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1. Conjunctions in
English
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, and clauses. They act as
bridges in sentences, providing coherence and meaning. They are essential for
building complex sentence structures and expressing intricate ideas. This
presentation explores the different types of conjunctions in English and their
roles in creating effective and impactful communication.
by Abdullatif MohAM

2. Coordinating Conjunctions
1
FANBOYS
Coordinating conjunctions, often remembered by the
acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), join
words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank.
They indicate a relationship between the elements they
connect, such as addition, contrast, or consequence.
2
Simple Sentences
Coordinating conjunctions can connect two simple
sentences to create a compound sentence. For instance,
"The sun was shining, and the birds were singing."
3
Clarity and Flow
They enhance clarity and flow in writing by explicitly
showing the relationship between connected ideas. For
example, "The team practiced hard, yet they still lost the
game."
4
Variety and Emphasis
Coordinating conjunctions provide variety in sentence
structure and emphasize specific relationships between
connected ideas. They can add nuance and sophistication
to writing.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions
1
Dependent Clauses
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses,
which cannot stand alone as complete sentences. These
clauses rely on the main clause for their meaning and context.
2
Relationships
They establish relationships between clauses, showing how
ideas are connected in terms of time, cause, condition,
contrast, or concession. Examples include "because,"
"although," "if," "while," and "since."
3
Complex Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions are essential for constructing
complex sentences, creating intricate and layered meanings.
For instance, "Although it was raining, the picnic continued."
4
Emphasis and Nuance
Subordinating conjunctions can add emphasis to specific
ideas and create nuanced meanings, making writing more
sophisticated and engaging.

4. Correlative Conjunctions
Pairs
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect words,
phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank. Common
pairs include "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor," and "not
only...but also."
Emphasis and Balance
They emphasize the parallelism between the connected
elements, creating a sense of balance and symmetry in
writing.
Clarity and Precision
Correlative conjunctions enhance clarity by making the
relationships between connected ideas explicit and precise.
Sophisticated Writing
They elevate writing by adding sophistication and nuance to
sentence structure, making writing more engaging and
impactful.

5. Conjunctions in Compound Sentences
Independent Clauses
Compound sentences consist of two or
more independent clauses, which are
complete sentences that can stand
alone. They express separate ideas that
are connected by a conjunction.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions, such as "and,"
"but," and "so," are commonly used to
connect independent clauses in
compound sentences. They indicate the
relationship between the clauses.
Clarity and Flow
Conjunctions in compound sentences
create a smooth flow and enhance
clarity by showing how ideas are related,
ensuring that the reader can easily follow
the connection between the clauses.

6. Conjunctions in Complex Sentences
1
Dependent Clause
Complex sentences consist of at least
one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses. Dependent
clauses cannot stand alone as complete
sentences and rely on the independent
clause for meaning.
2
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions introduce
dependent clauses in complex
sentences, showing the relationship
between the clauses in terms of time,
cause, condition, contrast, or
concession. They are essential for
building complex sentence structures.
3
Intricate Meanings
Conjunctions in complex sentences
allow writers to express intricate and
layered meanings by showing how ideas
are connected and how they contribute
to the overall meaning of the sentence.

7. Conjunctions and Sentence
Structure
Type Function Example
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Join elements of
equal grammatical
rank.
The sun was shining,
and the birds were
singing.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Introduce dependent
clauses.
Although it was
raining, the picnic
continued.
Correlative
Conjunctions
Connect elements in
pairs.
Both the students
and the teachers
enjoyed the field trip.

8. Conjunctions and Parallel Structure
Consistency
Conjunctions often connect
elements that have a parallel
structure. This means the
elements are grammatically
similar, using the same
grammatical forms, such as
nouns, verbs, or phrases.
Clarity and Readability
Parallel structure improves
clarity and readability by
creating a rhythmic and
predictable flow in writing. It
makes sentences easier to
understand and follow.
Emphasis and Impact
Parallel structure can
emphasize important ideas by
highlighting the similarity
between them, adding impact
and emphasis to writing.
Fluent Writing
Conjunctions, when used with
parallel structure, create a
smooth and fluent flow in
writing, making it more
engaging and enjoyable for the
reader.

9. Common Conjunctions in English
1
Coordinating
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
2
Subordinating
after, although, as, because, before,
if, since, though, unless, until, when,
whenever, where, wherever, while
3
Correlative
both...and, either...or, neither...nor,
not only...but also

10. Conclusion and Key
Takeaways
Conjunctions are essential tools in English writing and speech, providing the
glue that holds sentences together and expresses intricate relationships
between ideas. From simple sentence structures to complex and layered
meanings, conjunctions enhance clarity, flow, and impact in communication.
Understanding their types and functions is crucial for building strong and
effective writing.