Conditions of the Respiratory system & Nursing care plan.pptx

Makerere University

1. Conditions of the Respiratory system BME 11 31 ST January 2024

2. Review of Anatomy & Physiology of the Respiratory system Student Centered review Students’ contribution from the previous module of Anatomy & physiology

3. Overview of the Respiratory system The Respiratory System is a network of organs and tissues that help one breathe. It includes the airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that empower the lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

4. Functions of the Respiratory system Helping one to inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out) air. Allows one to talk and to smell. Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs. Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale. Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

5. Conditions and Disorders The conditions affect the organs and tissues that make up the respiratory system. Some develop due to irritants we breathe in from the air, including viruses or bacteria that cause infection. Others occur as a result of disease or getting older.

6. Conditions of the Respiratory system: Are Either due to inflammation (swelling, irritation and pain) or infections and these include: Inflammations include Allergies: Inhaling proteins, such as dust, molds, and pollen, can cause respiratory allergies in some people. These proteins can cause inflammation in the airways. Asthma: A chronic (long-term) disorder, asthma causes inflammation in the airways that can make breathing difficult.

7. Cont. Infections: Infections can lead to pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) or bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes). Common respiratory infections include the flu (influenza) or a cold. Diseases like : Respiratory disorders include lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD). These conditions can harm the respiratory system’s ability to deliver oxygen throughout the body and filter out waste gases. Others Aging: Lung capacity decreases as you get older. Damage: Damage to the respiratory system can cause breathing problems.

8. Common Respiratory conditions include: Pneumonia Pneumonia c an be inflammat ion or infection of one or both lungs that may develop as a primary or secondary infection. Is mostly caused by either bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. and affects the alveoli inside the lungs fill ing them with fluid which eventually can form pus, leading to coughing, chest pain, and breathing difficulties.

9. Types of pneumonia Types differ depending on their cause. The different types and their associated causes include: Bacterial pneumonia: Many bacterial strains can cause pneumonia, but the most common is Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumoniae ). Viral pneumonia: Viral causes of pneumonia include Trusted Source the respiratory syncytial virus and influenza types A and B. Fungal pneumonia: This can result from conditions like Valley fever caused by a fungus. .

10. Cont. Aspiration pneumonia: This type occurs as a result of inhaling materials eg food, liquids, or stomach contents into the lungs. Aspiration pneumonia is not contagious. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: This can occur in people receiving hospital treatment for other conditions e.g. from use of respirators etc. Regardless of the cause of pneumonia, the signs and symptoms will be similar

11. Incidence P eople most at high risk of developing pneumonia are young children, elderly and those with preexisting medical conditions that weaken the immune system. These people are also have high r isk of developing complications of pneumonia.

12. Pathophysiology The most frequent cause of bacterial pneumonia is infection with the gram-positive S. pneumoniae . These sources of microorganisms are either from the nasal organisms, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogens The pathogens reach the alveoli and the host defenses get overwhelmed by the microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. The development of the infection in in four stages ie congestion, red hepatization , grey hepatization , and resolution.

13. The four stages are Stage 1 (Congestion) Occurs within 24 hours of infection. Many bacteria are present in the lungs but few white blood cells are available to fight the infection. The lungs may look red from increased blood flow and the swelling of the lung tissue. Stage 2 (red Hepatization ) Occurs after 48 to 72 hours and lasts for about 2 to 4 days. The affected lung becomes more dry, granular and airless and resembles the consistency of liver. Red cells, white cells, bacteria and cellular debris can clog the lung airways.

14. Cont. Stage 3 (grey Hepatization ) Occurs on day 4 to 6 and continues for 4 to 8 days. The lung looks grey or yellow in color like the liver. Fibrin, hemosiderin and red blood cells break down and lead to a more fluid-like exudate. Macrophages (a type of large white blood cells) start to form. Stage 4 (Resolution) Is the final recovery stage which occurs during 8 to 10 days. Fluids and breakdown products from cell destruction are reabsorbed. Macrophages present help to clear white blood cells (neutrophils) and leftover debris. The patient may cough up this debris. The airways and air sacs (alveoli) return to normal lung function. Any remaining lung swelling may lead to chronic lung disease (such as airway narrowing or pleural adhesions).

15. Cont. Most common symptoms in most of the pneumonias are: fever Cough with sputum shortness of breath and fatigue. In older patients, fatigue or confusion can be the only or most noticeable symptom. In viral pneumonia, a dry cough without sputum is more common.

16. Diagnosis Observe for signs of confusion and paleness of the lips, fingernails or hands as indication for low levels of oxygen in the blood Physical exam will reveal rapid breathing Percussion to listen for abnormal sounds from the lungs. Chest X-ray Is a confirmatory investigation

17. Nursing interventions aimed at Maintaining a patent airway /improve respiratory function. Preventing complications. Supporting recuperative process. Providing information about disease process, prognosis, and treatment.

18. Nursing Management Therapeutic interventions and nursing interventions for patients with pneumonia may include: Maintaining Patent / clear Airway. Improving Gas exchange. Promoting Effective Breathing Pattern and Breathing Exercises. Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support. Initiating Measures for Infection Control & Management.

19. Developing individualized Nursing Care plan Guidelines to development of the Nursing Care plan

20. Nursing care plan Nursing care planning begins when the patient is admitted and is continuously updated throughout in response to the changes in condition and evaluation of goal achievement. Planning and delivering individualized or patient-centered care is the basis for excellence in nursing practice.

21. Types of Nursing Care Plans Care plans can be informal or formal :  An informal nursing care plan is a strategy of action that exists in the nurse‘s mind. A  formal nursing care plan is a written or computerized guide that organizes the patient’s care information.

22. Care plans cont. Formal care plans are further subdivided into standardized care plans and individualized care plans:  Standardized care plans specify the nursing care to be provided to the groups of patients with everyday needs.  Individualized care plans are tailored to meet a specific client’s unique needs or needs that are not addressed by the standardized care plan.

23. Cont. Standardized care plans are pre-developed guides by the nursing staff and health care providers to ensure that patients with a particular condition receive consistent care. These care plans are used to ensure that minimally acceptable criteria are met and to promote the efficient use of the care provider’s time by removing the need to develop common activities that are done repeatedly for many of the clients on a nursing unit. Standardized care plans are not tailored to a patient’s specific needs and goals and can provide a starting point for developing an individualized care plan .

24. Individualized Care Plans Involve are directed towards meeting the specific needs and goals of the individual patient / client and use approaches shown to be effective for a particular patient / client. This approach allows more personalized and holistic care better suited to the patient’s / client’s unique needs, strengths, and goals. Can improve patient satisfaction. When patients feel that the care provided is tailored to the specific needs, they feel heard and valued leading to increased satisfaction with the care.

25. Components of Individualized care plan Include nursing Client Assessment, Diagnoses, Planning (goal & expected outcomes), Nursing Interventions, and rationales and Evaluation . These components are elaborated on below: Client assessment medical results, and diagnostic reports are the first steps to developing a care plan. In particular, client assessment relates to the following areas and abilities: physical, emotional, sexual, psychosocial, cultural, spiritual/transpersonal, cognitive, functional, age-related, economic, and environmental. Information in this area can be subjective and objective. Nursing diagnosis A nursing diagnosis is a statement that describes the patient’s health issue or concern. It is based on the information gathered about the patient’s health status during the assessment.

26. Cont. Planning ( goal & expected outcomes) These are specific goals that will be achieved through nursing interventions. These may be long and short -term. Nursing interventions . These are specific actions that will be taken to address the nursing diagnosis and achieve expected outcomes. They should be based on best practices and evidence-based guidelines. Rationales. These are evidence-based explanations for the nursing interventions specified. Evaluation . These includes plans for monitoring and evaluating a patient’s progress and making necessary adjustments to the care plan as the patient’s health status and goals change.

27. Difference between Actual & Potential Nursing diagnosis ACTUAL NURSING DIAGNOSIS IS A PROBLEM-FOCUSED DIAGNOSIS Expressed as related to ________(Related Factors) as evidenced by _____________ (Defining Characteristics). In a problem-focused diagnostic statement, use the problem-etiology-symptom method. Start with the diagnosis itself, followed by the etiologic factors (related factors in an actual diagnosis), then identify the major signs/symptoms (defining characteristics) that are appearing in the patient.

28. Cont. Potential is developed as Risk for_____as evidenced by_____(Risk Factors) E.g. For risk diagnoses, there are no related factors (etiological factors) as you are identifying a vulnerability in a patient for a potential problem; the problem is not yet present. Therefore, you identify the risk factors that predispose the individual to a potential problem. An example would be “Risk for (infection) as evidenced by (suppressed inflammatory response).”

29. Finally Read & Internalize the above