Conference of the Parties and Paris aggrement235.pptx

COP Summits and related conventions

1. Conference of the Parties (COP) supreme decision-making body of the Convention. Take decisions to promote the effective implementation of the Convention I ncludes institutional and administrative arrangements .

2. COP reviews the national communications and emission inventories submitted by Parties. Based on this information, the COP assesses the effects of the measures taken by Parties and the progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention. COP meets every year in Bonn. COP Presidency rotates among the five recognized UN regions - that is, Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe and Others.

3. Bali action plan (COP 13) 2007 Bali, Indonesia full, sustained and effective long term co-operation launched the Adaptation Fund, for reducing emissions from deforestation Copenhagen Summit (COP 15) 2009 Denmark accord states that the global warming should be limited to 2.0 degree Celsius to the pre-industrial level. Cancun Summit (COP 16) 2010 Mexico agreement adopted by the COP called for a large “ Green climate Fund” and an “ Adaptation committee” at global level to support developing countries in mitigation of GHGs . Name Year Place Goals

4. Durban Summit (COP 17) 2011 South Africa Green Climate Fund was finalized at Durban 2011, Operational from 2013. mechanism to redistribute money from the developed to the developing world. GCF helps developing countries financially in adapting mitigation practices to counter climate change. Doha Summit (COP 18) 2012 Doha, Qatar Kyoto extended : It established a second commitment period (2013- 2020) of the Kyoto protocol. Japan Russia and Canada refused to join the second commitment period under Kyoto Protocol. Lima Summit (COP 20) 2014 Peru agreement urges parties to take national pledges by finalizing their intended Nationally Determined Contributions ( INDC) by November 2015. Name Year Place Goals

5. Katowice Summit (COP 24) 2018 Poland It finalized a “rulebook” to operationalize the 2015 Paris Agreement. The rulebook covers climate financing facilities and the actions to be taken as per Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Madrid Summit (COP 25) 2019 Spain There were no concrete plans   regarding the growing climatic urgency. Glasgow Summit (COP 26) 2021 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland package of decisions consists of a range of agreed items, including strengthened efforts to build resilience to climate change, to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to provide the necessary finance for both. Name Year Place Goals

6. Name Year Place Goals Sharm el-Sheikh (COP 26) 2022 Egypt Technology COP27 saw the launch of a new five-year work program at COP27 to promote climate technology solutions in developing countries. Mitigation COP27 significantly advanced the work on mitigation.

7. Paris Summit (December 2015) It sets an overarching target of keeping the emissions in control so that either the rise in global temperature remains below 2 degree celsius by the turn of 21 st century or as low as 1.5 degree celsius . Emission reduction action : Under the Paris agreement, developed countries will have to take emission reduction targets and actions but unlike the Kyoto protocol where targets were mandatory : they shall be able to determine the nature and quantum of these targets n ationally. Thus each individual countries to contribute individually in the form of so-called Nationally D etermined C ontributions ( NDC)

8. Climate finance : S imilar to Kyoto protocol,the developed countries will need to provide finance to the developing countries for emission reduction actions as well as adaptation. The amount sent by Paris agreement is at least USD 100 billion per year from 2020 onwards . Further the Paris agreement also provide that the developing countries can also voluntarily fund other the developing countries. However, as of now there is no consensus of what exactly make climate finance.

9. Review mechanism: The Paris agreement provides that every five years there shall be an assessmen t of how the emission reduction actions of all the countries are able to succeed towards achieving the goal of keeping the global temperature under control. Every 5th year, the assessment will also be made on kind and volume of funds . Transparency :As per the Paris agreement, a uniform system will be built for the countries to report what they have been trying to fight against climate change. It will also track achievements of the countries towards nationally determined contributions. However, there is no punitive actions for non-compliance of such reporting I n the Paris agreement. Definition of CBDR has been expanded and it now includes the phrase “ in the light of respective capabilities ” CBDR-RC. It appears to have diluted the notion of Hitherto “ hisorical responsibility” of the developed countries.

10. Kotowice Climate Conference 2018 The UN climate conference held in Kotowice , Poland has moved ahead with the implementation of the Paris agreement through a rule book. The rulebook covers climate financing facilities and the actions to be taken as per Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC   All countries “shall” u se the latest emission accounting guidance from the IPCC, last updated 2006, but now in the process is being reforemed . It will make it easier to compare pledges and to add them up as a global aggregate.

11. The schemes and methodologies for the implementation of sustainable development mechanism would be discussed in next COP 25. The SDM is intended to replace the Kyoto protocol “ clean development mechanism for carbon offsets ”. Developed country parties shall biennially communicate indicative, quantitative and qualitative information on programs including projected levels, channels and instruments, as available public financial resources to be provided to developing country parties. O ther parties providing resources are encouraged to communicate biennially such information on a voluntary basis.

12. Tracking progress C ountries established an  enhanced transparency framework (ETF) . Under ETF, starting in 2024, countries will report transparently on actions taken and progress in climate change mitigation, adaptation measures and support provided or received The information gathered through the ETF will feed into the  Global stock take  which will assess the collective progress towards the long-term climate goals. This will lead to recommendations for countries to set more ambitious plans in the next round

13. Global Stocktake : The rules set the structure for the stocktake process, which is to be divided into three stages: I nformation collection, technical assessment and consideration of output. The final rule book applies a single set of rules to all countries, However, with flexibility for “those developing country parties that need in the light of their capacities” is reflecting Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities i.e CBDR-RC principle”. COP decided that the “adaptation fund” - a financial mechanism set up under the kyoto protocol - should continue under the Paris agreement. The COP also “strongly urges” developed countries to increase their financial support in line with the promise to jointly mobilise 100 billion per year in climate finance to poorer countries by 2020.

14. What agreement has achieved so far? C limate change action needs to be massively increased to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement S ince its entry into force have already sparked   low-carbon solutions and new markets . Net zero emissions is fast becoming a buzzword of 2020, with China, Japan and South Korea joining the EU and UK in setting carbon neutrality goals. Clean Energy shift : Asian financial institutions are starting to follow their western counterparts in blacklisting coal, a stance recently endorsed by China’s environment ministry. Institutional change : The Paris Agreement has no central enforcement mechanism. That does not mean it is unenforceable. Institutions ranging from financial regulators to city authorities are embedding the deal’s targets and principles in their policies, creating new avenues for accountability. “ By 2030,   zero-carbon solutions  could be competitive in sectors representing over  70% of global emissions .”

15. Sources www.drishtiias.com https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/12/09/five-years-five-things-paris-agreement-achieved-didnt/ www.un.org www.unfcc.int The Paris Agreement on Climate change by Daniel Klein

16. Thank you Presented by Vanshika, Rishabh and sonam