Congenital heart defects.pptxvgggffddsssdrr

Congenital

1. CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS presented by Adomako Belinda.

2. The heart.

3. Congenital heart disease is a problem with the structure of the heart . It is the most common type of birth defect. Babies born with congenital heart diseases comprise of the second largest group of babies with abnormalities

4. The defect can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart , arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down go in the wrong place or in wrong direction or even be blocked completely.

5. Types of congenital heart defect. A. Defect causing increase in pulmonary blood flow include; Atrial septal defect (ASD) ; this is where there is an opening between the atria. The hole allows oxygenated blood in the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right atrium. This can be repaired surgically by dacron patch closure.

6. Ventricular septal defect; this is opening between the ventricles, which allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricles to flow to the right ventricles. Small holes can close spontaneously by one year.

7. Endocardial cushion defect ( atrioventricular canal) ; this is a combination of defect in the atria and ventricular septal and portions of the tricuspid and mitral valves.

8. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); this is as a result of failure of fetal circulation ( ductus arteriosus ) to close at birth. Administration of indomethacin in preterm infant can close the patent ductus .

9. B. Obstructive heart defects. Coarctation of the aorta. This is the narrowing or constriction in the descending aorta, obstructing systemic blood flow.

10. Aortic stenosis; this is the narrowing of the aortic valve which result in ventricular hypertrophy . Pulmonary stenosis; this is the narrowing of the pulmonary artery, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary atresia; is the fused valve that allows no blood flow to the lungs.

11. 3 . Defect causing decrease in pulmonary blood flow . Tricuspid atresia ; this is failure of the tricuspid valve to develop. Tetralogy of fallot ; is a characteristics combination of four congenital cardiac abnormalities which cause cyanosis, growth retardation and exercise intolerance in babies and young children; The four anomalies are;

12. Ventricular septal defect. Right ventricular hypertrophy Pulmonary stenosis Overriding aorta/ aortic misplacement.

13. Congenital heart defect can further be divided into two. 1. Cyanotic heart defect. These conditions are accompanied by persistence of cyanosis (cyanosis of the lips and mucus membrane). Transportation of great vessels Tetralogy of fallot Tricuspid atresia

14. Total anomalous pulmonary drainage Pulmonary atresia Univentricular Truncus arteriouses

15. Transportation of the great vessels. A condition where the aorta arises from the right ventricles and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricles. Consequently oxygenated blood is circulated back through the lungs and deoxygenated blood back into systemic circulation.

16. Truncus arteriosus This is when the person has one large artery instead of two separate ones to carry blood to the lungs and body. In a normal heart, the blood follow this cycle: BODY – HEART- LUNGS-HEART-BODY. With truncus arteriosus the blood leaving the heart does not follow this path.

17. It has only one vessel , instead of two separate ones for the lung and the body. With only one artery , there is no specific path to the lungs for oxygen before returning to the heart to deliver oxygen to the body.

18. A cyanotic heart defect. They are conditions that are not accompanied by cyanosis. They include; Left heart hyoplasia ; this is underdevelopment of the component of the left side of the heart. Coartation of the aorta Patent ductus arteriosus Ventricular and atrial septal defect

19. Causes/ risk factors of congenital heart defect. Approximately 90% of cardiac heart defects cannot be attributed to a singular cause ; Chromosomal and genetic factors account for 8% and further 2% are reckoned to be caused by teratogens .

20. The critical period of exposure to teratogens in respect of embryonic development of cardiac tissue is from the 3 rd to the 6 th week. Maternal age, over 40 years . Rubella or other viral infections Alcoholism and smoking

21. Signs and symptoms Failure to thrive Dyspnea Cyanosis Rapid breathing Poor blood circulation Heart murmurs Tachypnea Difficulty feeding Irritability

22. Diagnosis Physical examination mostly achieve post natal. Ultrasound scanning while the baby is in utero. Echocardiography Electrocardiogram Chest X- ray Heart MRI Cardiac catherization .

23. Treatment Constructive heart surgery. Examples; Atrial septostomy B allon angioplasty Aortic valvotomy Dracon patch closure.

24. Nursing Management Nurse patient in an upright position. Give oxygen therapy. Feed small frequent meals. Child may need nutritional supplements.

25. When child experiences ‘ tet spells’ also known to be hyper cyanosis, bring child's knee up tight against his/her chest or let the child squat to increase blood flow to the heart. Limit the activity level of the child. Administer digoxin and diuretics.

26. Thank you.