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1. Main Applicable U.A.E Legislation Ministerial Order No. 32 (year 1982) Article 14 Abu Dhabi EHSMS Regulatory Framework, EHS Regulatory Instrument Code of Practice (27.0, 2.0, 3.0, 6.0,21.0,24.0,52.0,15.0) UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Your lifeline! Confined Space

2. What is Underground Construction 4 of 49 Your lifeline! UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

3. Underground construction / confined space is any space/work area that has a limited means of entry and exit, it is large enough for a person to enter and perform assigned work. And it is not designed for continuous work or occupancy, and may have oxygen deficiency atmosphere, or accumulation of toxic, explosive or flammable gases. 5 of 49 Definition UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

4. TYPES OF CONFINED SPACES Sewerage pipes Manholes / Tanks Pumping stations / Utilities valves Lift stations Pits Ducts Process vessels and Trenches more than four feet deep Make sure you can recognize any confined space and take special precautions for work. In our industry typical confined space examples are include: 6 of 49

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6. Be familiar with the hazards of confined spaces Know the correct procedure for entering such areas Know the correct procedure for working in such area Identify hazardous spaces Work safely in hazardous spaces Objectives 7of 49 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

7. Care and attention must be paid Pre job Planning Procedure review Toolbox Talks Communications and Discipline UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

8. HIERARCHY OF CONFINED SPACE ENTRY Be able to recognize a confined space Obtain permission before entry Understand the hazards before entry Lockout upstream utilities Insure adequate ventilation Standby person must be available Understand the rescue plan Be aware of changing conditions These eight rules are important for confined space entry

9. Video-1 That is what can happen in a confined space when gas or vapors concentration reaches explosive levels. In this manhole methane gas was accumulated, it does not take much to trigger and explosion. If you will be working in this confined space , you would have only four seconds to live. Confined space means twice the risk, because there are dangerous atmosphere and physical hazards. In OSHA report revealed, in 122 confined space accidents resulted in 173 fatalities , even more frightening than that, more than half those killed are rescuers. UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

10. Video-1 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

11. RULE-1 You never enter any confined space, unless you have permission. Your Supervisor must be trained on confined space entry procedures and can provide the necessary training and equipment. Be able to recognize a confined space 11 of 49

12. GAS TESTING

13. GAS TESTING

14. Before to start the work, no worker should enter the confined space without getting a permission first. If you don’t have the permission, you don’t enter. What is the reason may be, if you may drop your hard hat in to the manhole or whatever. There are limited entry and access, and inside the confined space there may be oxygen deficiency atmosphere or atmosphere there are explosives or toxics. The danger you can face, it could be different than any other job Obtain permission before entry 12 of 49 RULE-2

15. You must understand the hazards you can face, before you entry in to the confined space. When you are working in the manhole , you must know what is wet and slippery down there, you need your boot, your hardhat, gloves, lifeline and harness. Before you get the permission to enter the manhole, atmosphere need to be checked, In the manhole job site, We are testing for three kinds of danger atmosphere: explosive gases, lack of oxygen and toxic condition. The testing instruments must be calibrated and used properly. Some gases are heavier than air so all area of confined space must be tested. Acceptable range for oxygen is 19.5% to 23.5% Since many gases can not been seen or smell, never trust your senses to determine the safety of confined spaces. Do not enter any confined space until a competent person has tested and given you permission. Understand hazards before entry 13 of 49 RULE-3

16. RULE-3 Many confined space deaths are caused by a lack of oxygen. The causes of oxygen deficiency include: Fire or Explosion: Fire uses up oxygen as it burns --and the danger can continue after the fire is out. Displacement of oxygen: by other materials such as: ---methane, produced by rotting organic matter, Carbon dioxide, a natural by product of fermentation, and also used in fire extinguishers and refrigeration. Nitrogen, used in long distance refrigerated trucks. Corrosion or rust: Iron takes oxygen from the air to form rust. Understand hazards before entry There are 4 major dangers in confined spaces 1.Oxygen Deficiency Safe Oxygen levels range from 19.5% to 23.5% of the air in the space. At 16%: You will start developing symptoms like fast breathing and heartbeat, drowsiness, and nausea. At 12%: You will be unconscious. At 6%: You will be dead. 14 of 49

17. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry There are 4 major dangers in confined spaces 2.Combustibilty Deadly fires and explosions in confined spaces can be caused by: Chemicals : Paint, petroleum products and solvents. Even natural materials can explode there. Built –up flammable vapors or gases in a confined space can be ignited by things like: --- Spark from grinding or welding. --- Static electricity. --- Unapproved electrical equipment --- Metal friction – even from nails in your shoes. --- Smoking 15 of 49

18. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry There are 4 major dangers in confined spaces 3.Toxicity Many toxics can’t be seen or smelled. Nevertheless, they present two t ypes of risk in a confined space. Irritation : Even a little of some toxic substances may affect your respiratory or nervous system. And a lot could kill you. Chemical asphyxiation: When some toxic chemicals get in to your system, they can cut off your oxygen supply or get into your lungs and asphyxiate you. The first symptoms of asphyxiation include: Headache, Drowsiness, Dizziness, Nausea 16 of 49

19. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry There are 4 major dangers in confined spaces 4.Physical Hazards Moving parts : in confined spaces are dangerous. This equipment must be locked out/tagged out before entering. Valves and pipes: must be disabled. If not, entering gases or liquids could explode, or drown, poison, or burn you. Engulfment: is a problem, too. Finely divide solids, such as grain or sand, can collapse around you and suffocate or crush you. Noise: reverberates and you could develop permanent hearing problems. Even if your hearing is just temporarily affected, you might not be able to hear important directions or warnings. Heat: can build up quickly in a confined space and cause exhaustion or even heat stroke. Live wires: could cause electrocution. Falls: in confined spaces can be fatal. You could wind up trapped in an area with low oxygen or toxic gases. Ladder rungs and handholds in damp environments may not be safe---don’t trust them. Odd shapes: such as slopping sides, a floor that taper s to a small section, or a confusing internal shape could cause you to become trapped and possibly suffocate. 17of 49

20. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Risk of Entry Failure to identify confined space Failure to isolate the vessel Failure to isolate internal appliances e.g. mixers Exposure to explosive, toxic or asphyxiating atmosphere Exposure to hazardous materials Risk associated with work in a confined space e.g. fumes Inability to exit quickly in emergency Risk from activities outside the vessel 18 of 49

21. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Risk Assessment Plan and think through the work in advance, involving all the relevant people including specialists Is entry essential, or can the work be done from outside ? All practical means must be employed to make the vessel / space safe from the outside before entry is permitted The entry permit system is then used to control entry 19 of 49

22. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry What is an entry permit ? An entry permit is a ‘contract’ between the Site Supervisor And the Job Performer, covering: Responsibility for all aspects of the entry Definition of the confined space, location, and permit validity Isolation and preparation of space and workplace (Gas) test results Remaining hazards and precautions including monitoring Completion and withdrawal of permit Distribution of permit copies ensures all interested parties are informed 20 of 49

23. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Before issuing a confined space entry certificate the following precautions shall be taken: Personnel assigned shall be trained to ensure effective Breathing Apparatus use Suitable entry and egress to be provided Excessive temperature in the confined space shall be eliminated wherever practical Stand-by personnel shall be stationed outside, at point of entry equipped with BA and rescue equipment Job Performer shall maintain a record of personnel entering and leaving the space 21 of 49

24. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Life Threatening Atmosphere An entry permit must not be issued to enter a life threatening atmosphere 22of 49

25. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Gas Testing The term Gas testing describes the procedure for testing for: Noxious Toxic and Flammable gases in the work area. 23 of 49

26. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Gas Testing A reading is taken with an explosimeter to determine the percentage of LEL if there is a flammable atmosphere A reading is taken with an oxygen analyzer to determine the oxygen content of the atmosphere within a vessel, tank, sewer, etc. In addition a gas test may be required to detect the presence of toxic gases e.g. H2S 24 of 49

27. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Combustible Gases and Vapors These gases, if undetected, could result in an explosion due to a naked flame or spark created during the course of non-routine work. Combustible gas detectors are used to measure the % of gas / air mix and the safe limit for work is < 5% L.E.L. (Lower Explosive Limit). 25 of 49

28. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry What is Hydrogen Sulphide (H 2 S) 26of 49 At very low concentrations when mixed with air it smells of rotten eggs At slightly higher concentrations when mixed with air it kill sense of smell. It is one of the most lethal gas from the family of hydrocarbon gases

29. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Hydrogen Sulphide –The Killer Colourless Rotten Egg smell Heavier than air Flammable Water soluble Toxic One Breath is enough to kill 27 of 49

30. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Threshold Limit Values-TLV This value is the maximum concentration of toxic gas that a worker can be exposed to day after day without suffering health problems. This TLV -TWA - is an average taken over an 8 hour day, or a 40 hour week. Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average and is normally abbreviated as TLV - TWA H2S has a TLV of 10 PPM (parts per million) 28 of 49

31. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Threshold Limit Value short term exposure limit (TLV –STEL) 15ppm This is a higher TLV which defines the maximum concentration that a person may be exposed to for a maximum of 15 minutes. There should be no more than four such exposure per day, with at least 1 hour between exposures. 29 of 49

32. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Threshold limit ceiling (TLV-C) This is the concentration level beyond which workers must never be exposed even for a moment . 20 P.P.M Remember H2S is a Killer 30 of 49

33. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Preparation of Worksite Warning notices posted and confined space / vessel clearly marked for entry Good access and escape provided Separate access ways for services, hoses, cables etc. All means employed to make the site safe from the outside before entry permitted Remove surrounding (<30m) hazards Confined space purged and ventilated 31 of 49

34. RULE-3 Understand hazards before entry Testing-How? Why? When? Gas testing to be carried out, by competent person, for oxygen, flammable and toxic gas. Test equipment of suitable design, regularly inspected, tested / calibrated and maintained. Limitations of equipment and test method recognised. High risk areas identified and checked. Tested from outside initially, and then inside. 32 of 49

35. RULE-4 Lockout upstream utilities Remember- confined space is difficult to get in and out, there fore extremely important the potential hazards must be eliminated before entering. Utilities flowing in to this manhole must be locked out and tagged or blanked, simply closing a valve is not acceptable, you must be sure that no one will open the valve while you are working in. A labor working in 10feet deep trench, forgot to lock out the existing utilities and someone unintentionally opened the valve upstream , a labor was pinned / trapped by the valve, he was working on and drowned when the water filled in trench, it was the minor mistake but it proves fatal. 33 of 49

36. RULE-5 Insure adequate ventilation Ventilation is the most effective way ensuring the safe atmosphere, blowing in fresh air or sucking out bad air, as the situation dictates, ensuring the continuous turn over in the confined spaces, unloading toxic and explosive gases and providing fresh air to breathe. Mechanical ventilation however is not necessary for every job, many open cut trenches are considered confined spaces but natural ventilation may be sufficient to provide the necessary fresh air. 34 of 49

37. RULE-6 Standby person must be available On every confined space job, a stand by person must be designated remain outside the space and stay in contact with worker inside, the standby also keeps track of every worker inside, and each is counted for when leaving. Incase of emergency , the standby person must know what to do and he is authorized to order evacuation. 35 of 49

38. RULE-6 Monitoring Repeat gas tests or continuous gas monitoring Position Vessel Entry Standby’s immediately outside the confined space – at least one with SCBA if worn for entry Control over routine access / exit should be maintained If conditions change, in an emergency, and if the general alarm sounds, persons must be able to exit quickly 36 of 49 Standby person must be available

39. RULE-7 Whether you are inside or outside the confined space you have to know and follow all emergency rescues plan procedures. No one –I repeat --no one to enter confined space for rescue any one without the proper training and equipment, you know, I will tell you why, 60% of the workers who die in the confined spaces are attempting to rescue others. Your supervisor will instruct you on equipment and proper emergency plan procedures for your job sites. Removing an injured or unconscious person from the confined space is most difficult and delicate. Safe Rescue must be planned and drill should be conducted frequently. Attempted unplanned rescue probably will be your last 38 of 49 Understand rescue plan

40. RULE-7 Stand-By Duties Remain on duty until relieved Maintain an accurate count of all persons in the vessel Maintain effective contact with the persons inside the confined space Use a life-line where appropriate Monitor activities to confirm that it remains safe for people to remain inside Order evacuation if conditions change to endanger people inside Summon rescue services in an emergency 39 of 49 Understand rescue plan

41. RULE-7 If you are an attendant Read the entry permit carefully. Know all emergency reporting procedures and who to call for help. Keep in constant touch with the workers in the confined space. Know what the hazards of the confined space are and what symptoms of exposure to watch out for. Be prepared to order evacuation. 40 of 49 Understand rescue plan

42. RULE-7 Emergency Action & Rescue Untrained persons must not ATTEMPT RESCUE Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) must be used If work or entry is stopped for safety reasons, it must not be restarted until all tests and checks are repeated and written authorisation given 41 of 49 Understand rescue plan Entry must cease if the emergency siren sounds First action is to raise the alarm and summon the emergency services Only specially selected, fit, trained rescuers can attempt rescue

43. RULE-7 Understand rescue plan 37 of 49

44. RULE-8 Always be aware condition within confined space may change, be alert for changes: In the ventilation flow Accumulation of dust or mist Headache Difficulty in breathing Ringing in years and Euphoria are all symptoms of oxygen deficiency any these conditions can indicate dangers. 43 of 49 Be aware of changing conditions

45. RULE-8 Before each work day confined space should be retested. Conditions can change overnight. In higher risk confined spaces, it is necessary to test more often. The real horror of the confined space work are the invisible hazards, which you can’t see, feel or smell. 44 of 49 Be aware of changing conditions

46. Particular in the confined space work: Knowledge Training and Teamwork are essential. 45 of 49 RULE-8 Be aware of changing conditions

47. RULE-8 Be aware of changing conditions 42 of 49

48. It is not just you to blame one particular person of not following the procedure, doing something wrong. Always problems come down due to poor management. We always come back to the fact that things are sloppy, lacking in order, great carelessness and unorganized and unsystematic right from the top of the company downwards. UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

49. Conclusion You are wearing lifeline and confined space work is recognizing , understanding and performing according to these 8 rules of safety, Let us review them: Rule#1: Be able to recognize a confined space Rule#2: Obtain permission before entry Rule#3: Understand the hazards before entry Rule#4: Lockout upstream utilities Rule#5: Insure adequate ventilation Rule#6: Standby person must be available Rule#7: Understand the rescue plan Rule#8: Be aware of changing conditions 46 of 49 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Your lifeline!

50. Entry into confined spaces requires an entry permit, an entry team and rescue plan EVERYONE has duty of care to those inside the confined space ANYONE can and must raise the alarm to evacuate the confined space if they detect a hazard to the people inside Statistics prove that you are more likely to die in confined space accident than suffer an injury. No matter what your job, but when you do confined space work, prepare carefully and follow all the rules And Expect----The Unexpected 47 of 49 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Your lifeline!

51. Statistics prove that more than 50% those killed in confined spaces accidents are rescuers. If Amjed had called for help, he may have saved his mates’ life as well as his own. Attempting Unplanned Rescue ---- Probably Will Be Your Last 48 of 49 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Your lifeline!

52. 49 of 49 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Your lifeline! Oxygen is vital to human life; Lack of Oxygen can lead to unconsciousness and then death. While working in confined space if you feel any symptoms of oxygen deficiency or any other condition that can indicate dangers--- Don’t - take ---------- chances ---------- just - get out