Confined space entry atau ruangan terbatas.ppt

ruangan terbatas

1. 29 CFR 29 CFR
1910.1461910.146
CONFINED
SPACE
ENTRY

2. What is a Confined Space?
Is large enough and so
configured that an employee
can enter bodily and perform
work;
Has limited or restricted
means of entry or exit;
Is not designed for
continuous human
occupancy.
22
A space that:

3. Examples of Confined Spaces:
Tanks
Manholes
Boilers
Furnaces
Sewers
Silos
Hoppers
Vaults
Pipes
Deep excavations
and Trenches
Tunnels
Ducts
Bins
Pits
33

4. 44

5. 55

6. 66
Pits

7. 77
Hoppers

8. 88
Fuel Tanks

9. 99

10. 1010
Process
Tanks

11. 1111
Tanker trucks are
also confined
spaces

12. Potential Hazards in Confined
Spaces
Oxygen Deficiency
<19.5% or >23.5%
oxygen
concentration
Combustibles
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Propane
Gasoline fumes
Toxic Materials
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Welding fumes
Corrosives
Electricity
Mechanical Hazards
Mixers
Crushers
1212

13. Hazards of Confined Spaces
•Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
•Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
•Flammable Atmospheres
•Toxic Atmospheres
•Mechanical and Electrical Hazards
•Temperature Extremes
•Engulfment Hazards
•Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects, rats
and snakes.
1313

14. Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
15 - 19% Decreased ability to work
strenuously. Impair coordination.
Early symptoms.
12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.
10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50%
fatal 4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death
1414

15. Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
•Oxygen level above 23.5%.
•Causes flammable and combustible materials to
burn violently when ignited.
•Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
•Oil soaked clothing and materials.
•Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
•Never store or place compressed tanks in a
confined space.
1515

16. Flammable Atmospheres
•2 Critical Factors:
Oxygen content in the air.
Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
•Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
•Typical Ignition Sources:
Sparking or electric tool.
Welding / cutting operations.
1616

17. Toxic Atmospheres
•Product stored in a confined space:
Gases released when cleaning.
Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
•Work performed in a confined space:
Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
Sealing, bonding, melting.
•Areas adjacent to a confined space.
1717

18. Hydrogen Sulfide
•Decomposition of materials. Human waste.
•Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
•Possibly no warning at high concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
10 ppmPermissible Exposure Level8 Hours
50 - 100 Mild Irritation - eyes, throat1 Hour
200 - 300 Significant Irritation 1 Hour
500 -700 Unconsciousness, Death 1/2 - 1
Hour
>1000Unconsciousness, Death Minutes
1818

19. 1919
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
•Odorless, Colorless Gas.Odorless, Colorless Gas.
•Combustion By-Product.Combustion By-Product.
•Quickly collapse at high concentrations.Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
PPMPPM EffectEffect TimeTime
3535 Permissible Exposure LevelPermissible Exposure Level8 Hours8 Hours
200200 Slight headache, discomfortSlight headache, discomfort3 Hours3 Hours
600600 Headache, discomfortHeadache, discomfort 1 Hour1 Hour
1000-20001000-2000Confusion, nausea, headacheConfusion, nausea, headache2 Hours2 Hours
1000-20001000-2000Tendency to staggerTendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours1 1/2 Hours
1000-20001000-2000Slight heart palpitationSlight heart palpitation 30 Min.30 Min.
2000-25002000-2500UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness 30 Min.30 Min.

20. Engulfment Hazards
•Loose, granular materials stored in bins and
hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
•Crusting and bridging below a worker.
•Flooding of confined space.
•Water or sewage flow.
2020

21. Other Hazards
•Noise
Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
Damaged hearing, affect communication.
•Slick / Wet Surfaces
Slips and falls.
Increased chance of electric shock.
•Falling Objects
Topside openings expose workers inside confined space
to falling objects.
2121

22. Testing The Atmosphere
•Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
•Test all areas of a confined space.
Top, Middle, Bottom
•Methane is lighter than air.
•Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
•Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
•Oxygen Deficiency.
2222

23. Test the Atmosphere
Check for Oxygen Content:
At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
Check for Combustibles:
Less than 10% of the LEL
Check for Toxic Gasses:
Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35
ppm)
or any other hazardous materials as
determined by the use of the space.
2323
In this order:

24. 2424

25. 2525

26. Ventilation
•First option to correct problems.
•Must be aware of hazards you are trying to
correct in the confined space.
•Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh air
only.
•Continuous ventilation whenever possible.
•Retest the confined space before entry.
2626

27. Ventilate the Space
Use mechanical ventilation
Fans
Air horns
Ventilate at the rate of at least
four (4) volumes per hour
Larger spaces require more
ventilation
Make sure air supply is not
contaminated
Ventilation air supply must be from
fresh air uncontaminated with
flammables, toxins, etc.
2727

28. 2828

29. Permit-Required Confined Space
A Permit-Required
Confined Space is
confined space that
has one or more of
the following
characteristics:
Excavation more than 1.2 meter
deep are treated as ‘Confined
Spaces
Contains or has the potential to
contain a hazardous atmosphere;
Contains a material that has the
potential for engulfing an
entrant;
Has an internal configuration
such that an entrant could
become trapped or asphyxiated;
or
Contains any other serious safety
or health hazard.
2929

30. Permit Required Confined Space
3030
Required Elements:
Written Program
Space Specific Entry Procedures
Training
Duties of Authorized Entrants
Duties of Attendants
Duties of Entry Supervisors
Rescue and Emergency Services
Employee Participation

31. Permit-Required Confined Space
Entry Procedure
Isolate the space
Ventilate the space
Conduct Tailboard
Complete permit
Test the atmosphere
Enter the space
3131

32. Isolate the Space
from all hazards
Close Valves
Double block & bleed, or
Blank flange
Empty the Space
Depressurize, vent & drain
Lockout/Tagout Equipment
Electrical sources
Rotating/reciprocating parts
Hazardous materials
Clean residue from the space
3232

33. Isolation
Lockout/Tagout
Blinding/ De-blinding
Double Block and Bleed
3333

34. Ventilate the Space
Use mechanical ventilation
Fans
Air horns
Ventilate at the rate of at least
four (4) volumes per hour
Larger spaces require more
ventilation
Make sure air supply is not
contaminated
Ventilation air supply must be from
fresh air uncontaminated with
flammables, toxins, etc.
3434

35. 3535

36. 3636

37. Other Control Techniques
Inerting (Note: Inerting with a gas such as
nitrogen or carbon dioxide will result in
an oxygen deficient atmosphere)
Flushing
3737

38. Conduct a Tailboard Briefing
Entire crew must attend
Attendants, entrants, entry supervisor
Review hazards of entry and work
Review PPE
Review procedure for contacting rescue
verify rescue available
Complete permit
3838

39. Complete Entry Permit Form
Permit must be correctly and
completely filled out prior to entry.
Permit must be activated by Entry
Supervisor’s signature to be valid.
No entry is allowed without a valid
permit.
Permits are valid for up to one shift.
When work is completed, permit
and tailboard form should be
returned to issuer.
Closed permits must be kept on file.
3939

40. Test the Atmosphere
Check for Oxygen Content:
At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
Check for Combustibles:
Less than 10% of the LEL
Check for Toxic Gasses:
Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35
ppm)
or any other hazardous materials as
determined by the use of the space.
4040
In this order:

41. NOTICE:
Any time a limit is exceeded, no
matter what the reason, all
personnel shall immediately exit the
space, and no others shall enter until
atmospheric conditions are returned
to safe levels.
4141
THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!

42. Atmosphere Testing Shall Be
Performed:
Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;
After a 10 minute ventilation period (if
ventilation is necessary);
At least hourly for permit-required confined
spaces.
More frequently, if conditions or suspicions
warrant.
4242

43. 4343
Means of emergency rescue
must be readily available
to the confined space
entry attendant for
emergency
extrication of
entrants.

44. Enter the Space and Proceed
with work:
An attendant shall be posted near the
entrance for the duration of the work. He
shall be in constant communication with
the entrants while the job is in progress.
All entrants shall sign the sign in log when
entering the space and sign out when
exiting.
The attendant shall maintain the permit
and sign in log for the duration of the
work.
4444

45. 4545

46. 4646

47. 4747

48. 4848
The attendant should
attempt to remove the
entrant from the confined
space using tripods, hoist, and
lifelines. Attendants are NOT
TO ENTER CONFINED
SPACES. Lethal hazards may
be present within the confined
space. Only properly
equipped
and trained emergency rescue
personnel may enter confined
spaces to make rescues.

49. 4949

50. 5050

51. 5151

52. When the Job is Done:
Remove all personnel, tools, and debris
from the space. Sign off the log.
Close the space.
Close the permit.
Review the job with the host employer
(hazards, problems, other employers, etc.)
5252

53. Entrant Responsibilities
To assure that the space has been adequately
ventilated, isolated, emptied, or otherwise
made safe for entry.
To immediately exit a space, without
question, upon word of the attendant, no
matter what the reason.
To follow all safety rules and procedures
that apply to the job.
To be familiar with the work to be
performed and the procedures that apply to
the job.
To use the appropriate PPE whenever
necessary.
5353

54. Attendant
An individual stationed outside one or
more permit spaces who monitors the
authorized entrants and performs all
attendant’s duties assigned in the
employer’s permit space program
5454

55. Duties of Attendants
Knowledge of the hazards of the space
Aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard
exposure in authorized entrants
Continuously maintains an accurate count of
authorized entrants
5555

56. Duties of Attendants
Remains outside the space during
operations until relieved by another
attendant
Communicates with authorized entrants
Monitors activities inside and outside the
space
5656

57. Duties of Attendants
Summons rescue and other emergency
services
Performs non-entry rescues as specified by
the employer's rescue procedure
Performs NO duties that might interfere
with monitoring and protecting the
entrants
5757

58. Supervisor Responsibilities
To assure adequate protection is
provided to the entrants by verifying
adequate lockout/tagout and that all
hazards are securely isolated.
To support the attendant’s authority
in controlling access to a confined
space.
To verify that all personnel have
exited prior to closing the space.
To assure that all personnel involved
are aware of the hazards associated
with the space.
To assure that rescue services are
available prior to entry.
5858

59. 5959

60. 6060

61. 6161