Computer Components, CPU, Memory unit, input unit, output unit

Computer Components

1. Components of Computer Dr Anita Choudhary Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science [email protected] 02-08-2024 1

2. 02-08-2024 2 Table of Content

3. Computer A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to instructions stored in its memory , capable of performing a variety of tasks with high speed and accuracy . It consists of hardware components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drives or solid-state drives), and input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor). Computers operate on software programs that control their functions and enable users to perform tasks ranging from simple calculations to complex simulations and data analysis. 02-08-2024 3

4. Components of Computer 02-08-2024 4

5. Components of Computer 02-08-2024 5

6. Block diagram of Computer 02-08-2024 6

7.   Input Unit of Computer System The computer system responds to the instruction it receives from the users. And to get those instructions, a computer needs an input unit. This includes all the input devices responsible for reading the data entered by the user. The system doesn’t respond unless it receives a command from the user using the input unit or the input devices. The users use numbers, letters, images, etc. to enter the command, the input devices are the ones accepting them. 02-08-2024 7

8. Functions of Input Unit of a Computer System Takes in user commands in the form of data. Converts data in a digital language format . Sends over the data to the processing unit for the next step. 02-08-2024 8

9. Examples of Input Unit Keyboard Mouse JoyStick Light pen Track Ball Scanner Graphic Tablet 02-08-2024 9

10. Output Unit of Computer System The user, when sending a set of instructions to the computer, reaches the output device in the end. The execution of command takes place here and the users get their results. The processor sends the transcripted instructions to the output devices for execution . These devices always have a connection to the system and thus the coordination is quite easy. The   monitor  is one of the main output devices which displays the results to the user. Everything that the input devices receive, reaches the output devices eventually. All the execution activities take place inside the mechanism of a device. 02-08-2024 10

11. Functions of Output Unit of Computer Receives the instructions in machine language to execute a task. Coordinates with the processor to get the instruction on time. Converts the machine language back into a user-friendly one by completing tasks. It is the medium by which users understand that their demands are met by the system. 02-08-2024 11

12. Examples of Output Unit of a Computer   Monitor – variants Printers – all types Plotters Projector LCD Projection Panels Computer Output Microfilm Speaker Headphones Ear Plugs 02-08-2024 12

13. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The main function of the computer processor is to execute instructions and give the required output results. It is made up of 3 main components : Control unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Main memory (RAM). Processors can be classified in terms of the number of cores that they have into 6 types, Single, Dual, Quad, Hexa , Octa, and Deca-core. 02-08-2024 13

14. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The data that the input unit accepts goes to the processing unit before execution. This unit understands what the command actually is and how they can achieve it. It converts data accepted in human language into machine language for computers to understand. It has a mainboard with a central chip which is the primary part of the processor. The processor coordinates with both input and output devices to make things done.  02-08-2024 14

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16. Functions of computer processor CPU fetches and executes commands . It temporarily stores data being processed and intermediate results. Controls all communication between RAM and all other input-output devices by interpreting data from and to the devices. It carries out all arithmetic calculations and performs logic operations . 02-08-2024 16

17. Memory Unit This component of the CPU deals with strong data . When the data reaches the processor from the input devices , the memory unit saves it immediately. It has some pre-existing programs which help in transmitting the data to the other parts of the CPU. Similarly, the completion of a task by output device is also saved here before it reaches the user. The processor cannot process the data unless the memory unit saves it . 02-08-2024 17

18. This is where all the information becomes accessible for the user. It uses bits and bytes to measure data size . The memory unit further divides into primary and secondary storage units . The primary memory is internal and temporary . RAM is the primary memory in this case. It stores the commands for a short time and is volatile in nature. The secondary storage is non-volatile and permanent . But not directly accessible. The data needs to transfer to the primary unit and then the processor can access it. Memory Unit types 02-08-2024 18

19. Level 1 Cache, Level 2 Cache, Level 3 Cache Memory Types 02-08-2024 19

20. Functions of Memory Unit in Computer Responsible for storing data coming from input devices. Storing the result data coming from output devices. Storing all the steps that the system goes through while task execution. 02-08-2024 20

21. Control Unit This unit is to manage the computer device functioning and is the central component of the processor unit. Once the data is in the memory, it processes it for further execution. It is where the data conversion from human language to machine language takes place. It interprets the signal and sends it over to the output unit . Once the result is out, it retrieves the data again and presents it to the user. 02-08-2024 21

22. Control Unit Architecture 02-08-2024 22

23. Functions of Control Unit in Computer Coordinate information transfer between the memory and I/O devices. Converts the instruction into machine language . It decodes the instruction and sends it to the correct device. Prepare a data sequence making it easier for processing. Maintains a flow of data inside the system. Transfer the commands/issues to the arithmetic and logic unit. 02-08-2024 23

24. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU) This unit of processor takes care of mathematical calculations and issues that the computer system faces while functioning. It is also useful for data comparison and actions including decision making. ALU gets the data from the memory in the form of registers. These registers are for a memory address, data manipulation, and processing. The ALU performs the calculation only when needed and then sends it to the output devices. 02-08-2024 24

25. Arithmetic & Logical Unit : Full Adder 02-08-2024 25

26. Functions of ALU in Computer Responsible for all calculations and mathematical issues. Allows the computer to compare data easily. Enables the data transfer between primary and secondary memory by decoding it. Acts as a decision-maker in case of any trouble. 02-08-2024 26

27. Motherboard 02-08-2024 27

28. Thank You 02-08-2024 28