Concept of Memorial, Definition, and types of Archeological evidences in india and World Sati, Virakal, Megalithic, war memorial, Menhir, dolmen

Concept of Memorial, Definition, and types of Archeological evidences in india and World
Sati, Virakal, Megalithic, war memorial, Menhir, dolmen

1. Memorial
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh
DIHRM, New Delhi
Memorial

2. Concept
Definition
Theory
Types
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 2 / 30

3. Memorial
A memorial is a structure, object, or event created to honor, remember, or
commemorate a person, group, or event, usually of historical or emotional
significance. Memorials serve as symbols of remembrance, often helping
people reflect on the past, preserve cultural or historical memory, and pay
respect to those who have passed or endured a significant event
Types of Memorials:
Physical Monuments: Structures like statues, plaques, buildings, or parks
(e.g., Rastriya Samrak, New Delhi Lincoln Memorial, Vietnam Veterans
Memorial).
Ceremonies and Observances: Annual events or rituals, such as
Memorial Day or Remembrance Day, where people gather to honor
individuals or events Prakram Diwas.
Cultural Memorials: Books, songs, films, or artworks created to honor a
person or event.
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 3 / 30

4. Memorial
Virtual Memorials: Websites or digital archives dedicated to preserving
the memory of someone or something.
Personal Memorials: Items like keepsakes, jewelry, or even tattoos, often
made by individuals to privately honor loved ones. Purpose of Memorials:
Remembrance: To ensure future generations remember significant
people, events, or sacrifices.
Education: To teach about historical events, achievements, or tragedies.
Healing: To provide comfort to those grieving or to communities
recovering from loss.
Recognition: To celebrate accomplishments or sacrifices made for a cause
or nation.
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 4 / 30

5. Memorial
Jayastambha Qutub Minar A 240 ft tall red sandstone minaret named
after Qutb-ud-din-Aibak, the first Muslim ruler of North India
The India Gate (formerly known as All India War Memorial) is a war
memorial located near the Rajpath (officially called Kartavya path) on the
eastern edge of the ”ceremonial axis” of New Delhi.
National War Memorial A memorial with a central obelisk and four
concentric circles representing a Chakravyuh
Amar Jawan Jyoti A flame that burns at the bottom of the central obelisk
of the National War Memorial .
Victoria Memorial A memorial to the deceased Queen Victoria, built in
Kolkata by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of British India
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 5 / 30

6. Sati Stone
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 6 / 30

7. Sati Stone
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 7 / 30

8. Sati Stone
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 8 / 30

9. Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 9 / 30

10. Sati Stone
Sati, also known as suttee, is the practice of a Hindu widow burning
herself alive on her husband’s funeral pyre. It is considered a sacred
tradition in Hinduism, but it is also controversial.
The origins of sati are debated, but it was likely a royal custom that
Brahmins adopted in the second half of the first millennium CE.
Some scholars believe that the first woman to commit sati was the
goddess Sati.
The practice may have developed in the medieval era in northwestern
Rajput clans.
Women believed it was their duty to die with their husband.
They may have felt they had no other options for continuing to live.
They may have been coerced into doing so.
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 10 / 30

11. Sati stone
In 1837, Thomas Macaulay diluted the law against sati.
In 1862, the law was repealed.
In 1987, the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act was enacted, which
made it a crime to glorify the practice of sati
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 11 / 30

12. Virakkal
The hero stones were created to commemorate heroes who sacrificed their
lives in war. These hero stones were known as Natukkal or Virakkal.
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 12 / 30

13. Megalithic
Menhirs are monolithic pillars planted vertically into the ground in memory
of the dead.
Menhir at Singaripalayam in Tirupur District and at Vembur in Theni
District points to the existence of an ancient settlement along the banks of
River Uppar.
Menhirs are found at Narasingampatti, Madurai district,
Kumarikalpalayam and Kodumanal in Erode district
Megalithic monuments are the structures of large and roughly dressed
stones, erected as sepulchral monuments or as memorials of notable
events. These monuments have been built up by the people from various
parts of the world living in several different periods. Megaliths in India
represent a widespread phenomenon
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 13 / 30

14. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 14 / 30

15. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 15 / 30

16. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 16 / 30

17. Megalithic
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 17 / 30

18. Megalithic
Polylithic Type:
Dolmen- a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb with a table like
structure;
Taula- a T-shaped stone monument;
Cistvaen- a burial chamber consists of flat stone slabs in a box-like
shape; passage grave- a structure consists of a narrow passage made of
large stones and one or multiple burial chambers covered in earth or stone;
Tumulus- a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves;
punden - a step earth and stone pyramid; cairn - a man-made pile or stack
of stones;
Cromlech- a stone structure with three or more stones placed as supports
with one at top as a cover, having one side open;
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 18 / 30

19. Megalithic
Kurgan- a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves;
nuraghi – a structure with the shape of a truncated conical tower;
Talayota structure similar to nuraghis but not related;
Sessi– a reduced conical structures made up from stones like nuraghi but
are not associated;
Round tower- a hollow-walled tower;
Marae– a structure consisted of an area of cleared land, roughly
rectangular, bordered with stones or wooden posts with a central stone in
some cases;
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 19 / 30

20. Megalithic
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 20 / 30

21. Megalithic
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 21 / 30

22. Megalithic
Figure:
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 22 / 30

23. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 23 / 30

24. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 24 / 30

25. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 25 / 30

26. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 26 / 30

27. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 27 / 30

28. Megalithic
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 28 / 30

29. Megalithic
.Complex Megalithic Structures: The megalithic monuments, which
are constructed in complicated pattern in comparison to simple megalithic
structures, are included in the category of complex megalithic structures.
These configurations are further divided into subcategories. The structures
are included in this group are:
Dolmen– a structure with mostly four orthostatic boulders or slabs and
one cap stone (two types: dolmen without opening and dolmen with port
hole);
.Cista box like grave or burial chamber, built of stone slabs (four types:
dolmenoid cist, cist with port hole, transepted cist and encircled
cist);
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 29 / 30

30. Megalithic
Rock-cut cave– a caves structure made by scooping out a pit in the
laterite rock approached by rock cut steps with one or more doorways cut
in the sides of the pit (five types: multi chambered cave, cave with a
top opening, cave with central pillar, cave without central pillar and
benched cave).
Continue in part 2............
Dr. Aman Kumar Singh DIHRM, New Delhi Memorial 30 / 30