Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Types of bone fractures - compound, impacted, greenstick

1. Compound FractureCompound Fracture
Impacted FractureImpacted Fracture
Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fracture
By Hana JakubickovaBy Hana Jakubickova

2. Introduction – BonesIntroduction – Bones
Form the framework of the body – Form the framework of the body –
skeletonskeleton
Protect organs Protect organs
Store minerals Store minerals
Bone marrow is Bone marrow is
the site of blood the site of blood
cell productioncell production

3. FracturesFractures
Bone is the hardest tissue in the Bone is the hardest tissue in the
human body.human body.
However, when bones are subjected to However, when bones are subjected to
forces that exceed their strength, forces that exceed their strength,
they may break.they may break.
The terms break, fracture, and crack The terms break, fracture, and crack
mean the same thing.mean the same thing.

4. Causes of FracturesCauses of Fractures
Physical trauma – falls, direct blows, Physical trauma – falls, direct blows,
twisting injuriestwisting injuries
Osteoporosis – thinning of the bones Osteoporosis – thinning of the bones
with reduction in bone mass due to with reduction in bone mass due to
depletion of calcium and bone depletion of calcium and bone
protein (porous bones)protein (porous bones)
Other diseases – Crohn’s disease, Other diseases – Crohn’s disease,
Cushing’s syndrome, Paget’s disease Cushing’s syndrome, Paget’s disease
etc. etc.

5. Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures
Are Based On:Are Based On:
Where in the bone the break has Where in the bone the break has
occurredoccurred
How the bone fragments are alignedHow the bone fragments are aligned
Whether any complications existsWhether any complications exists

6. Types of Bone FracturesTypes of Bone Fractures

7. Types of Bone Fractures (cont.)Types of Bone Fractures (cont.)

8. Compound FractureCompound Fracture
A fracture in whichA fracture in which
broken bone fragmentsbroken bone fragments
lacerate (rip, cut, tear) lacerate (rip, cut, tear)
soft tissue and protrude soft tissue and protrude
through an open woundthrough an open wound
in the skinin the skin

9. Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)
Need immediate treatment (because Need immediate treatment (because
skin is broken)skin is broken)
High risk of infectionHigh risk of infection
An operation is often required to An operation is often required to
clean the area of the fracture and clean the area of the fracture and
realign the bonerealign the bone
Compound fractures are typically caused by high Compound fractures are typically caused by high
energy injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sport energy injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sport
injuries.injuries.

10. Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)

11. Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)
Treatment Treatment
 realignment of the ends of the realignment of the ends of the
fractured bonesfractured bones
Immobilization of the fracture either Immobilization of the fracture either
by fixing the bone internally or by by fixing the bone internally or by
using splintsusing splints
Antibiotic treatment for a prolong Antibiotic treatment for a prolong
periodperiod

12. Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)
PrognosisPrognosis
Compound fractures take much longer Compound fractures take much longer
to heal, due to the amount of injury to heal, due to the amount of injury
that the bone and surrounding tissue that the bone and surrounding tissue
sustains, and also because of the sustains, and also because of the
higher rate of complications caused higher rate of complications caused
by nonunion of the joints and by nonunion of the joints and
infectionsinfections

13. Impacted FractureImpacted Fracture
A fracture in which A fracture in which
one broken end is one broken end is
wedged into the wedged into the
other broken endother broken end

14. Impacted Fracture (cont.)Impacted Fracture (cont.)
Is an example of a stable fractureIs an example of a stable fracture
Is a result of compressive forcesIs a result of compressive forces
Most frequently occur in aging Most frequently occur in aging
individuals with osteoporosisindividuals with osteoporosis
Many impacted fractures can be Many impacted fractures can be
treated nonsurgically (when articular treated nonsurgically (when articular
depression is smaller than 5mm)depression is smaller than 5mm)

15. Impacted Fracture (cont.)Impacted Fracture (cont.)
PrognosisPrognosis
Is generally good unless the fracture Is generally good unless the fracture
extends into the joint and causes extends into the joint and causes
articular irregularities articular irregularities
The cancellous (spongelike) bone The cancellous (spongelike) bone
surfaces in impacted fractures heal surfaces in impacted fractures heal
very rapidly very rapidly

16. Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fracture
 is a fracture inis a fracture in
a young, soft a young, soft
bone in which bone in which
the bone bends the bone bends
and partially and partially
breaks (cracks)breaks (cracks)

17. Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)
Is a type of an incomplete fractureIs a type of an incomplete fracture
Doesn’t displace the boneDoesn’t displace the bone
Often occurs during infancy and Often occurs during infancy and
childhood when the bones are softchildhood when the bones are soft
Is a result of bending forces (falls)Is a result of bending forces (falls)
Could be result of non-accidental Could be result of non-accidental
injury (blow on the forearm or shin)injury (blow on the forearm or shin)

18. Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Is difficult to diagnose because it Is difficult to diagnose because it
may not cause all the classic signs may not cause all the classic signs
and symptoms of a broken bone and symptoms of a broken bone
(pain, swelling, deformity)(pain, swelling, deformity)
X-rays can reveal most greenstick X-rays can reveal most greenstick
fractures fractures

19. Greenstick Fracture Greenstick Fracture
Diagnosis (cont.)Diagnosis (cont.)
Some green stick fractures may not Some green stick fractures may not
show up well on X-rays show up well on X-rays
because of a child’s soft because of a child’s soft
bones. Use of ultrasound bones. Use of ultrasound
or computerizedor computerized
tomography (CT) wouldtomography (CT) would
provide better images.provide better images.

20. Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)
TreatmentTreatment
Immobilization – cast application or Immobilization – cast application or
removable splintremovable splint
Elevation the extremity above the Elevation the extremity above the
heart level (to reduce swelling)heart level (to reduce swelling)
Exercise of the joints Exercise of the joints
(to maintain flexibility(to maintain flexibility
and muscle strength)and muscle strength)

22. Sources:Sources:
MedicineNet.com.MedicineNet.com. Fractures. Fractures. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from Retrieved June 21, 2009, from
http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm
CureResearch.com (Last revision: May 27, 2003) CureResearch.com (Last revision: May 27, 2003) Misdiagnosis Misdiagnosis
of Underlying Causes of Fractures.of Underlying Causes of Fractures. Retrieved June 21,2009, Retrieved June 21,2009,
from from http://www.cureresearch.com/f/fractures/underly.htmhttp://www.cureresearch.com/f/fractures/underly.htm
Buzzle.com.Buzzle.com. Compound Fracture. Compound Fracture. Retrieved June 21, 2009, Retrieved June 21, 2009,
from from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/compound-fracture.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/compound-fracture.html
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Last modified on June 21, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Last modified on June 21,
2009).2009). Greenstick fracture. Greenstick fracture. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from Retrieved June 21, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracture

23. Sources (cont.):Sources (cont.):
Google books. Starkey, Glen Johnson, American Academy of Google books. Starkey, Glen Johnson, American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Surgeons. Athletic Training And Sports MedicineAthletic Training And Sports Medicine, ,
page 41. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from page 41. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from
http://books.google.com/books?id=-F-http://books.google.com/books?id=-F-
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