Concept Of Motivation And Motivation

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1. Concept Of Motivation And Motivation
Concept of Motivation
Motivation is an important factor which can increase the efficiency in an organization. People need
to be motivated in order to use organizational resources effectively. The ability of the manager to
motivate his/her workers affects their performance (productivity). Motivation is an effective tool in
the hands of management in stimulating the labor force. Motivation increases the eagerness of the
employees to work, thus increasing productivity and value of the organization.
We all start a new job with lots of eagerness and enthusiasm to do well. But over time, due to bad
company guidelines and poor work settings, many of us lose our drive and excitement.
Each individual has different set of needs and essentials, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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Also, Theory Z workers have a high need to be supported by the company, and highly value a
working environment in which such things as family, cultures and traditions, and social institutions
are regarded as equally important as the work itself. These types of workers have a very well
developed sense of order, discipline, moral obligation to work hard, and a sense of cohesion with
their fellow workers. Finally, Theory Z workers, it is assumed, can be trusted to do their jobs to their
utmost ability, so long as management can be trusted to support them and look out for their well–
being (Massie & Douglas, 1992).
Management Theories for Motivational Management Principles
According to Dolan, Simon & Lingham, Tony (2012), there are three classifications of theories of
motivation. They combined them and listed them in Table 3.1 (section3.3) starting with is Content
Theories (e.g., Maslow's Needs Hierarchy) that "assume that behavior attempts to satisfy
needs/address the questions of what needs trigger motivation." The next classification is Process
Theories (e.g., Locke's Goal–Setting) that are characterized as "behavior is rational and involves
cognitive thought processes/Address the question of why people behave as they do." The last
classification is
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3. Examples Of Motivation And Motivation
Motivation and Emotion
Nuval, Cyrhene Ashley
Section B71
Malayan Colleges Laguna
General Psychology
Gerson Francis Tuazon Motivation and Emotion
"If you can't fly, then run. If you can't run, then walk. If you can't walk, then crawl, but whatever
you do, you have to keep moving forward."
– Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
Why is managing one's motivation critical to my success as a student? For me motivation is what a
student need in college. Why? It is because college is the most depressing, hard, and the cause of
insomnia among students, now why do I say so? It is because in college even if you are doing and
trying your very best it seems not enough and the feeling of something wrong is in everything you
do. And since it is not enough and the feeling of something is wrong is in the mind of the person, it
will most likely be the cause of people giving up and can be also the cause of just settling for a
passing grade and stop trying to achieve much more, something greater. And that is why people call
college the hell. That is why motivation needed and critical to the success of all the students, be it in
college, in high school, and even in elementary. For students and for me, motivation is like the light
in a dark alley way where different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For me, being able to control certain emotions is like a medicine to any illness in the world. Why do
I say so? It is because if you have control in your emotions it means you have the control in your
life. It is like, control your emotions, if you let your emotions took over, it will also took over your
life, in which it is critical for success. Emotions is something that could be a potential ingredient in
success and it also can be a potential ingredient in failure, but then again failure is something that
can lead to success. Why wait to fail when you can be successful anyway? That is why emotions is a
critical component in
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5. Motivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay
Overview of Presentation
What is motivation?
Cognitive theories of Motivation
Forms of Motivation
Motivation Theories
Profile of Motivational Problems
How to Motivate Students(
What is Motivation?
Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder
(2006) defined Motivation as follows: "Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and
behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in
any given task, how they think and feel about the task, and how long they persist at the task"
(Urdan, T. & Schoenfelder, E., 2006)
Forms of Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Driven by external factors: (
Grades(
Treats(
Stickers(
Praise
Intrinsic Motivation(Driven by internal factors:
Fun
Interests
Challenges
Theories of Motivation
Profiles of Motivational Problems in Students (Stipek, 2002)
Defensive Daniel/ Danica

6. Pretends to be working but is just playing around
Afraid to try because he/she fears that everyone will know that he/she is "dumb"
One of the worst students in class
Puts his/her energy into preventing teachers and classmates from concluding that he/she lacks ability
The strategies he/she uses to avoid looking dumb prevents him/her from getting smart
Gives teachers impression that he/she is working diligently but just gets the answer from a classmate
or from copying from someone else's paper
Wants everyone to notice that he/she isn't trying
Prefers to be known
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8. Motivation And Its Effect On Motivation
Abstract
The current state of education puts little emphasis on intrinsic motivation yet asks "how can I
motivate my students?" "Children are intrinsically motivated to learn, to undertake challenges, and
to solve problems" (Deci & Ryan, p. 11) and this is the theme of the research. Intrinsic motivation is
already built into the child since birth and it is the education system that is tearing it down. Teachers
believe that extrinsic motivation or using rewards will improve the outcome of the task and will
motivate the students to continue. Which in truth, the learning environments need to be less
controlled and learners should have a choice about their learning, content should be relevant to them
and interesting, and they must feel accepted in the classroom.
"Motivation can be defined as the process by which children's goal–directed activity is instigated
and attained" (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996, p. 159). The purpose of motivation is to keep the individual
moving toward the goal and with that the motivation can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic
motivation is participating in a desired activity just for the pleasure and this is central to humans'
tendencies to learn and develop. While with extrinsic motivation the desired activity has some type
of outcome such as praise or a reward attached to the activity.
Intrinsic Motivation at a Young Age Carlton, M and Winsler, A (1998) begin with discussing that
when children are born they are
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10. Student Motivation : Students Motivation
STUDENT MOTIVATION IN COLLEGE
Motivation is defined as the acts or psychological processes that arouse and direct people's goal–
directed behavior (Kinicki & Williams, 2012) and that drives them to the expenditure of effort to
accomplish results (DuBrin, 2008, cited in Williams & Williams, 2011); seen that way, motivation is
inherent to the human being and of complete necessity in order to realize any endeavor. It's pertinent
to cite H. W. Beecher who said: "God made man to go by motives, and he will not go without them
any more than a boat without steam, or a balloon without gas. Find out what motivates man, touch
that button to turn the key that makes men achieve". (cited in Williams & Williams, 2011).
Student motivation is one of the most important factors educators can address to improve learning,
besides, numerous evidence suggest that the lack or loss of motivation is one of the most common
and persistent problems in the classroom (Pintrich, 1994, cited in Debnath, 2005); and for adult
learning, or students in higher education, the creation of appropriate classroom environments, and
the need for enhancing academic performance is a constant objective and unresolved goal of most
academic institutions (Debnath, 2005).
But motivation is a very complex subject and there have been developed multiple approaches that
try to explain it in order to be able to modify, increase or direct motivation to achieve results. From
monetary incentives to stimulate student performance
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12. Employee Motivation And Motivation Theory
Employees are valuable resources for companies and them could be competitive advantages for
modern companies. It is important for modern companies to improve employee satisfaction and
performance so that they can improve their organisational performance and competitiveness
(Armstrong, 2006). As a result, Employee's motivation management is significantly for companies.
Motivation is a cognitive process to guide, initiate, direct and maintain goal–oriented activities. It
can also be defined as the driving forces directing people's actions (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013).
Employees making contribution for firms because they are motivated by something, such as
successful companies can always identify the factors motivating their employees and conduct
responsive practices to motivate employees to improve performance (Podmoroff, 2005).
Diversity motivation theories explained what motivate people at work, such as extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation theory, Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two–factor theory, equity theory,
expectancy theory, goal–setting theory, and inner work life theory, etc (Huczynski and Buchanan,
2013). People try to explain the motivation concept from the different point of views. These
perspectives can be divided into two types. One is content theories, which focus on goals and needs
of human beings, and the other is process theories which focus on the cognitive and decision–
making process in the mind of people. Every theory has made some contribution
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14. Motivation : Motivation And Motivation
Overall, motivation is, "the general desire or willingness of someone to do something" (Oxford
Dictionaries). For me, motivation plays a significant role in accomplishing goals, working harder,
and being successful. Internal and external forces also have a powerful impact on my motivation. I
discovered that my motivation stems from both internal and external forces equally. However,
sometimes motivation is lacking when doing something unpleasant or undesirable, such as writing
an essay. Thankfully, there are numerous ways to increase motivation. "Motivation and enthusiasm
manifest as desire and interest, and as a driving force that pushes you to take action and pursue
goals" (Sasson). Motivation can influence behavior in multiple ways. I know for me that my
behavior and decisions have been impacted by my motivation. I am very goal oriented and I have
the ambition and drive to work harder to achieve my goals. My junior year in high school, after
taking a sports medicine class, I decided I wanted to become a doctor and specialize in sports
medicine. I knew this would be a long term goal and I would have to give it my all if I wanted to
achieve it. Once I had this objective in mind, I became highly motivated to do well in school so that
I could go to a reputable college. After realizing my goal, I worked harder in high school, held
leadership positions in clubs, and even obtained a job as a physical therapy assistant to gain
experience. Now looking back at high school, I
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16. Notes On Motivation Theory And Motivation
Chapter 2: Literature review
2.1. Motivation theory
Types of motivation
According to Pritchard and Ashwood (2008: 6), motivation is the process used to allocate energy to
maximize the satisfaction of needs. It requires that one have a reason to do something. Well–know
researchers in this area Ryan and Deci (2010) believe that a person, who feels no drive or inspiration
to act, can therefore be characterized as unmotivated, while someone who is energized toward a goal
can be defined as motivated. People may also experience differing levels and types of motivation
based on their individual backgrounds, which means that they vary not only in their amount of
motivation, but also in the trend of that motivation (Ryan and Deci, 2000). Different things motivate
people who come from different social, cultural, economic and/or financial backgrounds, or who
have received different education. An employee's motives, socio–economic background and value
system will have an effect on how they work, as well as influence the outcome of their performance
(Wyk and Erasmus, 2003: 315).
Many researchers have worked in the field of motivation over the years, and developed different
theories. Maslow 's 'Hierarchy of needs' theory proposes that an individual's most basic needs must
be met before they will develop higher level desires (Goble, 1970). Maslow created the term
'metamotivation' to explain the motivations of those people, which go beyond the extent of their
basic needs and instead
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18. Motivation, Extrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation
INTRODUCTION
A widely observed behavior in students is their decrease in motivation. Many will label students as
being 'lazy' or 'careless' with their work when in reality multiple factors are influencing their
motivation to do well in school. Two kinds of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic, are the primary
influences on how students behave in school. Intrinsic motivation is very important because it is
what makes students want to learn more because the reward is self–satisfaction and enjoyment in the
tasks they are doing. If a student is more motivated by extrinsic motives it means they are working
by external pressures or constraints such as grades. These students will tend to show more signs of
extrinsic motivation, which in turn decreases intrinsic motivation. This decrease in intrinsic
motivation is what sets many students apart from their seemingly more successful peers. In a study
done by Henderlong and Lepper in 2002, it was shown that too much focus on extrinsic values leads
to an overall decrease to perform in school because the intrinsic motivation has decreased. This also
shows that intrinsic motivation is in fact what leads to students being motivated in school and in the
classroom. Overall, intrinsic motivation is crucial to student wellness in terms of behavior,
academics, and emotional wellbeing. Authoritative figures in the classroom such as teachers have
the most influence on student motivation whether they are aware of it or not. This being said
teachers
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20. Extrinsic Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation
Each of the jobs requires a great amount of hard work, dedication, and varying skills and abilities
depending on the tasks they are performing. Each of the different jobs conducted within our
charitable organization include task identity, each worker must complete their specific portion of
work from beginning to end, to then pass it on to the next employee so in the end they are all able to
see a tangible result. Each of the jobs within our charitable ogranization include the first three core
job characteristics, having skill variety, task identity, as well as a high level of task significance.
The five employees working at our charitable agency have the ability to affect the lives of many
families, and even the ability to change people's lives and get them the help that they need. Our
agency has the ability to affect the lives of other people in a positive way, which leads to intrinsic
motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when the employees have positive internal feelings that are
generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on external factors like incentive pay or
compliments from the boss, leading to motivation to work effectively.
Designing a Motivating Workplace – The Job Characteristics Model As stated previously, the five
employees at our charitable agency for the most part have a high level of skill variety, task identity,
and task significance, but the two core job characteristics in the Job Characteristics Model that need
the most improvement
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22. Motivation, Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation is a very important factor no matter what sport you coach or what the team or athlete
goals are. A true coach must be able to understand their athlete and be able to tap into their
motivation, maximizing their performance. Chapter four was written about two particular types of
motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic. No matter what theory you believe, all theories boil down to
these two types of motivation. Knowing the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,
can help you hone in on athletes, their goals, and help them maximize their performance.
Succeeding in sports, really boils down to three main characteristics, helping athletes set goals and
work towards them, conducting reviews of athlete's performance with the athlete, and conduct team
sessions. When it comes towards motivation, the easiest way to get an athlete working towards a
goal is to sit down and conduct a goal setting session with them. Every person has goals they want
to attain, but may not know how to deploy a plan of action towards achieving those goals. There are
many ways to conduct goal setting, some ways are easier than others. One I like to use is a seven
step process. The athlete writes down their goal, being very specific, define where you are right
now, identify key areas to improve on in order to achieve the goal, identify actions to take and
attitudes to help keep moving towards the goal, identify a short term goal to begin momentum,
create an image of the goal that an
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24. Theories Of Motivation And Motivation
2.2 Motivation
Kressler (2003, 1–2) defines motivation as a rationale behind human behavior; anyone who has
motives is motivated and has reasons and causes for their actions and inaction. Rationale to work is
generally a combination of necessity to work, to satisfy individual needs and to avoid frustration.
However motivation is highly personal and people react differently to motivational factors.
Armstrong (2006, 317) continues that motivation has three dimension; direction that tells what
person is trying to do, effort which explains how hard persons is trying and persistence that clarifies
how long person keeps on trying. Motivation shortly is a goal–directed behavior where actions lead
to a valued reward and as Pinder (2008, 11) defines: "Work motivation is a set of energetic forces
that originate both within as well as beyond individual's being to initiate work–related ... Show more
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However not in all organizations employees are responsible of their career development and it might
need managerial presence in order to be achieved. For that rewards like incentives, promotions,
praises and appraisals are created. It is how–ever argued whether rewards affect to work motivation
or just the quality of working life since it is commonly agreed that monetary rewards like bonuses or
incentives have only short time effect on human behavior and motivation is a long run matter. Cam–
eron&Pierce (2002, 11) even claimed that money or other high rewards can be harmful or lead to
negative motivation if they are frequently used since employees might get used to it and when
monetary rewards are being discontinued it can make them do less and more importantly enjoy less
of their doing since there is no reward
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26. Motivation And Motivation For Employees
Motivation in the work place has always been a problem for employers. It is a key element in
keeping the employees driven to do good work or finish tasks on time. There are several methods of
motivation that help employees stay with an organization. Motivation varies from person to person.
Different methods of motivation drive people differently. Webster's dictionary says motivation is
something inside people that drives them to action. In other words it is the willingness to work at a
level of effort. It is a day to day struggle for managers, supervisors, employers to keep its employees
motivated not only finish the job at hand with perfection in mind but also to keep employees for as
long as possible. "Motivation comes from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea that a group of people came together to accomplish a goal was used by the Egyptians to
build the great pyramids, the Chinese to build the Great Wall of China, and the Romans when
building roads, or sewer systems. It took nearly 76000 square feet, 480 feet high and has over 2
million blocks of stone each weighing 2.5 tons. Imagine the management needed to build this
incredible structure. It was only 7 inches from being a perfect square at a time with no computers,
calculators, or advanced mathematics. Also take into mind the type of motivation that employees or
peasants had at the time of building these pyramids. They were only offered food and water for the
work they had to do. Fast forward to the 18th century during the industrial revolution when division
of labor was brought up by Adam Smith who suggested to make work more efficient by
specialization. This means that each person would specialize in building or making a product and
repeatedly make the same item countless times. This was known as the Factory System. The
advantages to this system is "
Development of skill
Saving of time
Possibility of using specialized tools"
This dramatically improved the production process and allowed employees to specialize and build
on their skill to further advance themselves. This followed by the invention of machines and robots
doing all the manual labor increased productivity and revolutionized the
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28. Motivation And School Applications Of Motivation
Motivation and School Applications
Early theoretical models of motivation consider its source to be primarily instinctive
(Schunk, 2012). The stimuli–response model of the behaviorist paradigm did not account for the
cognitive aspects current theorists assert are intrinsic to the learning process (Martinez, 2010;
Schunk, 2012). Behaviorism is the attempt to understand humans through observations of their
actions rather than on a cognitive level and considers the learning process as a superficial
construction between stimuli and responses (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000; Schunk, 2012).
The advent of cognitive sciences in the 1950s changed how learning was theorized and began to
examine the importance of the social and cultural contexts of the learning process (Bransford et al,
2000). Behaviorism in the context of the learning environment may yield the transfer of knowledge
but does so in a way reliant on the promise of external rewards (Schunk, 2012). While the use of
extrinsic motivation and reward systems are widespread in learning environments to help maintain
engagement and appropriate behaviors, it is also of high importance to foster and maintain intrinsic
motivation in students so the reward is the learning experience and growth itself (Martinez, 2010;
Schunk, 2012). The positivist climate in schools may make it difficult to cultivate intrinsically
motivated students as test scores, peer comparisons, teacher praise, and promotion are all extrinsic
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30. Motivation : Motivation And Motivation
Motivation to work
Jesus Guzman Psych 301
One topic of I–O Psychology that I found most interesting is motivation to work. The exploration of
what it takes to push someone forward to follow certain company standards or rules and fulfilling a
responsibility of behaving a certain way to help it succeed. I specifically want to explore the
relationship between rewards and motivation. A few studies caught my attention; one was an
exploration of a relationship between money attitudes and Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the
second was to see if what kind of impact nearly winning had on motivation for unrelated rewards.
The first one was interesting because it attempts to prove the idea that money attitudes helps drive
an individual in to achieve all 5 of Maslow's needs. The second one explores what kind of
motivational effects there are in a near–win experience. The third one that stood out to me was to
determine if every day verbal rewards have a strong connection with self–determined motivation.
Intrinsic motivation stems from accomplishing something someone enjoys doing, not hoping to gain
a reward. This third study tries to prove through verbal rewards, autonomous motivation can be
promoted and lead to more positive outcomes than tangible rewards.
One theory dealing with the topic of motivation is the self–determination theory. This theory is
concerned with a person's psychological need to grow, their intrinsic tendencies and choices made
without external influence. Its three
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32. The Motivation Level Of Motivation And Self Control
Introduction Motivation is literally the desire to do things. It's the different between waking up
before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. It's the crucial element in
setting and attaining goals – and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation
and self–control. (Psychology Today, 2014) An individual, while capable of determining their goals
should align professional goals with the organization; in turn this organization will need to
determine the motivation level of their employees through evaluation of the goals outlined by the
employee and how to plan to attain those goals. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (2008) examine in
their self–determination theory people's life goals or aspirations, showing differential relations of
intrinsic versus extrinsic life goals to performance and psychological health. They discuss further
that when people are controlled, they experience pressure to think, feel, or behave in particular
ways. Both autonomous and controlled motivation energizes and direct behavior and they stand in
contrast to amotivation , which refers to a lack of intention and motivation. In an earlier study
completed by Ryan and Deci (2000), they explained that "because of the functional and experiential
differences between self–motivation and external regulations, a major focuses of Self–
Determination Theory (SDT) has been to supply a more differentiated approach to motivation, by
asking what kind of motivation is
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34. Motivation : Motivation For College Students
Motivation for College Students
Isaiah Hernandez
Estrella Mountain Community College
Psychology 101
March 10th, 2017
Motivation for College Students Introduction Motivation is defined as the process that initiates,
guides, and maintains goal–oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is
getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. (Cherry, 2016)
Motivation plays the role in everyday lives. Ones motivation to do something differs from ones feels
and the type of motivation towards the action that is being done. By studying motivation, we learn
what gives our behavior its purpose, direction and sustainability. (Bond & McConkey, 2001, p. 6.3).
School and motivation go hand and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, if a child doesn 't respond at all to external motivators, and he or she needs to do
something unpleasant and undesired, that child is unlikely to engage in the desired behavior. (Frank,
2017) College Students motivation The life of many college students is stressful and challenging.
(Medora & Woodward,1986) For college students being forced to go to school is never the case but
it is a choice by the student whether to attend or not. Motivation then plays a huge factor for student.
Motivation is needed to pursue the certain major the college student chooses by interest and the
success to graduate college.
Students who are intrinsically motivated can experience greater pleasure and emotional intimacy
because being intrinsically motivated are usually positive degree feelings such as enjoyment,
pleasure, satisfaction, and self–leniency. Students can be always motivated by those internal rewards
from the learning itself. While for other students who are extrinsically motivated, they "may work
efficiently in the short term in response to external wages and inducement , but their motivation is
unlikely to sustain itself autonomously if the learning experience does not generate internal or
intrinsic rewards" (ibid.22). Those students that work for extrinsic rewards are passive because if the
external reinforcement isn 't available, then they have no reason to do it and they may remain
stagnant with no motivation. Although college is by choice
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36. Motivation And Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation is defined as the driving force or the reason behind any action. There are two types of
motivation:–
1. Extrinsic Motivation:
Extrinsic motivation is defined as the type of motivation in which the person is motivated by
external benefits. These benefits can occur in tangible or intangible forms. Extrinsic motivation that
is in tangible nature includes money, medals and trophies while intangible forms of extrinsic
motivation includes praise, recognition etc. For example a student who works hard only to gain
highest marks is considered to be extrinsically motivated.
2. Intrinsic Motivation:
Intrinsic motivation is defined as a type of motivation in which the person is motivated to perform a
certain activity without any desire of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High employee motivation helps businesses to achieve high levels of productivity and eventually
more profits. A highly motivated workforce is energetic, creative and committed to organization's
goals. Therefore it is important for the management to achieve highest levels of motivation of their
employees by using extrinsic and intrinsic motivational strategies to form a profitably organization.
Extrinsic Motivational Strategies
Extrinsic motivational strategies includes:
Payment Methods:
Money is an important motivator for people who are extrinsically motivated. To increase extrinsic
motivation in an employee, the management can use different payment methods according to the
nature of their organization. These payment methods include time rate, piece rate or simply an
increment.
Time rate:
Time rate is a type of payment method in which the employee is paid according to the amount of
time she spends at the workplace while piece rate is the kind of payment method in which the
employee is paid according to the number of goods that are produced by that specific employee.
For example, a bus driver will be motivated to spend more hours at work, driving bus so that she is
able to earn more. This will act as an extrinsic motivator.

37. Piece
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39. Motivation Strategy For Employee Motivation Essay
Student ID: 34068643
Q2. Drawing on examples from the service sector to illustrate your arguments, critically compare
and explore the strength and weaknesses of at least two theories of motivation.
With the rapid changes of modern business environment, the competition between organizations
becomes more and more fierce. In order to be competitive enough to stand out from the rest,
businesses try to enhance their competitiveness by improving different area in the management
aspect. In addition to, as service sector has become the most dominant industry nowadays,
employee?s performance become more crucial as it can directly affect company?s performance
under the close relationship between customers and business in service sector. Motivation strategy
for employees thus become one of the issues that highly considered by managers nowadays.
According to Hermanta Doloi?s research on the relationship between productivity and motivation,
he has proven that employers are able to determine what factors will influence employee motivation
in order to increase the productivity. (Hermanta, 2007, P.5) Therefore, it is crucial to figure out a
suitable applicable motivation strategy for managers in order to increase the competitiveness of
organization. In this article, it will mainly focus on two theories of motivation, Herzberg?s two
factors theories and expectancy theories by Vroom. In the first part of the article, it will first briefly
introducing the main characteristics of both
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41. Motivation
10/3/2010
Lecture Map: We Are Here... Lecture Map: We Are Here...
Individual Biographical Traits Personality Values & Attitudes Ability Group Communication Other
Groups Conflict Power & Politics Group Structure Work Teams Leadership Decision Making
Organization Culture Structure Design Technology Work Processes Selection Processes Training
Programs Appraisal Practices
Lecturer: Cheryl "Nyahra" Gittens
Perception Motivation Individual Learning Decision Making
1
Lecturer: Cheryl " Nyahra" Gittens
2
The Motivation Process
What Is Motivation?
Motivation
The processes that account for an individual's willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach
organizational goals, conditioned by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Existence needs are similar to Maslow's physiological and E it d i il t M l ' h i l i l d security needs.
Relatedness needs are those that require interpersonal interaction to satisfy (prestige and esteem
from others). Growth needs are similar to Maslow's needs for self‚Äêesteem and
self‚Äêactualization.
13
14
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Concepts: More than one need can be operative at the same time.

42. Core Needs
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Need Growth Needs Progression Need Regression
Existence: provision of basic material requirements. Relatedness: desire for relationships. Growth:
desire for personal development.
If a higher–level need cannot higher level be fulfilled, the desire to satisfy a lower–level need
increases.
Relatedness Needs
Existence Needs
15 16
Herzberg's Two‚ÄêFactor Theory
– A theory of motivation based on job satisfaction. A satisfied employee is motivated from within to
work harder. A dissatisfied worker is not self‚Äêmotivated to work. Conclusion: Enriched jobs are
the key to self‚Äêmotivation. – Dissatisfiers: factors
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44. Motivation And Employee Motivation
Abstract
Motivation is very important subject in today's business every organization tries to motivate their
employee because of to perform well in workplace and achieve organization goals. This research
show relationship between employee motivation and their work performance in the organization
also show the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The basic goal of this research
is to identify connection between employee and their performance. Also show that intrinsic factors
have rather efficacy on relationship then extrinsic factors.
Contents
Introduction
Motivation is discussed widely from different people especially in twenty century, because every
organization wants to increase their profit and want to become famous in the world and try hard to
satisfy their customers. Those organizations how want to increase customer satisfaction and to
achieve their goals they send their employees to different seminars, for holidays and training
because employees are the main profit of an organization. Some people said employees are not only
the assets of an organization they are essential subscriber and effective factors for business
production. Employees are not only motivated by money this concept is wrong motivation come
from different approach by work levels, from senior to junior levels, in workplace. Motivation
depend on manager it is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many practices are done for various types of employee motivation can influx the performance
of employee in workplace? Also this study analyzes the basic motivation opinion and approaches.
Knowing these basic opinion and approaches give authorization to organization senior managers to
taking decision about types of motivation.
Objectives
Identify why employee motivation are important
Explain motivation and how its different forms
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46. Motivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation
Jonathan Valdez
Professor Jones
Psychology
April 28 2016
Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge
roll in everyone's life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of
motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but
different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I
think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and can determine an outcome
of your life. To begin, Instinct motivation is a type of motivation that urges you to do something
because it's a natural feel that comes within you. Instinct motivation is a spontaneous pattern of
behavior. Psychiatrist such as Sigmund Freud suggested that human behavior is driven by life and
death instincts. Another thing about instinct motivation is that it involves your environment. Your
environment plays a huge role on the decision you make when it comes to life or death situations.
Instinct motivation is composed to three things. For example William McDougall says, "Instincts are
composed of three parts: perception, behavior and emotion." This means that all of those three
components make a part of your decision making towards the motivation to do something. So if you
have an impression of something and your instinct motivates you to do something you are likely to
do what you feel is right. William used a good example on when
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48. Motivation, Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation
Introduction
There are certain theories that works in the business organization at both practical and theoretical
levels and one of such theories is motivation. The term motivation has been defined, discussed and
has been dealt with a number of times as in accordance with the changing dynamics of the business
organizations. Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci defines a person to be motivated if, a person is
moved to do something. (2000). Thereby it simply means that the one who is not energized or
focused to be moving to his desired goal is unmotivated.
In Self–Determination Theory (Carol Sansone, Judith M. Harackiewicz, 2000) the types of
motivation were differentiated on the basis of different reasons or goals which actually initiates an
action. However the major two types of motivation that have been dealt with in a number of
organizational structures seminars are Extrinsic Motivation and Intrinsic Motivation. Where
extrinsic motivation serves to meet the non–job or indirect needs of the employees, which could be
easily understood from the situation that money is used as a medium to accomplish the desired ends
but it does not mean that monetary motivation is the only motivation or money is considered to be a
sure tool of providing motivation, similarly in the career perspectives the jobs play as an major role
in achieving the desired needs by way of the bonuses and perks. This simply means that higher the
monetary allowances, higher is the motivation to the employees to
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50. Positive Motivation And Motivation
What is motivation? Motivation is described as the DESIRE to achieve a goal through the
commencement or launching of goal–oriented behaviour. There are two ways that people are
motivated, Positive motivation and Negative motivation.
Negative motivation is motivation that takes place because people are afraid of the consequences if
they would be negatively motivated not to do something that would cause them anguish or guilt then
they would be negatively motivated not to do something. Negative motivation is good if you see an
alligator and react to get out of its way. Negative motivation should not be used to get a group of
people or a person to do something. If this happens in a work environment on a regular basis it
causes poor morale, high employee turnover, and sometimes even retaliation by the employees in
the form of theft or destruction of property. Negative motivation is not a way that will motivate any
group of people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why workplaces, schools, and other environments try to incorporate positive motivation
techniques into all of their activities. This seems to be far more effective for keeping people in line,
especially children. These rewards create positive behaviour and children are more likely to pay
attention, help others, and do the right thing. Adults act in much the same fashion. It does not matter
whether you work on commission or on salary, you will work harder if you are encouraged in a
positive manner.
When you think of the problems in your life, you may be dissatisfied that you haven't made the
changes that you could have. Most of us know that we could do more, we could work out, we could
eat well again, we could get knowledgeable and find a better occupation but getting motivated is
very easier said than done to do. But, instead of using negative motivation as a way to get something
done, sometimes positive motivation works much
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52. Motivation
Faculty of Business Studies
Tutor Marked Assignment
B202 A: Understanding Business Functions I
First Semester 2011 – 2012
This tutor–marked assignment consists of two parts each of which consists of a set of questions that
are based on a case study. This assignment will be graded out of a 100 and is worth 20% of the total
grade assigned to the course. Out of the 100 marks, 84% will be divided equally between the two
questions, that is, 42 marks for each case study. The remaining 16% will be distributed equally as
follows: presentation of ideas and organization of the answer, adherence to specified word count,
proper referencing and use of the E–library.
In this TMA, you are expected to demonstrate your knowledge and ... Show more content on
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Taylor's view of motivation applies to people who tend to work within narrow job confines such as
on a production line. These are people who can be paid according to the amount of work that they
do or units they produce. This is known as 'piece work'.
For many people pay is still a prime motivator. For example, within Kellogg's many employees are
motivated by cash alternatives which include the opportunity to buy and sell their holiday days.
Taylor's theory breaks down jobs into components or specialist tasks through the division of labour.
This especially applies to production processes within large companies like Kellogg's. These
rewards can help to increase productivity and profitability. The danger with this is that individuals
are simply focused on output to get rewards so quality might suffer as a result of employees rushing
to do the job.
Scientific management is not a process that allows development of people. It limits their ability to
take ownership of what they do. Kellogg's staff are encouraged to be creative and use their
imagination to contribute towards change. Consequently, Taylor's view of monetary reward for
output is not appropriate for the motivation required for this type of workplace.
Maslow
Maslow's theory relates motivation to a hierarchy of needs. At the bottom are essential physiological
needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. As individuals satisfy one level of need, their
motivations

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55. Motivation : Motivation And Motivation
Introduction
Motivation is the number one driving force behind anything and everything an individual does each
day. "Motivation is the desire to do the best possible job or to exert the maximum effort to perform
an assigned task. Motivation energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior directed towards a
goal." (Honor, 2009). Motivation can determine the outcome of projects, goals, and can set limits on
what an individual can obtain or what they believe they can obtain. Motivation often is the deciding
factor on how successful a project in an organization is, and an individual's needs and desires can
both influence a person's motivation greatly. Motivation can also determine how well an individual
does in school, college, or university.
Types of Motivation
There are several different kinds of motivation, and some of the different types include extrinsic
motivation, intrinsic motivation, physiological motivation, and achievement motivation. Intrinsic,
extrinsic, and psychological motivation all play a role in an individual's achievement motivation.
Extrinsic motivation is motivation from outside circumstances that can influence an individual's
motivation. Extrinsic motivation factors can range from social acceptance, a promotion, or even a
monetary reward. Intrinsic motivation on the other hand is motivation that comes from within an
individual. Intrinsic motivation factors would be a person's enjoyment and satisfaction they get from
achieving a task. A person's
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57. Motivation : Motivation And Motivation Essay
4) Motivation
Motivation is an important concept in modern psychology. It is not possible to understand, explain
or predict human behavior without some knowledge of motivation. Motivation is the effective
methods that relate to an individual 's intensity, route and determination of effort towards the
achievement of goals. Motivation is the process of producing and maintaining goal–directed
behavior. Motivation is a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs leads to
drives that is aimed at goals or incentives.
There are three levels of employees ' motivation. These levels are: 1) the direction of an employees '
behavior: It relates to those behaviors which the individual chooses to perform, 2) the level of effort:
It refers to how hard the individual is willing to work on the behavior, and 3) the level of
persistence: It refers to the individual 's willingness to pursue the behavior despite obstacles or
roadblocks.
Sources of motivation are categorized into two groups: extrinsic motivators and intrinsic motivators.
Behavior that is performed for its own sake is intrinsically motivated and behavior that is performed
to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment is extrinsically motivated. Examples of
extrinsic motivators are salary, working conditions and job security, while opportunities to use one 's
own initiative and creativity are examples of intrinsic motivators. –
The vast diversity of people and the complexity of their
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59. Motivation And Motivation For Employees
Most organizations seek employees that are highly motivated. This helps employees be higher
producers within the agency. Organizations expect their employees to do their best work to enhance
company. My organization also focuses on motivating employees to be more productive. Managers
have to be ready to motivation different types of people. However, most managers should be very
diverse when it comes to motivating employees. Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards play a huge part in
the success of an organization. As a manager, we have to be open to trying new theories that will
increase the productivity of the organization. This paper is will give some insight on motivation and
the roles it plays in my organization.
There are many theories on motivation. Motivating employees can be a hard task. Individuals have
to want to be motivated in order to except it. Ivancevich, Konopaske, and Matteson states that "Most
managers must motivate a diverse and, in many respects, unpredictable group of people" (p.121).
We all have different personalities, which can be harder to manage in an organization. Managers
need to have a sense of understanding when it comes to their employees. Our agency offers a
number of workshops on motivation and all managers are required to attend. This gives them more
information on how to handle the challenges of motivating and to be able to better serve the
employees.
One of the rewards that my organization offers is intrinsic. Intrinsic rewards are
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61. Motivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation...
In organizations all across the world you will find management working diligently to enhance or
maintain productivity. There are many things that can affect productivity, some that are within our
control and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an
organizations production. It is no secret that un–motivated employees equates to un–productive
workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the
definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques
that could be useful in our organizations.
What is employee motivation?
Motivation is a word used quite often in many different scenarios, at work, home, the gym as well as
other places. In order to explore employee motivation, let us first define the term. According to
Spector (2012), "motivation is generally defined as an internal state that induces a person to engage
in particular behaviors" (p.194). This seems to be some sort of internal pressure that helps propel us
forward in whatever endeavor we might be undertaking at the time. As with any topic that has been
repetitively researched over the years, the word motivation has been defined in many different ways.
In 1981 Kleinginna and Kleinginna documented 140 different definitions of the word. For the
purpose of this research we will be focusing on work or employee motivation. A very good
definition of this concept was developed in 1981by a professor
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63. Motivation : Motivation And Motivation
Motivation
Motivation is, according to the text, "A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an
employee that initiates work–related effort and determines its direction, intensity and persistence."
(Colquitt) When one hears the word "motivation", one automatically thinks of an individual's
reasoning behind a certain task or performance. In terms of job motivation, it is what pushes or
encourages a person to not only perform the work tasks, but to also be successful in the position and
within the company. Motivation includes factors like "what do you do? How hard do you do it?
How long do you do it?" The question of motivation has been a topic of discussion for decades.
Many might think that money or, financial gains, play a huge role in motivation for an employee;
however, motivation may differ drastically from person to person. Various underlying elements
affect an employee's motivation. There are several theories that are able to partially summarize
aspects that account for high motivation.
According to the article Motivation and Productivity in the Workplace on Westministercollege.edu,
"employees who feel motivated to work are likely to be persistent, creative and productive, turning
out high quality work that they willingly undertake." Motivation is a key determining factor in how
well an employee is able or willing to perform, how long they will be in the position and how
successful he/she will be. Since motivation is so impactful on job performance,
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65. My Personal Motivation And Motivation
MY ACADEMIC MOTIVATIONS
Motivation to me is anything that pushes you to accomplish something that you want. No matter
how many goals I set for myself without motivation the desire to accomplish my goals wouldn 't be
there so, they would continue to be just thoughts or dreams. My faith, self love, family, and personal
achievements are just a few things that inspire me to stay motivated in life.
My Initial Motivations
Passing the GED
Passing the GED was my first initial motivation for wanting to start college because it provided me
the opportunity to pursue a higher education. In fact before I received my diploma I honestly hadn 't
even considered college as an option for myself. Passing was a life–changing accomplishment, it
increased my confidence, and motivated me to want more for myself.
Wanting to homeschool
Wanting to homeschool my son was my second and most important motivation. At the time, my son
and I were living in a high crime neighborhood with a failing school system and I wanted more for
him. After, speaking with the coordinator I found that the only requirement to homeschool in
Washington, D.C. was to have a diploma. Although, I had just received my diploma, I still didn 't
feel qualified to teach him. But, I was 'nt going to let my limited education stand in the way of Aryes
's education. It was then that I decided that I would further my education, so that me and Aryes
could learn together.
Wanting to become self–employed My third and final
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67. Motivation And L2 Motivation
This part of the literature review section consists of a number of articles on L2 motivation and
different theoretical frameworks for studying L2 motivation.
Motivation is usually accounted as a sociopsychological factor that 'appears to be the second
strongest predictor of success, trailing only aptitude' (Skehan, 1989, cited in Gass et al., 2013, p.
453), but its nature is still unclear. Dörnyei (2001) believes that motivation can be described as an
answer why people decided to do something, how long they are going to do it and how hard they are
going to pursue it.
Ushioda & D√∂rnyei (2012) identified 4 stages in the development of motivation field (the social–
psychological period, the cognitive–situated period, the process–oriented period and the socio–
dynamic period), each of which can be associated with a certain motivation theory and framework.
Below will be given a short description of each stage with prominent researchers who have
developed certain frameworks or were working, using them:
The social–psychological period (1959–1990). Scholars: Gardner, Lambert
This period is characterized by the work of Robert Gardner and his associates, who considered
motivation as a reason of learners' different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The focus now is on the complexity of different motivation processes and their development, the
relationship between the person and the context is also concerned (Ushioda & Dörnyei, 2012). A
new model of motivation was created at this period, which consists from: ideal L2 Self (the model
for actual self student, which the person tends to reach), ought–to L2 Self (student agrees that some
attributes, such as duties and responsibilities, have to be possessed in order to prevent negative
effects, such as blame), and L2 learning experience (motivators associated with previous learning
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69. motivation
TABLE OF CONTENT
Motivation can be define as the process that account for an individual intensity, direction and
persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Motivation can help the employee be more comfortable
to do their work at workplace. Beside through the motivation it will influence to the employees
performance toward s their job.
There have many differences of meaning for motivation based on our researcher. According to
Robbins and Judge (2007), they defined motivation as a process that describes the intensity,
direction and persistence of effort to achieve a goal. In conjunction with the work environment,
Ernest L. McCormick (Mangkunagara, 2002, P94) suggests that work motivation is defined as a
condition that affects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
lastly is need for affiliation, is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationship.
In organizations, rewards are mostly used to control employees and move them as desirable for the
company's direction. Reward in organization is a criticism further after the motivation in
organization. This indicates that rewards is a something that can motivate the employees to work
more active in the organization. Rewards system must be use suitable with the agreement between
organization and employees seem that it important rewards that organization will be give to the
employees. There have a few definition of rewards. One of them is from Skinner statement, which is
reward is reinforcement. Reinforcement is aspect that related to each other with the values that
influence with individual needs. While according to the Wether, he said that rewards is what
employees get from the organization as a gift from what they have done. We can conclude that,
reward is a gift or something that employees receive in return what there have done .
In the motivation, there have two type of rewards which is consist of intrinsic reward and extrinsic
reward. Definition of intrinsic reward is an outcome that give an individual personel satisfaction
such as that derived from a job well done. An employee who is motivated intrinsically is working
for his or her own satisfaction and may value
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71. The Motivation And Employee Motivation
The central problem that always employers and employees face is the employee motivation. The
workers who put no effort to do their best in their jobs which will lead to low quality of work and
give no benefit to the organization are the one who are not motivated (Amabile 1993). On the other
side, employees who are apparently to be very intelligent, action oriented, ambitious, autonomous
and always put an effort and sacrifice their time to put the organization at the ease are the one who
feel motivated to work. In spite of the fact that a lot of research has been done on motivation, but in
order to figure out the problem on why employees of an organization does not present at the most so
far has been incapable of any definitive conclusion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In today's workplace, there are two types of motivation which are intrinsic and extrinsic and both
can be separated from motivation. To begin with, extrinsic motivation is where the employees
depend on the pay according to what they perform, their external factors that are affected to engage
in the work (Deci 1972). A group of people who react with extrinsic motives are the status seekers
and income maximizers. According to Deci's theory, people will react in a systematic way towards
the external incentives. In a matter of fact, they boost up the rate of their work on the occasion of an
increase in their compensation. This kind of individual is extrinsically motivated. Besides, status
seekers' intentions are towards an external factor and they react to the appraisal from others. Status
Seekers respond in a strongly positive way to the kind of appreciation because it sets them above
others (Frey 2002). Their motivation and performance will improved if managers always praise
them with the good work. This kind of individual is not keen in consumption but attains the
advantages through the feedback from people. Status seeker is commonly in a very small
community where the individuals ready for the work to get the position as well as title. On the other
side, intrinsic can be classified as an internal factors in the individuals such as the passion, keen, the
willingness, excitement to do before and after finish something
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73. Motivation
Summary
12.1 Motivating for Performance
Motivation is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal–directed behavior.
In a simple model of motivation, people have certain needs that motivate them to perform specific
behaviors for which they receive rewards that feed back and satisfy the original need. Rewards are
of two types: (1) An extrinsic reward is the payoff, such as money, a person receives from others for
performing a particular task. (2) An intrinsic reward is the satisfaction, such as a feeling of
accomplishment, that a person receives from performing the particular task itself. As a manager, you
want to motivate people to do things that will benefit your organization–join it, stay with it, show ...
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Goal–setting theory suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and
challenging but achievable. In addition, the theory suggests that goals should be set jointly with the
employee, be measurable, and have a target date for accomplishment and that employees should
receive feedback and rewards.
12.4 Job Design Perspectives on Motivation
Job design is, first, the division of an organization 's work among its employees and, second, the
application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance. Two
approaches to job design are fitting people to jobs (the traditional approach) and fitting jobs to
people. Fitting jobs to people assumes people are underutilized and want more variety. Two
techniques for this type of job design include (1) job enlargement, increasing the number of tasks in
a job to increase variety and motivation, and (2) job enrichment, building into a job such motivating
factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement. An
outgrowth of job enrichment is the job characteristics model, which consists of (a) five core job
characteristics that affect (b) three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect (c)
work outcomes–the employee 's motivation, performance, and satisfaction. The five core job
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75. Motivation And Motivation For An Effective Manager
Motivation
Job performance is essentially a function of ability and motivation. One's ability can be developed
through training, education, and work experience. However, substantial developments in motivation
can be obtained fairly quickly. As an effective manager, may achieve a significant increase in your
team 's performance by improving its motivation; this begins with understanding what motivates
people. According to Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory (Robbins et al., 2014), there are 5 levels of
motivation that a manager should recognize as it relates to what motivates individuals and how
people are motivated. This has been demonstrated throughout my career as different things motivate
different people. The motivation can come right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both motivation systems are part of the Cognitive Evaluation Theory. "A cognitive evaluation
theory is a precursor of self–determination theory and centers on the distinction between intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation" (Vallerand, 2000, p 2). The theory is regarding material or non–material
motivators and managers knowing the people they are managing.
Decision Making & Communication When it comes to communication and decision making traits,
many behaviors can be a subset of the above theories. As Maslow's hierarchal theory suggests many
decisions are psychological in nature (Amondt, 2014). The perceives at the time of conceiving
things actually make a judgmental stage for taking decisions. The ERG theory of realization actually
helps in making a sound decision and perfect communication (Robbins, et al., 2014). To be an
effective leader, one must be able to make good decisions and be a strong communicator. For better
communication, it is encouraged to follow best practices, such as having enough patience and
demonstrating listening skills. In my experience, getting people motivated is not always an easy
task. Management must identify the root cause of the current issue and work on that to get
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77. The Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation
All children are unique and learn in different ways, however, when it comes to their motivation they
will most likely fall into one of two categories. Extrinsic motivation revolves around grades and
points and competition, and intrinsic motivation stems more from personal interests, sense of
belonging, and passion to grow. (Carol Dweck). Roman, an 11–year–old high functioning autistic
child, had no desire to participate in any class learning when I began working with him. He only
excitedly and willingly participated when the situation was mandatory or if rewards were included.
Roman's motivation to learn increased when I approached teaching activities in a different way. By
incorporating more of Roman's interests, team based activities, ... Show more content on
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Narrator, judge, referee). To further engage Roman, I decided to seek his opinion while keeping the
format and structure of the activities. When rules are provided to the children in an autonomy–
supportive way (explanatory rationales, and acknowledgment of the children's perspectives and
feelings) there is no decrease in engagement as opposed to children who do not have their input
included. (Skinner and Belmot 1999). Personal interest, opinions, and overall intrinsic factors are
why Roman started becoming eager and excited to engage and try new things.
Including more team based activities helped Roman feel a sense of belonging and safety.
Maintaining a high ratio of positive statements as well as expressing respect for all students, builds
trust in the classroom. (Evertson, C. M., & Emmer, E. T). By implementing activities that had more
of a collaborative process, peer encouragement and help were more evident and motivation can
increase when everyone feels safe and helps each other. (Hagelskamp, C. 51 (3–4), 530–54). Roman
began not fearing participating in activities once he knew that everyone supported each other and
their input. Additionally, educational games where students cheer on their teammates boosted self
esteem, and the emotional well–being of students can influence the quality of their participation.
(Hagelskamp) I created a baseball math game one
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79. Motivation And Theory Of Motivation
It is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a
model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by
motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is
usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action.
Moreover, "The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal–directed
behaviour motives are the "whys" of behaviour'' (Nevid, 2013).
This coursework will explain what motivation is, what the psychological theories are and how is that
crucial in explaining people's behaviour at the work place. Firstly, an in depth explanation of what is
motivation will be written, then the arguments for and against of the process theories of motivation.
Finally, descriptions on how useful these theories are to predict behaviour in companies. There are
four factors of motivation; that are intrinsic motivation, it incorporates following: goal, tool,
situation and temperament. Goal is related to attitude and behaviour. Tool, on the other hand, is what
is used to reach that goal. Situations are the external environment and the position you find yourself
into. Finally Temperament is your state (internally).
Pakdel (2013), from the twentieth century specialists started to evaluate other reasons for differences
in motivation. Others focused on internal factors to justify
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81. The Theory Of Motivation And Motivation
Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different
psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that
cause it since it contributes to achievement of one's goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation
can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence
of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an
organization, for example, quality payment, promotion and good interpersonal relationship.
Different schools of thought explain motivation in different perspectives thus, it is important to
analyze the theories.
Maslow theory He developed a theory in which he argued that the needs of a person occur in a
hierarchical manner starting from the basic and easy to satisfy to the secondary or advanced needs.
The needs are classified in five clusters in the theory, which include physiological needs, security
and safety needs, belongingness need, esteem and self actualization. An individual satisfy the needs
from basic to the secondary needs. Physiological needs at work include the need for heat, base, air
and salary. Safety and security needs include the need for work safety, health insurance and job
security. Belongingness need refer to the need for team, coworkers, clients, subordinates and
supervisors. Esteem need refer to the need for recognition, responsibility and high status. It
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