computer fundamentals by mr. Kenneth.pdf

Computer fundamentals notes

1. Introduction To
Computers
UCC 1
100
Computer Fundamentals

2. Definition
A computer: is an electronic device that processes data,
into meaningful information that is useful to people.
A Computer: is an electronic device that accepts input,
processes it, stores data, and produces output.
A Computer: an advanced electronic device that accepts
input, processes it, stores data, and produces output.
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3. Input, processing, storage, output
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4. Input
•Input: Is whatever is typed, submitted or transmitted to a
computer by a person, the environment, or another computer.
Examples of Input
•words and symbols
•numbers
•pictures
•audio signals from a microphone
•signals from another computer
•temperature, speed, pressures, etc. from sensors
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5. Processing
Processing - manipulation of data.
Data are symbols that represent raw facts, objects, and ideas
about people, places, events, and things that are of importance
in an organization.

A computer program or software is a series of instructions
that tell a computer how to carry out a processing task.

Examples of Processing
Arithmetic calculations
Sorting a list
Modifying pictures
Drawing graphs
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6. Output
•Output - the result produced by a computer after processing the
data.

•Output device –displays, prints, or transmits the results after
processing.

•Examples of Output
•images on a monitor
•printed documents
•sounds
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7. Memory and Storage
•Memory - the area of a computer that temporarily holds data
that is being processed or waiting to be processed, stored, or
output.

•Storage - The area where data can be left on a permanent basis
while it is not needed for processing.

•Examples of Storage
•CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory)
•Flash disks
•Hard disks

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8. Basic Functions Of A Computer
Accepts data (input): Receives data from outside(input
device) for processing.
Process data (Processing): Performs operations or
manipulations on data particularly numerical data.
Produce output (output) Produces data from within for
external use.
Stores results (Storage): Holds data internally before,
during and after processing. Hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD
ROM, Tapes and others.

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9. Computer System
Set of interrelated elements working together in an integrated away
to achieve a set of objectives.
•It consist of
Hardware: computer itself and any equipment connected to it
(tangible/physical components) that make up a computer
system.
Software: set of instruction that the computer follows in
performing a task. Or is a series of instructions that tell a
computer how to carry out a processing task.
Data: facts that are used by program to produce useful
information
Procedures: policies that govern the operation of a computer
system
People: every computer needs people if its to be useful.


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10. 5 Components of a Computer
System
10

11. Components of a computer system : People
•Users and Creators of IT Applications
•User (End User): The people who use computers in their jobs
or personal lives

•Programmer/Analyst: A person who has joint responsibility for
determining system requirements and developing and
implementing the systems.

•Computer Engineer: Professional who designs, develops, and
oversees the manufacturing of computer equipment.

•Systems Engineer: Professional who installs and maintains
hardware.
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12. Components of a computer system: Procedure
•Procedure: A step-by-step process or a set of instructions for
accomplishing specific results.
– Operations
– Backup and Recovery
– Security
– Development
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13. Procedures cont’d…
•Operations Procedure: A procedure that describes how a computer
system or application is used, how often it can be used, who is
authorized to use it, and where the results of processing should go.

•Backup Procedure: A procedure that describes how and when to
make extra copies of information or software to protect against
losses.

•Recovery Procedure: An action taken when information or software
must be restored.

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14. Procedures cont’d…
•Security Procedure: A procedure designed to safeguard data centers,
communications networks, computers, and other IT components
from accidental intrusion or intentional damage.

•Security Software: Software that is designed to protect systems and
data.

•Development Procedure: A procedure that explains how computer
literates should describe user needs and develop applications to
meet those needs.
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15. Advantage of computers
•Speed: Computers work at very high speeds and are much faster than
humans. Computer speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz).
•Storage: A computer can store a large amount of data permanently.
User can use this data at any time. Text, graphic, pictures, audio and
video files can be stored easily.
•Processing: A computer can process the given instructions. It can
perform different types of processing like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It can also perform logical functions like
comparing two numbers to decide which one is the bigger etc.
•Accuracy: Provide results without any error. Computers can process
large amount of data and generate error-free results.


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16. Advantage of computers
•Communication: Most computers today have the capability of
communicating with other computers. We can connect two or more
computers by a communication device such as modem.
•Versatility: Computers can do computations with all kinds of data
including alphabets, pictures, sound images, voice, e.t.c.
•Automation: Computers work automatically, i.e. they do not need
any supervision to do programmed routines.
•Diligence: Computers are diligent i.e. they have ability to perform the
same task “over and over” without getting tired e.g. in industrial
robotics, like those in Car assembly lines.
•Artificial Intelligence: Computers can respond to requests given to
them and provide solutions.
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17. Disadvantage Of Computers
•Create unemployment
•Health problems
•Expensive
•Laziness
•Sources of computer viruses
•Crackers
•Delicate
•Literate people
•Immoral activities
•Technology changes

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18. Limitation Of Computers
•Vulnerable to data loss
•Have no common sense
•Need power in order to operate
•Technology change very often
•Computers are delicate


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19. Uses of Computers
Personal and Home
Computers allow people with disabilities
to do normal activities.
Shopping online
Playing games with other people
Work from home
Entertainment such as listening to
music, watching videos etc.
Enable communication through
the use of (electronic mails) e-
mails , chats etc.
Slide 19

20. Business Uses of Computers
•Computers allow companies to
keep large amounts of
information at hand by using
databases
•Makes ordering and tracking
resources quicker and easier.
•Allows people to have
meetings from different
locations.
•Helps in information
management which eases the
process of decision making .


Slide 20

21. Educational Uses of Computers
•The Internet allows access to
hundreds of online research
materials.
•Allows colleagues to correspond
quickly about ongoing research.
•Eases the process of analyzing
research data.

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22. Data and Information
•Data is a collection of raw and unprocessed facts,
figures, numbers, characters, images and symbols.
•Information is data that is organized, meaningful and
useful. The process of transforming data (facts) into
information is called data processing.
•Data is presented in the form that a computer
understands (binary digits 0/1).
•A string of 8 bits a called a byte which represent a
character.



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23. Computer Hardware
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24. Categories of hardware
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25. Input Devices
•Input: The data or information entered into a computer
•The process of entering data/information into the
computer for processing, storage and retrieval, or
transmission.
•Example of input devices
•Keyboards
•Mouse
•Touch screen
•Digital camera
•Scanner
•Point of sale terminals
•Bar code reader
•Microphones
•prerecorded sources lie CD & DVS
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26. Output Devices
•Output: The results of inputting and processing data and
information returned by the computer, either directly to
the person using the system or to secondary storage.
•Common forms of output are reports, schedules, budgets,
newsletter s among others. Examples of output devices
include:
•Printers
•Plotters (prints large images (plan))
•Speakers
•Monitor
•Projectors
Note: Communications devices (such as modems and
network interface cards) perform both input and output,
allowing computers to share information.


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27. Processor (CPU)
•Processor/Central Processing Unit (CPU): A set of electronic
circuits that perform the computer’s processing actions.
•A chip is a collection of electronic components in a very small,
self-contained package. Chips perform the computer’s
processing actions, including arithmetic calculations and the
generation of lines, images, and sound.

•Examples of chips include sound chips which
generate signals to be output as tones.


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28. System board
•The processor/CPU can take several forms. Microcomputers
contain a specific micro-processor chip as their CPU. This is put
into a protective package, and then mounted onto a board contained
within the computer. This board is called a system board or a
mother board.



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The system board contains other
chips and circuitry that carry out
processing.

29. Hardware cont’d
Memory devices
Memory is made up of one or more sets of chips that Store data or
program instructions either temporarily or permanently. No processing
takes place in memory. Instead, memory stores data, information and
instructions. Memory is divided into two types:

a)Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM holds data and program instructions temporarily
while the CPU works with them.
RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the
power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are
lost.
More RAM results in a faster system.

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30. Hardware cont’d
b)Read Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage of programs.
ROM is called non-volatile memory because it never loses
its contents.
Holds instructions that the computer needs to operate.
This type of memory lets you store the data needed to
start up or boot the computer
Essential start-up data contained in ROM is a computer
BIOS
The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic
computer hardware and includes a test referred to as a
POST (Power On Self Test) that helps verify the computer
meets requirements to boot up properly.


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31. Hardware cont’d
b)Read Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage of programs.
ROM is called non-volatile memory because it never
loses its contents.
Holds instructions that the computer needs to
operate.
Memory is measured in terms of:
Kilobyte (KB) - 1,000 bytes
Megabyte (MB) - 1,000,000 bytes
Gigabyte (GB) - 1,000,000,000 bytes
Terabyte (TB) - 1,000,000,000,000 bytes.
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32. Numeric Data Representation Codes
Numeric data consists
of numbers that
represent quantities and
that might be used in
arithmetic operations

Binary (0, 1) vs.
decimal number system
(0-9)
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33. Character Data Representation Codes
Character data is composed of letters,
symbols, and numerals that will not be
used in mathematical operations.
The following are the most popular text
code systems:
ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) uses 7 bits to
represent data.
Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to represent
data.
EBCDIC (extended binary-coded decimal
interchange code) uses 8 bits to represent
data (used on old IBM mainframes)
Unicode uses 16 bits to represent each
letter, number or symbol.
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34. Bits and Bytes
•1 Bit is a single 0 or 1.
•1 Byte consists of 8 bits.
•1 Kilobyte consists of 1,024 bytes approximately
1000 bytes.
•One Megabyte is 1,024 kilobytes or approximately
million bytes.
•1 Gigabyte is 1,024 megabytes or approximately
1 billion bytes
•1 Terabyte is 1,024 gigabytes or approximately 1
trillion bytes.
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35. Storage Devices
The purpose of storage is to hold data permanently,
even when the computer is turned off.
Storage devices hold data not currently being used
by the CPU.
Data is commonly stored on a magnetic or optical
disk.
A disk drive is a device that reads data from and
writes data to a disk. Most new computers feature
a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, and an optical
disk drive.
The most common optical storage devices are
CDROM and DVD-ROM drives.

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36. Computer Health and Safety issues
•Never user the computer in a dusty environment
•Water should be avoided near computers
•Never eat or drink in a computer room
•Do not smoke near computers
•Do not block the ventilation hole on a computer when its
hot
•Computer room must be well ventilated
•Do not allow diskettes from outside (viruses)
•Do not switch the computer on and off abruptly
•Protect the machine using UPS and stabilizers
•When in doubt. Please ask an expert.

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37. Classification of Computers
•Computers are classified according to;
Size: Some computers are designed for individual use while
others are for organizations.

Technology: Some computers are more powerful than others
in terms of the speed at which they operate as well as the
technologies they use.

Purpose: Some computers are designed to handle lighter
tasks compared to others that can handle heavier tasks

•Because of the above factors, we have computers of different
prices, having different hardware as well as compatible with
different software.

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38. Classification of Computers According to size

Supercomputers

The most powerful computers
made.

Handle large and complex
calculations.

Because of their size and expense,
supercomputers are relatively
rare.

These are used by research
institutions, government agencies,
and large businesses.

.
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39. Classification of Computers According to size
Mainframe Computers
Are slower, less powerful and less
expensive than supercomputers.

Are used by banks and many
businesses to update inventory etc.

Are used in large organizations
where many users need access to
shared data and programs.

Can support thousands of users,
handling massive amounts of
input, output, and storage.
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40. Micro computers/Personal Computers
•Computers can be shared by multiple users but can be used by only
one person at a time.

•Types of computers in this category
include;
- Desktop computers
- Workstations
- Notebooks
- Tablet computers
- Handheld Computers
- Smart phones


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41. Microcomputers
•Desktop computers
•The most common type of computer
•Sits on the desk or floor
•Performs a variety of tasks including producing music, edit
photographs and videos, play sophisticated games and videos



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42. Microcomputers
•Workstations
•Has more power and features than a standard desktop PC
•Have large, high resolution monitors
•Suitable for architectural engineering design, animation and
video editing.

1A-42

43. Microcomputers
•Notebook computers/ Laptops
•Small portable computers
•Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
•People frequently set these devices on their laps hence
laptop computers
•Operate on alternating current or special batteries
•When not in use, device folds up for easy storage.


1A-43

44. Microcomputers
•Tablet computers
•One of the new
development in portable
computers
•Input is through
a pen
•Run specialized versions
of office products
1A-44

45. Microcomputers
•Smart phones
•Hybrid of
cell phone
and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
•Web surfing,
e-mail access
1A-45

46. Common Terms
•Program: set of computer instructions that enable the computer
hardware to accomplish a task.
•Application: a program in which you do your work
•Driver: a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate
with an add-on piece of equipment. E.g. sound drivers, network
drivers etc.
•Software: set of instructions that the computer follow in
performing a task.
•Data processing: process where data is transformed into
information.
•Information Communication Technology (ICT): Scientific mean of
sending and receiving information which requires sending
understanding and sending feedback
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47. Chapter Review Questions
1.Why are there different types of input devices?
2.Do all computers, regardless of size, have a processing unit?
Why or why not?
3.Discuss the relationship between hardware and software.
4.Why do computers use binary numbering system?
5.What is the difference between data and programs?
6.What is the purpose of RAM? What is its relationship with
secondary storage?
7.Why are some devices called peripheral equipment?
8.Why are procedures needed when managing computer
systems?


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48. 48

49. Computer Structure
UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals

50. Basic operations of a
computer
The computer performs basically five major
operations of functions irrespective of their size and
make:
1.It accepts data or instruction by way of input
2.It stores data
3.It can process data as required by the user
4.It gives results in the form of output
5.It controls all operations inside a computer.
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51. Main Parts of a Computer
A computer consists of three main parts:
1.A processor (CPU)
2.A main-memory unit
3.An I/O system
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52. Computer Structure
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Block diagram of Computer Organisation

53. •Central processing unit: the heart of the computer,
it actually executes instructions.
•It comprise of 3 major components:
•Control Unit
•Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
•Registers
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Processor (CPU)

54. •Central processing unit: the heart of the computer, it
actually executes instructions.
•The control unit sends signals that fetch each of these
instructions in turn from the main memory.
•It then decodes and executes them.
•The ALU is involved from time to time where it is
necessary to perform arithmetic calculations or make
logical decisions.
•All programs run in this manner.
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Processor (CPU)

55. Control Unit
The control unit is the nerve center that sends and control
signals to other units and senses their states. Thus the control
unit serves as a coordinator of the memory, arithmetic and
logic, and input/output units
The main functions of the control unit are:
1.To interpret these instructions
2.To control/govern all the activities within the computer i.e
inputting data, storing data, processing, and outputting.
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56. Control Unit …..

•The control unit can execute only one instruction at a
time, but it can execute instructions so quickly (millions
per second) that it can appear to do many different
things simultaneously.

•In general the control unit is responsible for the
running of programs that are loaded into the main
memory.
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57. Arithmetic Logic Unit
•ALU its for calculations; it handles all the arithmetic
and logic operations for the computer.
•In arithmetical operation: it performs the four basic
arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division
•In the logical operations: it performs the comparison
between two pieces of data i.e. Greater Than (>), Less
Than (<), Equal To (=)
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58. Registers
•These are temporary storage areas within the
processor that are used to hold instructions and data
currently being processed by the ALU.
•The size of the registers(word size) determines the
amount of data with which the computer can work
at any given time. The bigger the word size, the
more quickly the computer can process a set of
data.
•Today, most PCs have 32-bit registers, meaning the
CPU can process four bytes of data at one time.
Register sizes are rapidly growing to 64 bits.
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59. Memory unit
•Memory: is the internal storage area in the computer.
•The main memory holds the data that the processor
needs immediately.
•Therefore memory is both hardware and software. Its
of two types:
Types of memory
•Primary memory
•Secondary memory

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60. Primary Storage
Primary storage (main memory) stores data and program
statements for the CPU. It has four basic purposes;
•To store data that have been input until it is transferred to
the ALU for processing.
•To store data and results during intermediate stages of
processing.
•To hold data after processing until they are transferred to
an output/storage device.
•To hold program statements or instructions received from
input devices and from secondary storage.

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61. RAM
•Random Access Memory (RAM) is the largest part
of the main memory.
•RAM chips: to improve system performance they
can be added to your computer, increasing the
RAM from, say, 256 Mb to 512 Mb.
•RAM has the following features:
•The data in RAM is read/write so it can be changed
•All data stored in RAM is lost when then computer is
switched off (volatile)
•RAM is sometimes referred to as primary storage.
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62. RAM cont’d
•The larger the memory area, the larger the programs that
can be stored and executed.
•In the earlier days, it was common to find personal
computers with 4MB of RAM but as multi media becomes
common in the market, personal computers require high
capacity of RAM i.e 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 4GB, ITB
etc
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63. Cache memory
•Moving data between RAM and the CPU’s registers is one
of the most time consuming operations a CPU must
perform.
•Cache memory is similar to RAM, except that it is
extremely fast compared to normal memory and it is
used in a different way.
•When a program is running and the CPU needs to read
data from RAM, the CPU checks first to see whether the
data is in cache memory.
•If the data is not there, the CPU reads it from RAM into
its registers but also keeps a copy of the data in cache
memory.
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64. Cache memory
•The next time the CPU needs the same data, it finds it
in the cache memory and saves the time needed to
load that data from RAM.
•Therefore, cache memory speeds up processing by
storing frequently used data or instructions in its high
speed memory.
•Today, many CPUs have as much as 256KB cache
memory built in.

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65. Secondary Storage
•Storage refers to the media and methods used to keep
information available for later use.
•Some data will be needed right away(primary storage)
while some won’t be needed for extended periods of
time (secondary storage).
•Examples:
•Floppy
•Hard disk
•CD/DVD
•flash
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66. Computer Buses
•A bus is a path between the components of a
computer.
•There are two main buses in a computer:
•The system/internal bus resides on the motherboard
and connects the CPU to other devices that resides on
the motherboard.
•An expansion/external bus connects external devices,
such as keyboard, mouse, modem, printer, etc to the
CPU.
•The system bus has two parts: the data bus and the
address bus.

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67. Bus cont’d…
•The Data bus is an electrical path composed of parallel
wires that connects the CPU, memory, and the other
hardware devices on the motherboard.
•The address bus is a set of wires similar to the data bus.
The address bus connects CPU to memory and carries
only memory address

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68. Buses
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Internal Buses:
Connections to various
internal components.
External Buses:
connects external devices to
the CPU

69. Peripheral Devices
•A peripheral device designates equipment that might
be added to a computer system to enhance its
functionality.
•A peripheral device can be attached, either physically
or in a wireless fashion to a computer system.
•Any device that is ready to communicate to a computer
is said to be online. One that is not ready to
communicate is said to be offline.
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70. Peripherals
Peripherals are divided into four categories:
•Input devices
•Output devices
•Storage devices
•Processing devices
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71. Peripherals
Peripherals are divided into four categories:
•Input devices
•Output devices
•Storage devices
•Processing devices
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72. Ports
•Port: A connector
through which
input/output devices
can be plugged into the
computer.

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73. Ports cont’d
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74. Universal Serial Bus
•Universal Serial Bus (USB): A general purpose port
that can connect up to 128 devices, and also hot
swappable, meaning that devices can be plugged in
or unplugged without having to shut down or reboot
the system.
•Plug and Play: The ability to install devices into a
computer when the computer itself makes any
necessary internal adjustments.

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75. Note
•Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit
(CPU). The system's memory plays a crucial role in processing
data. Both the CPU and memory are attached to the
system's motherboard, which connects all the computer's
devices together, enabling them to intercommunicate.
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76. 9/1/2023 computer fundametals 28

77. 9/1/2023 computer fundametals 29

78. Factors to consider while
buying a computer
•Computer Case
•CD or DVD media
•Storage space
•The size of RAM
•Speed of processor
•Number of USB ports
•Monitor size
•Warranty……..


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79. End of Lesson
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Any Question
Or
Comments
computer fundametals

80. UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals
Computer Software
Lecture 3

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81. •Software is a set of instructions that drive a computer
to perform specific tasks.
•These instructions tell the machine’s physical
components what to do.
•A set of instructions is often called a program.
•When a computer is using a particular program, it is
•said to be running or executing the program.
•The two most common types of programs are system
software and application software.
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Computer Software

82. •System software: helps the computer to carry out its
basic operating tasks.
•Application software: helps the user carry out a
variety of tasks.
•A Computer hardware is useless without software.

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Computer Software

83. Types of software
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Computer
software
Computer
software
Application
software
Application
software
System
software
System
software
General
Purpose
Programs
General
Purpose
Programs
Application
Specific
Programs
Application
Specific
Programs
System
Management
Programs
System
Management
Programs
System
Development
Programs
System
Development
Programs

84. •System Software: computer software designed to operate
the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and
to provide a platform for running application software.
•It functionality is to bridge computer system hardware and
application software.
•Examples
•Device drivers
•Utility programs
•Operating systems
•Compiler
•Firmware
•Networking software
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System Software

85. It is a software that controls
the system’s hardware and
interacts with the user and
application software.

The operating system acts as
an intermediary between
application programs and
the computer hardware.



Operating System (OS)
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86. Mediates between the application and computer, and
control peripheral devices.



Operating System (OS)
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87. How OS works?
•When a computer is powered on, it loads the OS, normally
from the disk drive into RAM.
•Kernel: portion of OS code that interact with the computer
hardware.
•Shell: portion that interfaces with the applications and user
using either the command line interface (CLI) or graphical
user interface (GUI).
•CLI, user interacts directly with the system in text-based
environment by entering commands on the keyboard at
command prompt.
•GUI users interact with the system in an environment that
uses graphical images, multimedia, and text. Its user friendly
and requires less knowledge.
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88. Resource management: allocate computer resource
such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage, i/o
devices for use.
Data management: govern the input & output of data
and their location storage and retrieval.
Task management: monitors, control, schedules and
prepares jobs for execution.
Memory management
File management
Booting the computer
Provides user interface
Enforces protection policies
Provides a variety of support services




Functions of an OS
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 9

89. Operating systems can be categorized according to
availability, number of users, type of interface design and
manufacturer:

According to manufacturer
Microsoft window: XP, Vista, 2003 Server, windows7,8
UNIX-Based
Linux (Ubuntu)
Macintosh OS
Types of an operating system
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 10

90. •User interface
•A function of the operating system that allows
individuals to access and command the computer
•Command-based user interface (CLI)
•A particular user interface that requires text commands
be given to the computer to perform basic activities
E.g., unix, DOS
•Graphical user interface (GUI)
•A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus
displayed on the screen to send commands to the
computer system E.g. Windows, MAC OS

User Interface
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 11

91. Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems:
Allows a single user to perform just one task at a time
Take up little space on disk
Run on inexpensive computers
Examples include; MS-DOS and Palm OS for palm
handheld computers.
Single-User/Multi-Tasking Operating Systems:
Allows a single user to perform two or more functions at
once.
Commonly used on personal computers.
Examples include; Microsoft Windows and MAC
OS.





Types of an operating system
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 12

92. 4)Multi-User/Multitasking
Operating Systems:
Allows multiple users to
use programs that are
simultaneously running
on a single network
server.
Here, each user is given a
user session on the server.
UNIX, Linux are
examples.
Maintenance can be easy.
Requires a powerful
computer.

Types of an operating system
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 13

93. Real-Time operating Systems:
-- Very first, relatively small OS.
-- Also referred to as embedded OSs
-- Built into a circuitry of a device, not loaded from a disk
drive
-- RTOS is needed to run real-time applications.
-- A real time application is an application that responds to
certain inputs extremely quickly.
-- As the name suggests, there is a deadline associated with
tasks and a RTOS adheres to this deadline as missing a
deadline can cause affects ranging from undesired to
catastrophic.

Types of an operating system
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 14

94. The two most common types of user interfaces are graphical and
command line.
1)Graphical user Interfaces (GUI):
Most common interface used in versions of;
Windows, MAC OS, in some versions of LINUX and UNIX.
Uses a mouse to work with graphical objects such as
windows, menus, icons, buttons and other tools.
Can use Shortcuts to open programs or documents.
It enables task switching.
Advantage: It frees a computer user from memorizing and
typing text commands.

Types of an operating system
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 15

95. System Software
•A utility program: is a program used to enhance
performance of the system. Utilities are used to manage
disks, troubleshoot hardware problems….
•Some independent software developers offer utilities for
sale separately. E.g. Norton Utilities by Symantec.
For example
•Symantec antivirus
•Partition Magic
•Disk defragmentation
•Screen saver
•Backup, etc…

9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 16

96. System Software
•Device driver: A computer program that can establish
communication because it contains information about
the characteristics of your computer and of the device.
•Each peripheral device requires a device driver.
•Helps the computer communicate with that particular
device.
•When we add a device to an existing computer, part of
its installation includes adding its device driver to the
configuration.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 17

97. System Software
•Compiler: Software that translates a high-level
language program into machine language.
•Input to the compiler is a source file (created by
word processor or editor) containing the text of
a high-level language program.
•If it is syntactically correct, compiler will save in
an object file which is a machine language
instructions for the same job.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 18

98. Files
•A file is a named collection of data, stored on a storage
medium such as a hard disk.
•There are two types of files
•Data files contains text, images, or other data that can be
used by a program.
•Executable files contains programs or instructions that tell
the computer how to perform a task.
•Filename extensions describe a file’s contents. For
example Executable files usually end in .exe, word files
end in .doc, adobe acrobat documents end in .pdf etc.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 19

99. Managing files and folders
•What do you do with files and folders?
•You Create a new file or folder….
•You Move files and folders; you “nest” folders
•You Open a document file… Let’s see:
•OS looks at file extension
•OS checks if enough free memory space
•OS finds and loads the APP (if not loaded)
•OS finds and loads the document
•OS keeps track of what data goes with what program (all sharing
same RAM)
•OS turns control over to the APP
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 20

100. Application Software
Application Software: Tells the computer how to
accomplish specific tasks, such as word
processing or drawing, for the user.
Most applications are purchased on diskette or
CD-ROM.
They are installed by copying the programs from
the diskettes/CD-ROM to the hard disk.
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage
student database
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 21

101. Categories of Applications Software
•Word processing software for creating text-based
documents
•Spreadsheets for creating numeric-based documents
such as budgets.
•Presentation programs for creating and presenting
electronic slide shows.
•Graphics programs for designing illustrations or
manipulating photographs, movies etc.
•Database management software for building and
manipulating large sets of data such as names, addresses
etc.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 22

102. Word Processors:
It is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and
printing documents. Word processors will normally have
the following capabilities built into them:
-Spell checking
-Standard layouts for normal documents
-Some characters appearing in bold print, italics, or
underlined
-Center lines, make text line up on the left side of the
paper, or the right side of the paper
-Save the document so it can be used again
-Print the document.
Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 23

103. Spreadsheets:
The spreadsheet packages are designed to use
numbers and formulas to do calculations with
ease. Examples of spreadsheets include:
•Budgets
•Payrolls
•Grade Calculations
•Address Lists
The most commonly used spreadsheet programs
are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 24

104. Actions to prevent virus
infection
•Forget opening unexpected e-mail attachments, even if
they're from friends
•Get trained on your computer's anti-virus software and
use it.
•Have multiple backups of important files. This lowers
the chance that all are infected.
•Install security updates for your operating system and
programs as soon as possible.
•Jump at the chance to learn more about your
computer. This will help you spot viruses.

9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 25

105. Chapter 3: Computer Software 26 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 26
Security Software
•Security software: designed to protect computers
from various forms of destructive software and
unauthorized intrusions
•The terms malicious software and malware refer to
any computer program designed to secretly enter a
computer, gain unauthorized access to data, or
disrupt normal processing operations

106. Chapter 3: Computer Software 27 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 27
What is computer virus?
•Computer virus refers to a program which
damages computer systems and/or destroys or
erases data files
•Once it’s running, it spreads by inserting copies of
itself into other executable code or documents

107. Chapter 3: Computer Software 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 28
Types of Computer Virus
•Computer Worm
•Trojan Horse
•Spyware
•Time Bomb
•Logical Bomb
•Micros Virus
•Script Virus

108. Chapter 3: Computer Software 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 29
What does malware/virus
do?

109. Chapter 3: Computer Software 30 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 30
Symptoms of computer
virus
•Computer runs slower than usual
•Display unusual error messages
•New icons appear on desktop
•Programs disappear from the computer
•Reformat the hard disk
•Duplicate of files
•Computer restarts all the time

110. Typical things that some current
Personal Computer (PC) viruses do
•Display a message
•Erase files
•Scramble data on a hard disk
•Cause erratic screen behavior
•Halt the PC
•Many viruses do nothing obvious at all except
spread!
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 31

111. Actions to prevent virus
infection
•Always update your anti-virus software at least weekly.
•Back up your important files and ensure that they can
be restored.
•Change the computer's boot sequence to always start
the PC from its hard drive
•Don't share Drive C: without a password and without
read-only restrictions.
•Empty floppy drives of diskettes before turning on
computers, especially laptops.
9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 32

112. Chapter 3: Computer Software 9/1/2023 Computer Fundamentals LT 33
Sources of computer virus
•Fake games
•Infected software
•Opening infected files
•Contact with infected systems or devices
•Free or shareware software

113. UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals
Lecture 4
Computer Operations

114. Outline
Operating System
Starting and Manipulating
Microsoft Windows
Working with the mouse
Working with keyboard
Closing Windows and
shutting down the
Computer.
Working with Menus
Working with Disks
Starting and closing a
Program

Start menus and taskbar
Opening Multiple Programs
Creating documents
Creating Folders
Moving and Copying
Documents and Folders
Renaming Documents and
Folders
Deleting Documents &
Folders
Understanding the Explorer
Using a printer

2

115. Keyboard
•A standard keyboard has four types of keys:
Alphabetical/character keys
Numeric keys
Function keys
Special keys
3

116. •Alphabetical/character keys:
•Keys on the main typing area having alphabetical letters i.e.
keys marked from A – Z and basically used for keying words.
•Numeric keys:
•Keys representing numerals. Marked from (zero) 0 – 9 and
are used for keying numbers. They are in two sets; a line of
them runs just above the alphabetical keys and another
collection on the far right on an area called the Numeric Key
Pad that sometimes works as an adding machine.
•Function keys:
•These run across the top of a keyboard and are marked F1 –
F12. They have different functions in different applications.
4

117. Special keys
•Enter (Return) key: Confirms to the computer whatever is
typed i.e. when a command is issued it can only be executed
after pressing the Enter key.
•Backspace key: Erases the character to the left of the cursor
and moves the cursor one position to the left.
•Escape (ESC): It has many uses, but is most commonly used
to cancel an action that is being undertaken.
•Functional Keys: The functional keys at the top of the
keyboard have different uses in different programs e.g F1 is
normally used to get help.
•Control (Ctrl): Used in combination with the rest of the
alphabetical key pad to issue commands
5

118. Special keys
•Alt: Alt is normally used to open application menus
•Caps Lock Key: For turning to Uppercase (Capital Letters) or
to Lowercase (Small Letters)
•Shift Key: It performs two functions:
•1. Turning to Uppercase or Lowercase depending on the keyboard
case mode. Holding down the shift key when and pressing any
letter from Aa to Zz turns that particular letter to the opposite case
mode as that currently on the keyboard.
•2. Activating characters on top of buttons with two characters in the
typewriter area e.g. to for typing characters such as ~, !, @, #, $, %,
^, &, *, (, ), _, +, ?, <, >, “, :, etc.
6

119. Special keys
•Space Bar: This is the longest button on the keyboard. It is
used for inserting spaces between words and characters.
•Num Lock Key: For activating numbers (0 through 9) in the
Numeric Keypad.
NOTE:
•When entering data into your computers, you should be
aware that Zero (0) and letter O are not interchangeable.
•Number one (1) and small letter l
•Back slash (\), Full colon (:), Forward slash (/), Asterisk (*),
Period (.) and Query (?)
7

120. The Mouse
•The mouse is a pointing device that acts as an
electronic finger. It is used for selecting and issuing
commands in windows and software application
packages.

•Two buttons on the top:
-left hand
-right hand buttons
8

121. •Pointing: Move the mouse until the mouse pointer is
positioned on the desired object or spot on the screen.
•Clicking: Pressing and releasing a mouse button one time.
Clicking is basically used for selecting items .
•Double Clicking: Clicking twice in a rapid succession i.e.
pressing and releasing the mouse button twice but very fast.
Double clicking is used for launching actions like opening
icons.
•Dragging: Moving an item on the screen i.e. moving an item
from one position to another on the screen. The item can be
an icon or even a window.

9
Left button (4) Basic Functions

122. How does a standard mouse work?
•Movement of the mouse across the desk moves the
mouse ball.
•The movements of the mouse ball are detected by a
sensor and sent via the interface to the operating system.
The operating system uses this information to control
the position of the pointer on the screen.
•The user presses the button to perform tasks such as
selecting icons and moving windows.166MHz

10

123. Windows Operating
System Basics
11

124. Using a computer
•Starting your computer
–Check that it is plugged into the electricity socket, press
the button to power it.
–Some computers have a single button for both a computer
and the screen others have two.
•Powering up or booting
–Is a technical term for starting up a computer and display
windows desktop screen.
•A Cursor
–Is a symbol usually an arrow that you move around the
computer screen by moving the mouse across your
desktop.

12

125. Appearance of a Windows desktop
Icons
Start button
Task bar
Task bar
Icons
Start button
13

126. Common Terms
•Clicking
•Briefly holding down the left or the right mouse button.
•By clicking on an item around a computer screen means
you have selected it.
•Left , right and double clicking give different
functionalities.
•Menu
•A list of items displayed on a computer screen.
•Taskbar
•A horizontal bar across the bottom of the windows
desktop that displays a start button plus the name of
any open application.

14

127. Common Terms
•Multi-tasking
•Ability of windows to have several applications
and files open at the same time.
•Buttons


Minimize
button
Maximize
Button
Restore
Button Close
Button
15

128. •Command button
•A button that performs or cancels an action e.g. OK and
Cancel buttons.
•Dragging with the mouse
•Moving a selected item on the desktop by clicking on it with
the left mouse button, and holding the button as you move
the item.
•Dialog box
•A rectangular box that windows displays when it needs further
information before it can carry out a command or when it
needs to provide you with more information.
Common Terms
16

129. Working with the Control Panel
•The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows GUI
which allows users to view and manipulate basic system
settings such as adding hardware, adding and removing
software, controlling user accounts, and changing
accessibility options.
•The control panel helps the computer user to change
settings and customize the functionality of your computer.
•To access the control panel: Click on the Start button- then
click on Control panel in the menu items provided.

17

130. Working with the Control Panel
18

131. Exploring your computer
•Computer drive
•Is a physical storage device for holding files and folders in a
computer.

19

132. Viewing drive properties
Right click on hard disk drive
and select properties.
20

133. Drive properties
21

134. File Naming Conventions
•A computer file is a named collection of data that exists
on a storage medium such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, or
a CD.
•When you create a file, you must provide it with a valid
filename that adheres to specific rules, referred to as file
naming conventions.
•Special characters like / \ : ? < > * are not allowed in
Windows filenames.
•Reserved words like Aux, Com1, and Lpt1 are used as
commands or special identifiers in Windows. You cannot
use these words alone as a filename.
22

135. Directories and Folders
•An operating system maintains a list of files called a
directory for each disk, CD-ROM or DVD.
•The main directory of a disk is its root directory.
•Most operating systems allow the user to divide a
directory into smaller lists called folders or
subdirectories.
•A computer file’s location is defined by a file
specification (or path) which includes the drive letter,
folder(s), filename, and extension.
23

136. Example File Specification
•A:\DATA\GOOD.TXT
–A: is the Drive Letter
–DATA is the folder name
–GOOD is the filename
–.TXT is the filename extension
24

137. File Sizes and Dates
•File size is usually
measured in bytes,
kilobytes or megabytes.
•The file date is the date
the file was created or
last modified.
25

138. File Management
•Folders are the best way to organize and store your data
on your computer. Folders located inside other folders are
often called subfolders.
•Steps of creating a folder in windows.
1.Go to the location where you want to create a new
folder.
2.Right-click in a blank area, click New and select Folder.
3.A new folder is displayed with the default name, New
Folder.
4.Type a name for the new folder, and then press
ENTER.

26

139. Rename a file or folder
•Steps of renaming a file/folder.
1.Click on the file or folder you want to rename.
2.Under File, click Rename.
3.Type the new name, and then press ENTER key.
•Steps to delete a file/folder.
1.Click on the file or folder you want to delete.
2.Right-click on the File, click Delete.


Deleted files or folders are stored in the Recycle Bin, till they are
permanently removed from the Recycle Bin.
27

140. Moving/copying Files
•To move files, first highlight the files and then choose
Edit, Cut from the menu, and Edit, Paste in the menu
of the target window.

•Files can also be moved and copied by dragging.
•Place the mouse pointer on a highlighted file and
move it while holding down the left mouse button.
•Release button at the target point.

28

141. Deleting Files
•When you delete a file, the operating system changes
the status of the file’s clusters to empty and removes
the filename from the FAT.

•To delete data from a disk in such a way that no one can
ever read it, you can use special file shredder software
that overwrites empty sectors with random 1s and 0s.

•The Windows Recycle Bin is designed to protect you for
accidentally deleting hard disk files that you actually
need.

29

142. Try out
1.State the steps that you have to follow to create a
folder with three subfolders on the desktop?
2.Name and explain the four mouse operations.
3.What is a water mark? What steps would you follow
to insert watermark in a word document?
4.Critically, discuss the following features of a
Windows Desktop:
I.Start Button
II.Taskbar
III.System tray
30

143. Questions
31

144. Word 2007

UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals

145. 2
•The Word program window
•Formatting Text
•Cut, Copy, and Paste commands
•Clipboard and Spell Checker
•Document and Page Layouts
•Headers and Footers
•Inserting Symbols, Tables, and
Clipart


Topics
Microsoft Office 2007 – Word 2007

146. 3
•Microsoft Word is a word processing
program used to create:
•Letters
•Memos
•Newsletters
•Research papers
•Web pages
•Business cards
•Resumes
•Financial reports
•Other types of documents
Microsoft Word Program
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

147. 4
Word Processing Software
•A word processing program is software
that allows you to enter, edit, and format
text and graphics
•The files you create using Word are called
documents
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

148. 5
Word with various objects…
Formatted
text
Graphic
Table
Chart
Column
Header
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

149. 6
Word Program Window
Document
window
Ribbon
Title
bar
Scroll
bar
Ruler
Status
bar
Quick
Access
toolbar
View
buttons
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

150. 7
Word Program Window Summary
•Quick Access toolbar contains frequently
used commands and is customizable
•The Ribbon contains tabs
•Tabs include buttons for commands
organized in groups
•Rulers show margins, tabs, and indent
settings
•View buttons are used to switch between
Word document views

Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

151. 8
Word-wrap and Automatic Features
•Word includes a word-wrap feature
•As you type, the insertion point moves automatically to
the next line when you reach the right margin
•Press [Enter] only when you want to start a new
paragraph
•Automatic features that might appear as
you type
•AutoComplete
•AutoCorrect
•Spelling and Grammar


Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

152. 9
Saving a Document
•Save a file for the first time using the Save button
on the Quick Access toolbar or the Save
command on the Office menu
•Assign a filename and a file location to a
document using the Save As dialog box
•After you save a file for the first time, save
changes using the Save button, the Save
command, or [Ctrl][S]
•To create a copy of the file, use the Save As
command under the Office Button.

Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

153. 10
Show/Hide Formatting Marks
•Formatting marks are special characters
that appear on screen to help you edit and
format text
This formatting
mark indicates a
blank line or the
end of a paragraph
•Formatting marks do
not print
•Use the Show/Hide ¶
button turn the display
of formatting marks off
and on
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

154. 11
Selecting Text
Methods for selecting text
•Use the mouse to select words, lines,
paragraphs, and other large blocks of text.
•Press and hold the Ctrl key to select
NON-consecutive text.

to select use the pointer to
Any amount of text Drag over the text
A word Double-click the word
A line of text Click with the selection pointer to the left of the line
A sentence Press and hold [Ctrl], then click the sentence
A paragraph Triple-click the paragraph or double-click with the selection pointer to the left of the
paragraph
A large block of text Click at the beginning of the selection, press and hold [Shift], then click at the end
of the selection
Multiple nonconsecutive
selections
Select the first selection, then press and hold [Ctrl] as you select each additional
selection
An entire document Triple-click with the selection pointer to the left of any text, press [Ctrl][A], or click
the Select button in the Editing group on the Home tab, and then click Select All
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

155. 12
Using Templates
•A template helps you create a
formatted a document quickly
•A template is a formatted document that
contains placeholder text
•You replace the placeholder text with your
own text and save the file with a new
filename
•Word includes templates for faxes, letters,
reports, brochures, memos, and other
types of documents
•Select a template while in the
New Document dialog box


Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

156. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 13
Cutting and Pasting Text
•The operation of moving text from one location to another is
called cut and paste
•Cut the selected text using the Cut button in the Clipboard
group on the Home tab or the keyboard shortcut [Ctrl][X]
•Cut text is placed on the Clipboard, a temporary storage
area for text and graphics cut or copied from a
document
•Two clipboards:
•System Clipboard - holds one item, the last item
cut or copied from a document
•Office Clipboard - holds up to 24 items
•Paste text at the location of the insertion point using the
Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab or the
keyboard shortcut [Ctrl][V]

157. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 14
Drag and Drop Text
•You can also move text using the
drag and drop method
•Drag selected text to a new location
using the mouse
•Text that is dragged is not placed on
the Clipboard

158. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 15
Shortcut Keys for Editing
•Use keyboard shortcuts as a quick way to
perform a command
•[Ctrl][X] to cut text
•[Ctrl][C] to copy text
•[Ctrl][V] to paste text
•[Ctrl][A] to select all the text in a document
•[Ctrl][S] to save a document
•The keyboard shortcut for a command
appears in the ScreenTip

159. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 16
Copying and Pasting Text
•Copied text is not removed from the
document
•A copy of copied text is placed on the
Clipboard
•Use the Copy button in the Clipboard
group on the Home tab or the keyboard
shortcut [Ctrl][C]
•Copy selected text by pressing [Ctrl] as
you drag it to another location

160. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 17
Office Clipboard
•The Office Clipboard
•Stores up to 24 items
•Stores text and graphics
•Items can be cut or copied from any
Office program
•Items on the Office Clipboard can be
viewed
•The last item collected is stored on both
the Office Clipboard and the system
Clipboard

161. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 18
Using the Office Clipboard
•The Office Clipboard
appears in the
Clipboard task pane
•Can be set to open
automatically after
two consecutive cut
or copy actions
•Display manually by
clicking the launcher
in the Clipboard
group

Stored
items
Click to resize or
move the Clipboard
task pane
Icon indicates the
item is collected
from Word
Click to
change
display
options

162. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 19
Finding and Replacing Text
•Find and Replace feature
•Use the Replace command to search
for and replace all instances of a word
or phrase in a document
•Automatically find and replace all
occurrences at once, or
•Find and review each individual
occurrence
•Use the Find command to locate and
highlight every occurrence of a word or
phrase in a document

163. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 20
Spelling and Grammar Checker
•Flags possible mistakes and
suggests corrections
•Misspelled words
•Grammar errors
•You still need to proofread your
documents carefully for errors

164. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 21
AutoCorrect
•Inserting text with AutoCorrect
•Create your own AutoCorrect entries
•Words you type often, such as a name
•Words you often misspell
•To create an AutoCorrect entry
•Open the AutoCorrect dialog box
•To insert an AutoCorrect entry in a
document
•Type the text you want Word to correct
followed by [Spacebar]

165. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 22
Fonts
•A font is a complete set of characters
with the same typeface or design
•Arial, Times New Roman, Tahoma, and
Calibri are examples of fonts
•Each font has a specific design and feel
•Set Font Size, Color, Style, and Effects
•Font size is measured in points
•A point is 1/72 of an inch

166. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 23
Formatting with Fonts


Serif fonts have a small stroke, called a
serif, on the ends of characters, and are
often used for body text:
–Times New Roman
–Garamond
–Book Antiqua
–Californian FB
Sans serif fonts do not have a serif, and
are often used for headings:
–Arial Rounded MT Bold
–Comic Sans MS
–Franklin Gothic Demi
–Papyrus

167. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 24
Font Styles
•Make text darker and thicker by
applying bold
•Click the Bold button to apply bold
•Slant text by applying italic
•Click the Italic button to apply italic
•Underline text for emphasis
•Click the Underline list arrow, then
select an underline style

168. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 25
Font Effects
•Apply using the
Font dialog box
•Superscript
•Subscript
•Shadow
•Outline
•Emboss
•Engrave
•Small caps
Choose font
effects

169. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 26
Font Styles and Effects
48 point, red,
shadow
effect, 80%
character
scale
Italic
Bold

170. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 27
•The Format Painter allows you to
copy the format setting applied to
selected text to other text
•Use to copy multiple format settings or
individual ones
•Click the Format Painter button once to
apply the format settings to one item
•Double-click the Format Painter button to
activate the Format Painter and apply
settings to multiple items
Format Painter

171. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 28
Line and Paragraph Spacing
•Adding white space to a document
can make it easier to read
•Increase space between lines using the
Line Spacing list arrow
•Increase space between paragraphs
using the Before and After text boxes in
the Paragraph group on the Page
Layout tab

172. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 29
Aligning Paragraphs
•Paragraphs are aligned relative to
the left and right margins
•Left-aligned text is flush with the left
margin and has a ragged right edge
•Right-aligned text is flush with the right
margin
•Centered text is positioned evenly
between the margins
•Justified text is flush with both the left
and right margins

173. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 30
Aligning Examples
•Change paragraph alignment using the alignment
buttons in the Paragraph group on the Home tab
Centered
Justified
Right-aligned
Left-aligned

174. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Themes
•Format a document using themes
•A theme is a complete set of theme
colors, fonts, and effects
•Preview a theme before applying it
•Click the Themes button in the
Themes group on the Page Layout
tab to select and apply a theme

175. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 32
Tabs
•Tabs help you to align text vertically at a
specific location on a page
•A tab stop is a point on the horizontal ruler
that identifies a text alignment location
•By default, tab stops are located every ½ inch
from the left margin
•You can create custom tab stops
•Text can be aligned to the left, right, or center
of a tab stop, or aligned with a bar character
or decimal point
•A tab leader, a line that appears in front of
tabbed text

176. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 33
Tabs Examples
Tabbed text
left-aligned
Left tab stop Right tab stop
Tabbed text
right-aligned
Tab
leader
Tab indicator

177. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 34
Indenting
•Indenting a paragraph moves the edge of
the paragraph in from the left or right
margin
•Indent the entire left or right edge of a
paragraph
•Indent just the first line
•Indent all lines except the first line
•Indent markers on the horizontal ruler
identify the indent settings for the
paragraph in which the insertion point is
located

178. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 35
Indent Markers on Ruler
First Line
Indent marker
Hanging Indent
marker
Left Indent
marker
Indented
paragraph Right Indent
marker
Indent buttons

179. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 36
Bullets and Numbering
•Formatting paragraphs with bullets
and numbering can help to organize
ideas in a document
•A bullet is a character, often a small
circle, that appears before the items in
a list to add emphasis
•Numbering the items in a list helps to
illustrate sequence and priority

180. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 37
Adding Bullets and Numbering
•Use the Bullets or Numbering list arrows to
apply, change, or customize bullet and
numbering styles

181. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 38
Creating Outlines
•To create a hierarchical structure in a
list, apply an outline numbering style
•Click the Multilevel List list arrow to
select and apply a multilevel list style
•Format an existing list
•Demote items using the Increase Indent
button
•Promote items using the Decrease
Indent button

182. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 39
Borders and Shading
•Adding borders and shading to text can
help to enhance the information in a
document
•A border is a line added above, below, to the
side of, or around words or paragraphs
•Shading is a color or pattern that is added
behind words or paragraphs
•Use the Border button or the Shading button
in the Paragraph group on the Home tab

183. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007 40
Borders and Shading Example
Border Shading

184. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Footnotes and Endnotes
•Footnotes and endnotes provide
additional information
•They consist of two parts
•Note reference mark
•Corresponding footnote or endnote
•Footnotes appear at the bottom of
page
•Endnotes appear at the end of the
document.

185. Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Footnotes and Endnotes Example
Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Footnote
text
Separator
line
Note reference
mark

186. 43 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Document Margins
•Document margins are the blank areas
between the edge of the text and the edge
of the page
•To adjust a document’s margins:
•Click the Margins button in the Page Setup
group on the Page Layout tab, then click
Custom Margins
•Change margin settings on the Margins tab in the
Page Setup dialog box
•Drag a margin indicator on a ruler to a new
location

187. 44 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Setting Document Margins
Ruler shows
location of
top margin
Top margin
Ruler shows
location of
left margin
Right margin
Left margin

188. 45 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Page Orientation
•Portrait orientation means a page is
taller than it is wide
•The default page orientation for a
document is portrait
•Landscape orientation means a page
is wider than it is tall
•Default paper size is 8.5” x 11”

189. 46 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
The Page Setup Dialog Box


–Margins tab
•Change margins, page
orientation, and format the
layout of pages in a multiple
page document
–Paper tab
•Change paper size and
paper source
–Layout tab
•Format sections, format
headers and footers, and
change vertical alignment

190. 47 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Margin Options
•Margin options in a multiple page
document
•Mirror margins are used in documents with
facing pages, such as magazines
•Inside and outside margins are a mirror image of
each other
•A gutter margin is used in documents that are
bound, such as books
•A gutter adds extra space to the top, left, or inside
margin to allow for the binding
•Set mirror margins and a gutter on the
Margins tab of the Page Setup dialog box

191. 48 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Dividing a Document into Sections
•A section is a portion of a document that is
separated from the rest of the document
by section breaks
•A section break is a formatting mark that
shows the end of a section
•You divide a document into sections when you
want to apply different page layout settings,
such as columns, to sections
•Sections are used to vary the layout of a document
•A document is formatted in a single section by
default

192. 49 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Types of Section Breaks
•Insert a section break using the Breaks
button in the Page Setup group on the
Page Layout tab
Section Function
Next page Begins a new section and moves the text following the break to the top of the
next page
Continuous Begins a new section on the same page
Even page Begins a new section and moves the text following the break to the top of the
next even-numbered page
Odd page Begins a new section and moves the text following the break to the top of the
next odd-numbered page

193. 50 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Section Breaks Example
Section 1 is
formatted in one
column
Section 2 is formatted
in two columns
Continuous
section break

194. 51 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Page Breaks
•As you type, an automatic (soft) page
break is automatically inserted when you
reach the bottom of a page
•Text flows to the next page
•You can force text onto the next page by
inserting a manual (hard) page break
•Use the Breaks button in the Page Setup
group on the Page Layout tab to insert a page
break, or
•Press [Ctrl][Enter]

195. 52 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Page Numbers
•Automatically number the pages of a
document by inserting a page number field
•A field is a code that serves as a placeholder
for data that changes in a document
•Click the Page Numbers button in the Header
& Footer group on the Insert tab to insert a
page number field
•Select a location, such as bottom of page
•Select a preformatted page number and alignment

196. 53 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Page Numbers Example
•Page number fields are inserted in a
document header or footer

Page number
(in the Footer
area)
Document text
(dimmed when
the Footer area
is open)

197. 54 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Headers and Footers
•Add headers and footers to a document
when there is an item you want to appear
on every page
•A header is text or graphics that appears at
the top of every page of a document
•A footer is text or graphics that appears at the
bottom of every page of a document
•Headers and footers often contain
information such as document title, author
name, dates, and page numbers

198. 55 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Adding Headers and Footers
•Open headers and footers by clicking the
Header button or the Footer button on the
Insert tab
•Add text to headers and footers by typing
in the Header and Footer areas
•You can also add symbols, borders, graphics,
and other elements to headers and footers
•The Header & Footer Tools Design tab
opens when the Header and Footer areas
are open

199. 56 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Headers and Footers Example
•Document text is dimmed when the Header and
Footer areas are open
•Dimmed text can’t be edited
•The Header and Footers areas are independent of the
document itself and must be formatted separately
Header &
Footer Tools
Design Tab
Header area
open with
content control

200. 57 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Editing Headers and Footers
•To edit headers and footers, first
open the Header and Footer areas:
•Double-click a header or footer in Print
Layout view
•Insert, delete, and format content
•Change the default tab stops in the
Header and Footer areas if the default
document margins were changed

201. 58 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Different Headers and Footers
•Create different headers and footers:
•For the first page of a document or
section
•For each section in a document
•For even- and odd-numbered pages in
a document or section
•Use the tools on the Header & Footer
Tools Design tab or use the Layout
tab in the Page Setup dialog box

202. 59 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Inserting Symbols
•A symbol is a special character, such as a
graphic, shape, or foreign language
character
•Add a symbol using the Symbol button on
the Insert tab

203. 60 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Inserting a Table
•Tables illustrate information intended
for quick reference and analysis
•A table is a grid of columns and rows
that you can fill with text and graphics
•A cell is the box formed by the intersection
of a column and a row
•Borders are the lines that divide the rows
and columns of a table and help you see
the structure

204. 61 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Table Example
Border
Row
Column
Cell

205. 62 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Clip Art
•Illustrate a document with clip art
•Clip art is a collection of graphic images
that you can insert in a document
•Clip Organizer, a library of clips
•Clips are the media files, including
graphics, photographs, sounds, movies,
and animations, that come with Word
•Add clips by clicking the Clip Art button
in the Illustrations group on the Insert
tab

206. 63 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Clip Art Task Pane
•Search for clips using the ClipArt
task pane

Search
using a
keyword
Results of a
clip search
Choose type of clips
to search
Choose clip
collections to search

207. 64 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Inserting Clip Art
•A clip is inserted as an inline graphic
at the location of the insertion point
•An inline graphic is a graphic that is
part of the line of text
•A floating graphic is independent from
text and can be moved anywhere on a
page

208. 65 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Wrapping Text around Clip Art
•Wrap text around the graphic
•Apply a text wrapping style
•Click the Text Wrapping button in the Arrange
group on the Picture Tools Format tab
Floating graphic
Faded image
shows graphic
being dragged
Sizing handle

209. 66 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007
Formatting Clip Art
•Picture Tools Format tab
•Adjust contrast, brightness,
compression, and so on in the Adjust
group
•Apply a style from the gallery in the
Picture Styles group
•Position, wrap text, flip, group, and so
on in the Arrange group
•Crop and change height or width in the
Size group

210. Summary
•The Word program window
•Formatting Text
•Cut, Copy, and Paste commands
•Clipboard and Spell Checker
•Document and Page Layouts
•Headers and Footers
•Inserting Symbols, Tables, and
Clipart
67 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

211. [email protected]
68 Microsoft Office 2007 - Word 2007

212. UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals

Ms Excel

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 1

213. What is Microsoft Excel?
•Is a full-featured spreadsheet program that allows you
to:
• organize data,
•complete calculations,
•make decisions,
•graph data, and
• develop professional looking reports.
•Microsoft Office’s Excel is to numbers while Word is to
text.
•All Excel 2007 files end in the .xlsx filename extension.
•Excel is a spreadsheet program from Microsoft, a
component of its Office product group for business
applications.

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 2

214. Common words used in Excel
•The worksheet/Spreadsheet is a grid of columns
(indicated by letters) and rows (indicated by numbers).
•It is a collection of columns and rows that hold numbers
and text.

•A workbook- is a collection of worksheets.
•Excel enables you to create and edit one or more
worksheets that you store in workbooks.
Note:
The letters and numbers of the columns and rows (called
labels) are displayed in gray buttons across the top and
left side of the worksheet.

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215. Common words used in Excel
•A row- is the horizontal arrangement of cells from the
left to the right of the worksheet.
•A column –is the vertical arrangement of cells from top
to bottom.
•The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell.
• Each cell on the spreadsheet has a cell address/cell
reference, that is a combination of column letter and
the row number, e.g. A11
•Cells can contain either text, numbers, or mathematical
formulas.

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216. Designing a Spreadsheet
A B C D
1
2 *CELL
3
CSC 1100 Slide 5
ROWS
(horizontal)
COLUMNS (vertical)
* CELL ADDRESS = B2

217. Relative, Absolute, and Mixed Referencing
•Calling cells by just their column and row labels (such as "A1") is called relative
referencing.

•When a formula contains relative referencing and it is copied from one cell to
another, Excel does not create an exact copy of the formula. It will change cell
addresses relative to the row and column they are moved to.

•For example, if a simple addition formula in cell C1 "=(A1+B1)" is copied to
cell C2, the formula would change to "=(A2+B2)" to reflect the new row.

•To prevent this change, cells must be called by absolute referencing and this is
accomplished by placing dollar signs "$" within the cell addresses in the formula.
Continuing the previous example, the formula in cell C1 would read
"=($A$1+$B$1)" if the value of cell C2 should be the sum of cells A1 and B1.

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218. Relative, Absolute, and Mixed Referencing
•Absolute reference - A cell reference that does not
change if you copy the formula elsewhere.

•If you want to sum two columns of data (A1 with B1, A2
with B2, and so on) and then multiply each sum by some
constant number, for example, the constant number can
be a cell referred to as an absolute reference. That
formula might resemble this:
=(A1 + B1) * $J$1

•$A1 is a partial absolute cell reference. If you copy a
formula with $A1 inside the computation, the $A keeps
the A column intact, but the first row updates to the row
location of the target cell.

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219. Major parts of Excel
•Worksheets- allow you to enter , calculate, manipulate
and analyze data such as numbers and text.

•Charts- pictorial representation of data.
•Excel can draw two- dimensional and three
dimensional column charts, pie charts, and other
types of charts.

•Databases- manage data.
•Once you have entered data on the spread sheet
excel can sort the data, search for specific data and
select data that meets certain criteria.
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220. Ms Excel
•How to start up the application? (launching Excel).
a)Click Start Button , All programs, Microsoft office, ms
excel.
b)Click Start, programs, ms excel.
c) Click Start, ms excel.
d)Click on Ms excel icon (using a short cut on the
desktop).
e)Click Start, run, type excel, ok.
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221. Creating a New Workbook
•When you first start Microsoft Excel, Excel displays a blank
workbook with three empty worksheets named Sheet1,
Sheet2, and Sheet3.
•Click your Office button and Select New.
•Excel displays the New Workbook dialog box.
•Select either Blank Workbook if you want to start working
on your worksheet from scratch or Select From the
available templates to save yourself from lots of
Formatting.
•After creating your workbook, click the Quick Access
toolbar’s Save button and type the name of your
workbook and finally Click Save to save your workbook.
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 10

222. Appearance of an excel window
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 11

223. Adding Worksheets, Rows and Columns





•Worksheets – Adding a new worksheet to a workbook,
go to the worksheet tab click on Insert worksheet. Or
(shift + F11)

•To add a row to a worksheet, place the cursor in the
row below where you want the new row, or in the
column to the left of where you want the new column.
Click the Insert button on the cells group of the Home
tab. Click the appropriate choice: cell, row or column

•OR Right click on a row or column and choose insert
from the drop down list to add a row above the
selected row or a column to the Left of the highlighted
column.

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 12

224. Deleting Worksheets, Rows and Columns
•To delete a worksheet, right click on the worksheet name
and choose delete from the menu.
•To delete a row, right-click the row number and select
Delete from the menu.
•To delete multiple rows, select all the row numbers you
want to delete and right-click over the selection. Choose
Delete, and Excel will delete those rows.

•To delete a column, right-click the column name and
select Delete from the menu.
•To delete multiple columns, select all the column names
you want to delete and right-click over the selection.
Choose Delete, and Excel will delete those columns.
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 13

225. Resizing Rows & Columns
•There are two ways to resize rows and columns.
•Resize a row by dragging the line below the label of the row
you would like to resize. Resize a column in a similar manner
by dragging the line to the right of the label corresponding to
the column you want to resize.
- OR –

•Click the row or column label and select home
tab|Format|Row|Height or Format|Column|Width from the
menu bar to enter a numerical value for the height of the row
or width of the column.

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 14

226. Entering Data in a Worksheet
•Excel works with the following kinds of data:
•Labels - text values such as names and addresses, as
well as date and time values.
• Numbers - Numeric values such as 34, –291,
545.67874, and 0.
•Dates and times-Excel accepts date and time values
that you type in virtually any format.
• Formulas - Expressions that compute numeric
results. (Some formulas work with text values as
well.)
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 15

227. Entering Data in a Worksheet
•In a blank worksheet, click on a cell to make it active. The
cell’s dark outline indicates that the cell is selected.
•To enter the text, simply type the text, and it appears
both in the selected cell and in the Formula box toward
the top of the screen.
•Press Enter, to the move to the next cell downwards.
•OR Use the arrow keys respectively to move from one
cell to another in all directions.
•By default, text always appears left-justified in a cell,
although you can click one of the justification buttons to
center or right-justify text in a cell.
•To correct a mistake, press Backspace and type the
correct text.
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 16

228. Filling cells with Auto fill data
•Excel uses Auto Fill to copy and extend data from one
cell to several additional cells.
•Auto Fill - The automatic placement of values in sheet
cells based on a pattern in other cells.
•Excel not only fills in numbers in sequences but also can
determine sequential years, days of the week and month
names etc.
•Type your first label, such as Year. This will be the value
you will fill succeeding cells with.
•Click and drag the cell’s fill handle to the rest of the cells
in which you want the label to appear.
•When you release your mouse button, Excel fills the
remaining cells in the range with your label.
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229. Keyboard Short cuts
Short cut Action Menu command
Ctrl+O Open an existing file Office button/open
Ctrl+N Open a new file Office button/new
Ctrl+S Saves the current file Office button/save
Ctrl+C Copies selected item Home/copy
Ctrl+X Cuts the selection Home/cut
Ctrl+V Pastes the copied item Home/paste
Ctrl+Y Repeats the previous task (Re-do)
Ctrl+F Search/find Home/find
Ctrl + Z Undo
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 18

230. Selecting Cells, Columns and Rows
•shift + left arrow: select the current cell and the cell to the
left
•shift + right arrow: select the current cell and the cell to the
right
•shift + down arrow: select the current cell and the cell
below
•shift + up arrow: select the current cell and the cell above
•shift + space: select the whole row
•ctrl + space: select the whole column

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231. 9/1/2023 CSC 1100 20

232. Selecting Cells
•Before a cell can be modified or formatted, it must first
be selected (highlighted). Refer to the table below for
selecting groups of cells.








•To activate the contents of a cell, double-click on the cell.

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 21
Cells to
select
Mouse action
One cell Click once in the cell
Entire row Click the row label
Entire column Click the column label
Entire
worksheet
Click the whole sheet button
Cluster of
cells
Drag mouse over the cells or hold down the SHIFT key
while using the arrow keys

233. Formatting Cells
•The contents of a highlighted cell can be formatted in many ways.
Font and cell attributes can be added from shortcut buttons on the
formatting bar. If this toolbar is not already visible on the screen,
select Home from the Ribbon.

9/1/2023 CSC 1100 22

234. Format Cells Dialog Box

For a complete list of formatting options, right-click on the highlighted cells and
choose Format Cells from the shortcut menu or select home tab|Format|Format
Cells from the ribbon
.



9/1/2023 CSC 1100 23

235. Format Cells Dialog Box
•Number tab - The data type can be selected from the options
on this tab. Select General if the cell contains text and number,
or another numerical category if the cell is a number that will
be included in functions or formulas.
•Alignment tab - These options allow you to change the
position and alignment of the data with the cell.
•Font tab - All of the font attributes are displayed in this tab
including font face, size, style, and effects.
•Border and Pattern tabs - These tabs allow you to add borders,
shading, and background colors to a cell.


9/1/2023 CSC 1100 24

236. Formatting Cell Features
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 25
Format from the
formatting
toolbar. OR …
Format from
Format Menu
Format from the
Format Menu

237. Formatting Cell Features
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 26

238. Moving and Copying Cells

Moving Cells
To cut cell contents that will be moved to another cell select Edit|Cut
from the menu bar or click the Cut button on the standard toolbar.
Copying Cells
To copy the cell contents, select Edit|Copy from the menu bar or click the
Copy button on the standard toolbar.
Pasting Cut and Copied Cells
Highlight the cell you want to paste the cut or copied content into and select
Edit|Paste from the menu bar or click the Paste button on the standard
toolbar.
9/1/2023 CSC 1100 27

239. Format Painter

A handy feature on the home tab for formatting text is the Format
Painter. If you have formatted a cell with a certain font style, date format,
border, and other formatting options, and you want to format another
cell or group of cells the same way, place the cursor within the cell
containing the formatting you want to copy.
Click the Format Painter button in the home tab(notice that your pointer
now has a paintbrush beside it). Highlight the cells you want to add the
same formatting to. To copy the formatting to many groups of cells,
double-click the Format Painter button. The format painter remains
active until you press the ESC key to turn it off.

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240. Styles
The use of styles in Excel allows you to quickly format your worksheet, provide
consistency, and create a professional look. Select the Styles drop-down box
from the cells styles under the home tab. Excel provides several preset styles:




9/1/2023 CSC 1100 29

241. Number Format Styles
•Comma - Adds commas to the number and two digits beyond a
decimal point.
•Comma [0] - Comma style that rounds to a whole number.
•Currency - Formats the number as currency with a dollar sign,
commas, and two digits beyond the decimal point.
•Currency [0] - Currency style that rounds to a whole number.
•Normal - Reverts any changes to general number format.
•Percent - Changes the number to a percent and adds a percent
sign.

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242. Printing a Worksheet
•Before you print, look at the Page Setup dialog box by displaying
your Page Layout ribbon and clicking on the group name Page
Setup. Click the Sheet tab. From the Sheet page, you can specify
whether you want to print using any of the following options:

•Print Area - Enables you to specify a range of cells to print.

•Titles - Enables you to select rows and columns to be used for
titles across the top and down the left side of your printed
worksheet.

•Workbook Elements - Enables you to request the printing of any
or all of the following: gridlines, draft quality, row and column
headings, black and white, comments etc

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243. Printing a Worksheet
•Page Order—Determines how your worksheet prints over
multiple pages. A worksheet rarely fits on a single piece of
paper.
•After setting up the appearance of your worksheet:
•Click your Office button and select Print. On the menu that
appears, select Page Preview. Excel shows you how your
current worksheet will look printed on paper each worksheet
individually.
•Close the Preview.
•Select the Print option from the Office menu. The Print
dialog box appears.
•After you’ve determined how many pages and copies to
print, click the OK button to print your worksheet and close
the Print dialog box.
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244. Personal Practice
•Create and exit an excel
document.
•Enter:
•Numbers
•Text
•Align (left, right,
center and at an
angle).
•Save document
•Open an existing file.
•Wrap text.

•Search .
•Protect document.
•Track changes.
•Insert :
•A row
•A column
•Date
•Time
•Currency symbol
•Delete the above.
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245. Formulas in Excel
•The distinguishing feature of a spreadsheet program such as Excel
is that it allows you to create mathematical formulas and execute
functions.
•Even the best calculator in the world cannot beat Excel at the
versatility it has with calculations.
•These are entered in a cell and they always start with an ‘=’ sign
For instance
=B2+C4
•After entering a formula, press enter to view results of the
formula
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246. Formulas and Functions
•Functions can be a more efficient way of performing
mathematical operations than formulas. For example, if
you wanted to add the values of cells D1 through D10,
you would type the formula
"=D1+D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+D8+D9+D10".
•After the formula is typed into the cell, press ENTER &
the calculation executes immediately and the formula
itself is visible in the formula bar.
•A shorter way would be to use the SUM function and
simply type "=SUM(D1:D10)".
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247. Creating an Excel Range
•Range - One or more cells, selected adjacent to each
other in a rectangular manner, that you can name and
treat as a single entity or group of cells in formulas.
•A selected group of cells composes a range. A range is
always rectangular, and it might be a single cell, a row, a
column, or several adjacent rows and columns.
•Cell references and range names appear throughout the
formulas:
= (SalesTotals)/NumOfSales
=C4 * 2 - (Rate * .08)
•When you enter formulas that contain range references,
you can either type the full reference or point to the cell
reference.

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248. Creating an Excel Range
•Highlight the cells you want to include in the Range.
•Right-click the range(Highlighted cells) and select Name
a Range from the menu. The New Name dialog box
appears. This is where you name ranges and manage
them.
•Type a name for your selected range in the Name text
box. Do not include spaces in the range name.
•Click OK to add the name to your worksheet.

•Where you would otherwise use the cell addresses,
such as in a Sum() function or inside any calculation, use
range names instead. The Formula bar always displays
the range name inside formulas.

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249. Formulas and Functions
•A function accepts zero or more arguments, and those
arguments go inside the parentheses.
•When using multiple arguments in a function, separate the
arguments with commas.
•Every formula starts with an equal sign.
•Arguments - Values appearing inside a function’s
parentheses that the function uses in some way to produce
its result.
•Therefore, all the following compute an average from the
argument list:
=Average(18, 65, 299, $R$5, 10, -2, 102)
=Average(SalesTotals)
=Average(D4:D14)
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250. 9/1/2023 CSC 1100 39

251. Formulas and Functions
•Steps involved in using Excel functions:
1)Click to select the cell you want to contain the result of
the function.
2)Type an equal sign (=) followed by the name of the
function.
3)Type an open parenthesis and then type or select the
values you want to include in the function, followed by
a closing parenthesis. A border appears around any
cell or range to be included in the equation.
4)After the range or set of arguments is correct, press
Enter to accept the function.
5)The result of the function then appears in your cell.
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252. Formulas and Functions
•You can drag the formula’s fill handle whose cell
contains a function, such as Average() or Count(), to
another cell to extend that formula.

• You can select multiple ranges before typing the final
parenthesis to finish your function. When typing an
argument, move your mouse pointer or use your arrow
keys to select a range and press comma (,) to separate
the different ranges.
•Press the closing parenthesis to finish the function and
view the result.
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253. Formulas and Functions
•Using Excel’s Function wizard:
1)Click the cell you want to hold a function and then click the
Function Wizard button.
2)Select the category from which you want to write a
function.
3)When you see the function you want to use in the Select
a Function list, double-click to select that function
name. Excel displays a list of fields to match every
argument that function needs in the Function
Arguments dialog box.
4)Click the argument you want to enter and then either
type or select the argument as a range of cells.
5)After building your function and specifying its
arguments, click OK to see the result.
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254. Autosum

Use the Autosum function to add the contents of a cluster of adjacent
cells.


1.


1.Select the cluster of cells whose
sum you want to find .

2.From the formula tab Click the
Autosum button (Greek letter sigma)
and the sum will appear immediately
after the selected cells

Alternatively, Under the home
tab|editing follow similar steps.

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255. Adding Charts to a Worksheet
•The actual raw data supplied by a worksheet is accurate
and vital information for analysis, but for trends and
overall patterns, charts demonstrate the data’s nature
quickly and effectively.
•How to represent data on a chart:
•select the data to use in the chart. When Selecting include
labels if available at the top or to the left of the data.
•Display your Insert ribbon to see your chart types in the
Charts ribbon group.
•Select a chart you want to produce by clicking on a chart
type and determining which type of chart you want to
plot.
•Excel analyzes your data and labels and makes
assumptions about your chart’s labels.
• Finally you have your chart drawn in your worksheet.
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256. Adding Charts to a Worksheet
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257. Inserting Graphics into a Worksheet
•To insert a graphics image from a file, click the cell where
the image is to go and display your Insert ribbon. Select
Picture.
•Excel displays the Insert Picture dialog box.
•Select the image you want to insert into your worksheet
and click Insert. Excel places the image in the cell.
•To resize your image, click to display the sizing handles and
drag them in or out to decrease or increase the picture
size.
• To move the image to a different location, click and drag
the picture to where you want it.
•Click the Crop button to reduce your picture by removing
parts of the image.

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258. Protecting data in a Worksheet
•When working in Excel, you may want to protect certain
cells from being changed.
•This protection helps ensure that formulas do not get
changed and that fixed data remains fixed.
•In addition to protecting individual cells and ranges, you
can add security by password-protecting entire workbooks
to keep them secure and to limit access to them.
•Select the cell or the range of cells you want to protect.
•On your Home ribbon, click to display the Format drop-
down list and select Lock Cell.
•Excel locks the selected cells so that they cannot be
changed after the worksheet is locked.
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259. Protecting data in a Worksheet
Note:
•Cells inside a worksheet that you designate as protected are
protected only if you also protect the worksheet.

•To Protect the Sheet, click to display the Format drop-
down list and select Protect. Excel displays the Protect
Sheet dialog box.

•Enter an optional password and select each item you
want protected from change. In other words, you might
want to not only protect individual cells you declared as
protected but also keep users from deleting columns and
rows or changing the format of cells.
•To remove the protection, you can display the Review ribbon
and click Unprotect Sheet.
•To protect the entire workbook and all sheets within it that
have cell protection indicated, click the Structure check box.
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260. Ensuring Valid Data Entry in a Worksheet
•Data validity - A check to determine whether data
entered into a cell is valid, defined by a set of criteria
that you set up.
•Without data validity checks, anybody can enter any
value into any cell (assuming that the cell is not
protected).
1)Select the cell or range that you want to create a data
validity check for.
2)To add the data validity check, click to display your Data
ribbon and then click the Data Validation button to
display the Data Validation dialog box.
•The data validation rules that you set up on the
Settings page are determined by the data type you
allow in the selected cells.

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261. Ensuring Valid Data Entry in a Worksheet
3)Click the Input Message tab to display the dialog box’s
Input Message page in the Data Validation dialog box.
The purpose of the Input Message field is to let your
users know the kind of data you allow in the cell.

4)Click the Error Alert tab to include text that will appear
when you type invalid data in a cell.

5)Test your data validity check by typing data in the cell. If
you enter a value that violates the criteria, Excel
responds with a warning or a pop-up dialog box,
depending on how you set up the error alert.
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262. Sorting Data in Excel
Basic Sorts

To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on
one column, highlight the cells that will be sorted and
click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button or Sort Descending
(Z-A) button on the standard toolbar.

Go through the Data tab then chose the sorting
procedure.
OR Click on the Home tab then choose Sort and Filter
from the Editing section.


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263. Complex sorts
To sort by multiple columns, follow these steps:
•Highlight the cells, rows, or columns that will be sorted.
•Select Data|Sort from the ribbon.
•From the Sort dialog box, select the first column for sorting
from the Sort By drop-down menu and choose either
ascending or descending.
•Select the second column and, if necessary, the third sort
column from the Then By drop-down menus.


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264. 1.


•If the cells you highlighted included the text headings in the first row,
mark My data has Headers and the first row will remain at the top of the
worksheet.

Complex sorts
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265. •Click the Options button to sort top to bottom or left to right



1.


•Click OK to execute the sort.

Complex sorts
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266. Filter data in Excel
•Option 1: Apply the AutoFilters
•Click the Filter button on your Data ribbon. Excel adds
arrows to the right of each of your column headings.
•Click one of the column’s down arrows to open the filter
list. Excel analyzes the data in that column and displays
one of each item in the filter list with a check box to the
left of each item.
•Deselect all data values you don’t want to see.
•Click the OK button to display the filtered data. The data
you filtered out isn’t gone from your table permanently
but only for the present.
•Click the ribbon’s Filter button again to restore your
database to its full set of values.
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267. Filter data in Excel
•Option 2: Filtering by Selection.
•Right-click over the value you want to filter by.
•From the menu that appears, select Filter and then
Filter by Selected Cell’s Value.
•Excel filters away all data that does not match your
selected value in that field.
•Finally, your preferred subset of data now appears in
your worksheet.
•Click the ribbon’s Filter button again to restore your
database to its full set of values and to remove the
subset from your screen.
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268. Keyboard
•A standard keyboard has four types of keys:
Alphabetical/character keys
Numeric keys
Function keys
Special keys
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269. Freeze row and Column Headers
•If you have a large worksheet with column and row
headings, those headings will disappear as the
worksheet is scrolled. By using the Freeze Panes feature,
the headings can be visible at all times.
•Click the label of the row below the row that should remain frozen
at the top of the worksheet.
•Display your View ribbon and click Freeze Panes to freeze all
rows selected row.
•To freeze the Top Row, select Freeze Top Row from the
Freeze Panes drop-down list, also select Freeze First Column
to freeze the left most column.
•To remove the frozen panes, select view|Unfreeze Panes.

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270. Merge Cells
•Merge - Combines two or more cells so that the contents
of the cells can be centered or otherwise aligned across
the width or length of all the cells.

•Type the title that you want to center over the
columns.
•Select the title and the columns to the right within
which you want to center the title.
•Click the Merge and Center button on the home
ribbon to combine your cells.
•UnMerge Cells splits the cells you have selected into
individual cells.
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271. Review Questions
1.Differentiate between a workbook and a worksheet
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272. pp
Introduction to MS PowerPoint
2007

273. Objectives
What Ms. PowerPoint is
Basic PowerPoint window features
Slide Views, slide effects
Customize working environment
Create a presentation
Work with content, formatting text
Inserting graphics clips, pictures, charts, table
Design/presentation tips

274. Ms PowerPoint
Is an application software designed for presentation purposes.

The primary purpose of PowerPoint is to help you design,
create, and edit presentations and printed handouts.

Presentation—A set of screens, also called pages or slides,
that you present to people in a room or over the Internet.

Slides are made up of:
text, pictures, graphics, tables, sound and video. The presentation can
run automatically or can be controlled by a presenter.

275. Ms PowerPoint
 To start Ms. PowerPoint:
Click on Start button>All programs>Microsoft
Office>Microsoft office PowerPoint 2007

When you first start PowerPoint, it displays a
blank presentation with a single slide showing
The layout is simple, with a title across the top and a subtitle
below

Layout—A master slide design that defines slide. A layout
contains placeholders to indicate where pictures and text appear on
slides you apply that layout to.

276. Creating a presentation
You can create a New Presentation from a blank slide, a template,
existing presentations, or a Word outline.

Click the Microsoft Office Button, Click New. Choose any option that
suits you

 Add Slides:
A new slide,
Duplicate Selected Slide
Reuse Slides.

Go to home tab, slides group, click new slide and below the layouts, you
will see options from which u can choose.

Saving a Presentation for the first time: Click the Office Button, choose
save as, identify the location, type filename then click save.

277. Methods of running a presentation
On Animation tab - Transition to This Slide group, Choose
1.On Mouse Click- to control the slides to be displayed

Or

Automatically After: - to specify the time after which the next
slide is displayed.

278. Microsoft Office Toolbar
The Ribbon
Quick Access Toolbar

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279. •

•

•

Is used to create new/Open an
existing presentation, save, print, send, or
close.

The Ribbon: consists of Tabs;
Home, Insert, Design, Animations, Slide
Show, Review and View. Tabs are divided into
groups

Quick Access Toolbar: contains most
accessed/ used commands. (shortcut). It is
customizable (change location, add/remove
commands)

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280. Mini Toolbar: appears whenever a text is
selected Or when you right click

Navigation: once you open a document you
will need to navigate through it. Use the slide
tab or the scroll bar.

As you navigate you can have different views
of your presentation.

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281. Generally, you will add text and edit your slides
simply by clicking where the text is to go and
typing the text.

You can make edits directly on the slide and see
the results of those edits as you make them.

Click any placeholder. If the placeholder rests in a
title area, you’ll be able to add a title to the slide.

If the placeholder resides inside a large text
box, you will be able to add multiple lines of
bulleted text to that area.
You can also select the Text to Format.

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282. Click the New Slide button in the home ribbon.
If you click the icon above the New Slide button,
PowerPoint selects a slide layout and generates a
new slide.

OR

Right Click the preview of the slide that is to
come before your new slide and select either
Duplicate Slide or New Slide.

To delete a slide, right-click the slide in the left
preview pane and choose Delete Slide.

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283. Selecting, Adding & Deleting slides
To add a slide, click on the “New Slide” icon in Home tab.
To work on a slide, go to the slide column (left side of screen)-
click on it.
To delete a slide- go to slide column- click on it- press
“Backspace” button

284. •

Found on the View Tab. Accessed through the
Presentation Views group.

- Normal view

- Slider sorter

- Notes Page

- Slide Show

- Slide Master

- Handout Master

- Notes Master

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285. PowerPoint provides three view buttons to the left
of the Zoom slider control.

The Normal view shows one PowerPoint slide
at a time in the large, center editing area.
The Slide Sorter view shows multiple
thumbnails of your slides on the screen at one
time.

The Slide Sorter view is useful for seeing
multiple slides at one time to get an overview of
your presentation.

The Slide Show button starts your presentation
running.

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286. CSC 1100 - Computer Literacy

287. Customize your working environment

Accessed through Office button, Select PowerPoint
options at the bottom of the dropdown list.

Popular: choice of mini toolbar, live
preview, password protected, language
options…etc…

Proofing: choose the text correction mechanism.
Save: how often should your work be saved.
Advanced: specify options for
editing, copying, pasting, printing, display &other
general settings

Customize: used to add features to the Quick Access
Toolbar.

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288. A layout determines where
text, graphics, charts, and other elements appear
on an individual slide.

A theme determines the look of an entire
presentation’s colors, fonts, and overall format.
A layout is to a slide whereas a theme is to an
entire presentation.
Click the Design tab to Choose one of the
displayed Themes or click the Galleries button.
You can change color, font, effects, background of
the Theme.

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289. Click on Home ribbon’s New Slide button’s
lower half, PowerPoint opens a layout list from
which you can select.

To change the layout, right-click over an empty
place on the slide, select Layout from the pop-up
menu, and select a new layout.
To request a Theme: Click your Design ribbon to
bring up a list of themes that you can apply to
your presentation.

Click the down arrow to the right of the ribbon’s
themes to see additional themes.

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290. You can add a slide transition (applies to slides
during the slide show).

To add slide transitions: Select slide, Click
Animations tab or click the Transition dialog box.

You can also adjust the speed and add sound to
your animation.

Select how to advance a slide: on Mouse click or
automatically after a set number of seconds

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291. Click to select the text you want to animate.

With the text still selected, click to display your
Animations ribbon.

Click the arrow to display the drop-down list box
that’s initially labeled No Animation.
Click to select the animation effect you want the text
to take on.

After you select animation, click the Custom
Animation button to display the Custom Animation
task pane.

This task pane enables you to adjust the direction and
speed of the animation you’ve applied to your slide.

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292. •

•

•

•

•

•

Simply type.

Press enter to go to a new line

Select Text, to make adjustment/ format your
work.

Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo/Redo

Insert images.
(pictures, tables, charts, graphics, video, sound,
….)

Spell Check

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293. Add a textbox after creating a new slide.

Simply click where you want to type.

Usually a new slide takes on the format of the
previous slide. (press enter to create a new
slide)

Add a text box: select slide, click Text Box on
the Insert tab, Click on the slide and drag the
cursor to expand the text box
Type in the text

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294. Home Tab, Clipboard Group

Select text. Click cut, or copy, Move the cursor
to where you want to place your selected
text, and click paste.

Undo/redo

To undo or redo your most recent actions:

On the Quick Access Toolbar, Click Undo or
Redo

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295. Change Font Typeface and Size
To change the font size:
Change text color
Font styles and effects
Change paragraph alignment

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296. Change Font Typeface and Size
To change the font typeface:

Click the arrow next to the font name and
choose a font.
Change text color

Font style: Bold, Italic, and Underline
WordArt, SmartArt, Symbols,

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297. Paragraphs: text alignment, indent, text
direction.

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298. 6

4

Series 1
2
Series 2
0
Series 3

To format the chart. Chart Tools appear on the
ribbon when you click on the chart. (appears on
need) they are; Design, Layout, and Format
You can edit, modify (labels), move a chart

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299. If the slide contains a chart placeholder(a small icon of
a chart among a group of five other icons for
table, clip art, picture, SmartArt, or video), double-
click that placeholder to add the chart to the slide.
PowerPoint displays the Create Chart dialog box.
OR choose Chart from the Insert ribbon.
Click to select a chart from the inventory of chart
types in the Create Chart dialog box. Click OK to
request that specific chart type.
You can now enter the data for your chart.

After you enter the data and close Excel, you can
position and format the chart on your slide.

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300. Click Tables on the Insert Tab and choose one
of the following:
Select number of columns and rows
Click Insert Table.
Click the Draw Table, create your table by
clicking and entering the rows and columns

Modify table by clicking on it, notice two Tabs
appear. Go to Design and Layout.

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301. On the Insert Tab, click on picture, locate where
your picture is and insert it.

Copy the picture and paste

Adding a photo Album. Click on Photo Album
on Insert Tab.

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302. On the Insert Tab. Click Movie or Sound on the
Media Clips group.
Locate your audio file and insert it.

You can insert sound from a sound file (such as a
.wav file or an .mp3).

A sound can begin as soon as the slide appears in
the presentation or only after you, the
presenter, click the speaker icon that represents
the sound.

As with sound, you insert video clips into a
presentation from the Insert ribbon, then Click
down arrow on the Movie button.

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303. Bulleted lists, numbered lists and outline lists
combine numbers and letters.
Add list to existing text or create a new list.
On the Home Tab: Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists
button

Nested Lists: A list with several levels of
indented text. To create a nested list:

You can also format the list.

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304. Check the spellings throughout the document.
Click the Review tab - Proofing group -
Spelling.

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305. Preview slide show from the beginning
Use f5 on your keyboard.

Preview slide show from the current slide
Use slide show view.

Set up Slide Show: automatic or controlled by
the presenter

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306. Consistency through out the design.
Fonts, themes,…..
Use graphics and pictures when possible

Use contrasting background and text colors
Do not add sound for special presentations
Do not crowd your slides
Remove unnecessary information

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307. To start the Slide Show, Click Slide Show on the
Presentation Views group on the View tab

Or click the slide show icon on the status bar

Use the arrow keys/click to move in a
presentation

Press the Escape (Esc) key to end the slide show.

Access tool pen during presentation press
Ctrl+P, CTRL+A to disable the pen.

Press E to erase strokes.

Words close to the edge of the screen may be cut
off by the projector .

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308. Slides print a full-page slide on each page.

Handouts print as many slides as you designate
on each page.

Notes Page prints one slide with that slide's notes
on each page .

Outline view prints the outline of the
presentation

To print, Click on Office button and select Print.
A Print Dialog box will open where you can
choose from the different options of printing.

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309. Lecture 8
Internet and Web

UCC 1100
Computer Fundamentals

310. Internet
Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.

Internet: is a network of networks consisting of
millions of other (private, public, academic,
business, and government) networks.

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol (define to
establish and maintain a network conversation to
exchange data)
IP: Internet Protocol Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 2

311. Advantages of Internet
Sharing Information
Collection of Information
News
Searching Jobs
 Advertisement
Communication
Online Education
Medical Advice
Obtain Results

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 3

312. Disadvantages of Internet
Spreads viruses through email & downloads
Security problems valuable data may be deleted
Promotes immorality through text, pics, or movies
Provides inaccuracy information
Wastage of time
English language problems, some people cannot avail
the facility of internet
Promotes pornography due to many pornographic site
Spamming, sending un-wanted emails
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 4

313. Advantages of Networking
Data or file sharing
Hardware sharing
Internet access
Data security and management
Entertainment in form of games music etc.
Connectivity and communication
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 5

314. Disadvantages of Networking
Failure of the server, users may not be able to run
any application programs
Lose of data due faults in the network
Difficult to make the system secure from the
hackers
Resource planning is centralized
Network performance degrades increase in
traffics
Difficult to manage if the network is large

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 6

315. Search Engine
Search engine - manipulation of data.
Computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a
database or from a computer network. (Google, Yahoo, Met etc)

A web search engine: design to search for information on the world
wide web.

Web browser: an interface that helps a computer user gain access to all
the content on the internet or computer hard disk.

Examples of Web browser
Internet explorer
Mozilla Firefox
Safari
Opera
Google chrome

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 7

316. The Web vs. The Internet
•The World Wide Web (The Web) is only a portion of what
makes up the internet, but it is the fastest growing part of
the internet.

•The Web lets people, organizations and companies
publish information for other people to see.
•This makes the Web a very useful tool for
finding information on just about any topic.


Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 8

317. The Web vs. The Internet
The World Wide Web (WWW): Is a collection of
internet resources such as;
Hyperlinked text,
audio, and video files,
File transfer protocol (FTP),
and remote sites that can be accessed and searched by
browsers based on standards such as Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).



Friday, September 01, 2023
TL: Computer Fundamentals
9

318. The Web vs. The Internet
On the other hand,
Internet is
Massive network of networks.
Use various protocols such as
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP:File Transfer Protocol
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol)


Friday, September 01, 2023
TL: Computer Fundamentals
10

319. TCP/IP
•TCP/IP : is the basic communication protocol of the
Internet. It is used as a communication protocol in a
private network (either an intranet or an extranet).

•TCP/IP is a two-layer program.
•The higher layer (TCP), manages the assembling of a
message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted
over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that
reassembles the packets into the original message.

•The lower layer (IP), handles the address part of each
packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each
gateway computer on the network checks this address
to see where to forward the message.

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 11

320. FTP and HTTP
•FTP: is a standard network protocol used to transfer files
from one host to another host over TCP-based network,
such as the Internet.

•OR FTP is a protocol through which internet users can
upload files from their computers to a website or
download files from a website to their PCs.

•HTTP : is an application protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is
the foundation of data communication for WWW.
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 12

321. Client and Server
•Client computer:
•Users connect to the Internet
•Request data and Web pages

•Server computers
•Store Web pages and data
•Return the requested data to the client

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 13
Server
Client

322. IP address
•Internet Protocol (IP) address: uniquely identifies a
computer on the network.

•It is a 32-bit binary number that is divided into 4 groups
of 8 bits known as octets.

•131.123.35.4. IP address can be either Dynamic/static


Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 14

323. Internet Protocol Address
•Like every home in the real world has his own
address, every computer in the Internet has it's own
address - an IP address

•An IP address is 32 bits wide and by convention, it is
expressed as four decimal numbers separated by
periods, such as “131.123.35.4” representing the
decimal value of each of the four bytes

•IP address can be either Dynamic/static
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 15

324. Internet Service Provider
ISP (Internet service provider )
◦Internet service provider is a company that provides the
connections and support to access the internet.
◦ISP can be National, regional or local companies

•Choosing an ISP - Factors to consider:
•Cost, Internet upgrades, Bandwidth and network capacity
of ISP, Customer service, Reliability (How long has it been
in business and how many satisfied clients do they have? ),
Local access numbers,
E-mail options (Do you need more than one E-mail
account?),Trial period
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 16

325. Navigating the Web: Web Browsers
•Computer software
•Graphical
•Enables Web
navigation
•Popular browsers:
•Internet Explorer
•Netscape Navigator
•Mozilla firefox

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 17

326. Web Sites
•Web site:
•Collection of related Web pages
•First page known as Home or Index page

•Web page:
•HTML document
•Text and graphics
•Unique address
•Hyperlinks
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 18
Home page
Related
pages

327. URL
•Uniform Resource Locator
•Unique Web page address
•Each webpage location has its own address.
•The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the
documents Unique address on the WWW
•Each URL has several parts which can be
demonstrated using the address:


Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 19

328. Example 2: Web address cont’d…
•http://www.google.com/services/index.htm

•http: This part of the address lets you know what protocol to
use. In the above address for example, we are using http which
is hypertext transfer protocol.

•www: This indicates that the Web page you are looking at is
part of the World Wide Web. Many Web sites do not use www
but are still part of the Web.


Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 20

329. Web address cont’d…
•Google.com: this part of the address specifies the domain
name or the IP address or where the resource is located.

•The domain name also often indicates what the site is
about, for example www.dog.com is a Web site about
dogs.

•/services/: The "/" symbol indicates you have moved into
a specific directory in the Web sites. Directories are like
the folders on your computer and help to organize Web
pages in a Web sites.

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 21

330. Web address cont’d…
•index.htm: A word with ".htm" or "html" following it
indicates the name of the specific page in the Web site you
are looking at.


Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 22

331. URL Continued
•Domains are groups of Computers on the same network and are a
method to isolate communications between the members in the domain
and the other data traffic.

.aero Members of the air transport industry
.biz Businesses
.com Can be used by anyone
.coop Cooperative associations
.edu Degree granting institutions
.gov United States government
.info Information service providers
.mil United States military
.museum Museums
.name Individuals
.net Networking organizations
.org Organizations (often nonprofits)
.pro Credentialed professionals



Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 23

332. Hyperlinks
•Provide access to other Web pages
•Specially coded text or graphics
•Cursor becomes a hand with finger pointing upward
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 24

333. Search Engines
Searches for keywords
Returns a list of Web pages
Popular search engines:
Google
Alltheweb
Dogpile
Indexer
Spider
Search engine Software
www.metasearch.com

Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 25

334. Internet search methods
•Search methods are used by search tools to increase
the effectiveness and efficiency of Internet searches.

Search methods:
•Keyword
•Field
•Boolean
•Miscellaneous
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 26

335. Evaluating Web Sites
•Who is the author of the article or Web site sponsor?
•What audience is the site geared toward?
•Is the site biased?
•Is the information current?
•Are links available
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 27

336. Capabilities of the Internet
Three Main Functions
•Communicate

•Retrieve

•Shop, Buy, and Sell
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 28

337. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
•E-mail: System of creating, sending and storing textual data in
digital form over a network. Or method of exchanging digital
messages.
•2 major section:
•Header: contain info about the mail (sender, receiver, etc.)
•Body: message itself

•Examples of email programs
Microsoft outlook express
Yahoo mail
Gmail
Eudora
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 29

338. Email Header Fields
•From: email address or optionally the name of the
author (sender)

•To: email address(es), and optionally name(s) of
the message’s recipient(s). Primary receiver (Cc)
and Secondary receivers (Bcc)
•Cc: Carbon copy
•Bcc: Blind Carbon copy

•Subject: Brief summary of the topic of the
message.

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339. Advantages of Using Email
Easy to use
Speed, as emails are delivered instantly
Cheap
Efficient, sending to a group can be done in one step
Simple
Environment friendly
Easier for references
Reliable and secure
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 31

340. Disadvantages of Using Email
Viruses
Spam
Hacking
Misinterpretation of content if typed in hurry
Crowded inbox
Need to check the inbox regularly
Sensitive info can be easily distributed
Lose of interest in reading if the email content is too long
Friday, September 01, 2023 TL: Computer Fundamentals 32