Sindh . The canals also serve parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan , although to a lesser extent.

20. 3. Types of Irrigation System Canals A canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry irrigation water from a river, dam, barrage or head work to the branch canals and distributaries and further conveyance to the irrigated fields. These canals can be classified as follows: Permanent canals Permanent canals are those which are fed by a permanent source of water, such as ice fed river or a reservoir. The canal is a well graded channel provided with permanent head works, regulators and distribution works. Perennial canals Perennial canals are permanent canals which get a continuous supply of water from a given river throughout the year. Such canals can irrigate the fields all the year around at a fairly equitable rate during the entire season of raising crops. Non-perennial canals Canals, which can irrigate only for a part of the year, usually during the summer season and at the beginning and the end of the winter season, are known as nonperennial canals. They originate from a river, which has no assured supply throughout the year or the supply is not sufficient for the whole year.

21. Inundation canals Inundation canals are the earliest type of irrigation channels in the country. Inundation is the one in which there is no wear control system and the supply depends upon the periodical rise of water level in the river, from which it takes off. It is not provided with any headwork for diversion of the river flow, but the canal obtains a supply from open cut in the bank of the river or creeks, which are called heads. These canals, like other canals, take water from the respective rivers, but the difference is that they get water when there is a flood and a rise in the water level. Therefore, the excess water is utilized in some beneficial way rather than letting it spoil. Main Canal The principal channel or a channel system off-taking from a river or a reservoir or tail reach of a feeder is designated as Main canals which is also called Main line. An irrigation channel carrying discharge above 25 cubic meters / second ( cumecs ) and not used for direct irrigation are called main canals. They take-off in the river and derive water through the head regulator. They act as a carrier canal to feed the branch canals and major distributaries. The main function of such a canal is to carry the total amount of irrigation water from the head and distribute it to the downstream canal system . Branch Canals Branch canals are irrigation channels taking off from the main canal on either side. Like the main canals, very little direct irrigation is done from them. Its discharge varies from 5 to 25 m3 /s. The discharge limit in some cases may be 10 m3 /s. Branch canals are usually feeder canals for major or minor distributaries. The main function of the branch canal is to make irrigation water available different parts of the tract for further distribution.

22. WARABANDI: The irrigation water allocation to the farmers is managed through Warabandi (turn) system. Warabandi is a rotational way for equitable distribution of water in the irrigation system by fixed turns according to a predetermined schedule. The water is distributed in the specified year, day, time and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to the size of farmers’ landholding in the outlet command. The cycle of warabandi starts from the head and proceeds to the tail of the watercourse. During each turn, the farmer has the right to use all the water flowing in the watercourse at his specified turn. The main canals, distributaries and minor are managed by the provincial irrigation departments and deliver water at the head of watercourses through an outlet, which is designed to provide a quantity of water proportional to the culturable command area of the watercourse. Presently, Kacha and Pakka warabandi systems are in practice in Pakistan, which has been decided by the farmers solely on their agreement, without formal involvement of any government agency.

23. URBAN FARMING Definition: Urban Farming is also known as urban agriculture. It means growing crops and raising small livestock or milk cows in small areas like vacant plots, gardens, verges, balconies and containers. It provides a source of food and income for urban dwellers. The products thus produced can be used for their own consumption or sale in neighbourhood markets.

24. Common Methods Used in Urban Farming: Vertical Farming:  In  Vertical Farming , food crops can be cultivated easily in urban areas by planting in vertically stacked layers in order to save space and use minimal energy and water for irrigation. Hydroponics:  It is a way to skip the soil, sub in a different material to support the roots of the plant, and grow crops directly in nutrient-rich water. There are multiple approaches to designing hydroponic systems, but the core elements are essentially the same. Aquaponics :  It represents the relationship between water, aquatic life, bacteria, nutrient dynamics, and plants that grow together in waterways all over the world. Taking cues from nature, aquaponics harnesses the power of bio-integrating these individual components:  Exchanging the waste by-product from the fish as a food for the bacteria, to be converted into a perfect fertilizer for the plants, to return the water in a clean and safe form to the fish.

25. Shipping Container Farms:  Container farming is the growing of plants in shipping containers instead of planting them in the ground. Both edible, as well as non-edible plants, can be grown in containers. Container farming lessens the problem of soil-borne diseases and eliminates weeds. This type of gardening allows for easier monitoring of moisture, temperature, and sunlight. Rooftop Farming:  The practice of cultivating food on the rooftop of buildings is referred to as rooftop farming. Backyard Gardens:  It is the practice of utilizing any kind of space in the backyard to grow and produce your own food.

26. Importance of Urban Farming Provides food security and financial security to urban dwellers. It empowers people who are unemployed, underemployed, laid off, malnourished, have unhealthy diets, suffer from hunger or food insecurity. It helps people to move from stagnant, difficult conditions to vibrant, healthy and productive lifestyles.

27. Benefits of Urban Farming: The following are the benefits of urban farming Business Growth:  Urban farming helps stimulate the local economy through job creation, income generation, and the growth of small businesses. Job Creation:  Urban farms can offer them valuable skills and education in addition to a steady source of income to many unemployed, even if it is seasonal work. Urban Redevelopment:  Unused lands and wastelands can be used for cultivation purposes. It creates more green space and reduces pollution. Areas with community gardens and urban farms also increase property value.  Health and Wellness:  Urban farming creates fresh produce closer to where it’s ultimately consumed. Food from urban farms is far more likely to be perfectly ripe, more nutritious, and produced in season.  Less Food Waste:  People produce only what they need. This reduces food wastage to a large extent. Low Investment:  Urban farming requires less space, and initial infrastructure and setup costs. The installation cost is very low when compared to traditional farming. Water Conservation:  The usage of methods like hydroponics, aquaponics etc. allow them to use less water.

28. TECHNIQUES

29. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES Agro-based industries encompass a range of manufacturing activities that use agricultural raw materials as their primary inputs. These industries process, transform, or add value to crops and livestock products to produce goods for consumption or for further industrial use. Different Types of Agro-Based Industries The agro-based industry is a combination of agriculture and industry. Agricultural development and industries that can increase the profitability of agricultural output are required for agro-based industries, despite the fact that agriculture and industry are generally viewed as two distinct sectors in terms of their nature and contribution to economic growth. There are four types of agro-based industries in India. These are: Agro-produce processing units Agro inputs manufacturing units Agro-produce manufacturing units Agro service centers

30. 1. Agro-Produce Processing Units These units do not manufacture; rather, they process agro-based raw materials and store them for later use. It also addresses the use of agricultural raw material byproducts for other purposes. Mills that process rice and dal , as well as decorticating units for groundnuts and seed plants, are examples of these types of units. 2. Agro-Inputs Manufacturing Units Agro-input manufacturing units produce goods that aid in agricultural productivity or mechanisation . Agro-inputs are substances used in the production of agricultural and related products that are either biological, chemical, or inorganic. Some of the agricultural inputs used in India are as follows: In-organic fertilizers Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, nematicides , and herbicides. Seeds of various varieties, as well as high-yield hybrid seeds. Animal & Poultry feed. Manufacturing of Micronutrients & Plant Growth Regulators. Manufacturing of agricultural equipment and machinery, etc.

31. 3. Agro-Produce Manufacturing Units Agro-produce manufacturing units manufacture entirely new products using agricultural products as their primary raw materials. The finished product will be completely different from the original raw material. Some major agro-produce manufacturing units in India are; Sugar factories Textile mills Paper mills Textile units Leather & rubber factories, etc. 4. Agro-Service Centres These agro-service centres deal with the repair and maintenance of all farm-related equipment. This industry is a part of agro-based industries because it specifically deals with agro equipment such as pump sets, diesel engines, tractors, etc.

32. AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN