Computer Communication and Networking _L02ISO_OSIModel.pptx

ISO-OSI Model

1. ISO-OSI Model Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, NIT, Raipur

2. ISO-OSI Model brief history OSI 7-layer model is still widely used, as it helps visualize and communicate how networks operate, and helps isolate and troubleshoot networking problems. OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of the major computer manufacturer and telecom companies, and was adopted by ISO as an international standard in 1984. It was needed as computer networks crossed national boundries Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 2 1/28/2022

3. ISO-OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO - which is not an acronym but a word, derived from the Greek isos , meaning equal ) as a model for a computer protocol architecture and as a framework for developing protocol standards. The OSI model consists of seven layers. The designers of OSI assumed that this model and the protocols developed would dominate computer communications, eventually replacing proprietary protocol implementations and rival multivendor models such as TCP/IP. This has not happened. Although many useful protocols have been developed in the context of OSI, the overall seven-layer model has not flourished. Instead, the TCP/IP architecture has come to dominate Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 3 1/28/2022

4. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 4 1/28/2022 Standardized Protocol Architectures

5. ISO is the organization, OSI is the model. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 5 1/28/2022 The principal motivation for the development of the OSI model was to provide a framework for standardization . Within the model, one or more protocol standards can be developed at each layer . The model defines in general terms the functions to be performed at that layer and facilitates the standards-making process in two ways by allowing standards to be developed independently and simultaneously for each layer, and because changes in standards in one layer need not affect already existing software in another layer The overall communications function is decomposed into seven distinct layers, making the interfaces between modules as simple as possible. In addition, the design principle of information hiding is used: Lower layers are concerned with greater levels of detail; upper layers are independent of these details. Each layer provides services to the next higher layer and implements a protocol to the peer layer in other systems

6. Layer Specific Standards Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 6 1/28/2022

7. Protocol Service and Addressing Protocol specification: Two entities at the same layer in different systems cooperate and interact by means of a protocol. Because two different open systems are involved, the protocol must be specified precisely . This includes the format of the protocol data units exchanged, the semantics of all fields, and the allowable sequence of PDUs. Service definition: In addition to the protocol or protocols that operate at a given layer, standards are needed for the services that each layer provides to the next higher layer. Typically, the definition of services is equivalent to a functional description that defines what services are provided , but not how the services are to be provided. Addressing: Each layer provides services to entities at the next higher layer. These entities are referenced by means of a Service Access Point (SAP). Thus, a Network Service Access Point (NSAP) indicates a transport entity that is a user of network service Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 7 1/28/2022

8. Service Primitives and Parameters Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 8 1/28/2022 Define services between adjacent layers using Service Primitives and Parameters : Primitives are used to specify function performed parameters are used to pass data and control info

9. Primitive Types Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 9 1/28/2022 REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some service and to pass the parameters needed to specify fully the requested service INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to: indicate that a procedure has been invoked by the peer service user on the connection and to provide the associated parameters, or notify the service user of a provider-initiated action RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or complete some procedure previously invoked by an indication to that user CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge or complete some procedure previously invoked by a request by the service user

10. Service Primitives and Parameters An Example A primitive specifies the function to be performed , and the parameters are used to pass data and control information . The actual form of a primitive is implementation dependent. An example is a procedure call. For example, consider the transfer of data from an ( N ) entity to a peer ( N ) entity in another system. The following steps occur: The source ( N ) entity invokes its ( N –1) entity with a request primitive including needed parameters, such as the data to be transmitted and the destination address. The source ( N –1) entity prepares an ( N –1) PDU to be sent to its peer ( N –1) entity. The destination ( N –1) entity delivers the data to the appropriate destination ( N ) entity via an indication primitive, which includes the data and source address as parameters. If an ‘ ack ’ needed, destination ( N ) entity issues a response primitive to its ( N –1) entity. The ( N –1) entity conveys the acknowledgment in an ( N –1) PDU. The acknowledgment is delivered to the ( N ) entity as a confirm primitive. This sequence of events is referred to as a confirmed service , as the initiator receives confirmation that the requested service has had the desired effect at the other end. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 10 1/28/2022

11. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 11 1/28/2022 ISO-OSI Model

12. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 12 1/28/2022 ISO-OSI Model

13. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 13 1/28/2022 An Physical exchange of data using the OSI model

14. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 14 1/28/2022 Physical layer The physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

15. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 15 1/28/2022 Data link layer The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next

16. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 16 1/28/2022 Hop-to-hop delivery

17. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 17 1/28/2022 Network layer The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host

18. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 18 1/28/2022 Source-to-destination delivery

19. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 19 1/28/2022 Transport layer The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another

20. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 20 1/28/2022 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

21. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 21 1/28/2022 Session layer To establish, Manage and Terminate the Session

22. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 22 1/28/2022 Presentation layer To Translate, compress, encrypt the raw data from application layer pass it to session layer and vice versa

23. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 23 1/28/2022 Application layer Provide user to access to OSI network and provide different available information services to user File Transfer Access and Management .

24. Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi 24 1/28/2022 Summary of ISO OSI layers