Connectors & conjunctions

English Grammar

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR CONNECTORS & CONJUNCTIONS Pooja Raj Srivastava

2. WHAT IS CONJUNCTIONS Conjunction is the name for those common words that are used to join ( conjoin ) parts of sentences. Also, conjunctions may be used to begin certain sentences.

3. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS There are two different types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions . Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called correlative conjunctions . Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to provide logical connections in sentences.

4. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordination gives equal attention to two items. Use coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so ( FANBOYS ). Use them between two independent clauses.

5. WHEN TO USE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Reason Coordinating Conjunction To communicate addition and To communicate contrast but, yet (a comma is preceded) To communicate a result/effect so To communicate a reason/cause for To communicate a choice or To communicate a negative choice nor

6. EXAMPLES He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow ties. ( And joins two words.) The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather. (Nor joins two phrases.) It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed as literary villains. (Yet joins two independent clauses.)

7. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Subordination gives less attention to one idea so that the other has emphasis. The conjunction must go before the subordinating clause (the explanation clause) Commas must go at the end of the first clause, which can be either the subordinating or main clause

8. EXAMPLES Before going to the game (subordinate), we often eat at the pub (main). Although very cute (sub), pandas are not suitable pets (main ). Candice was feeling lonely (main), so she adopted another cat (sub ). Peanut butter is delicious (main), provided you don’t have a nut allergy (sub).

9. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS After, before although As, because As much as, as long as, as soon as even though if, even if in order that Since, whether, while once provided that so [that implied], so that than that though unless when, whenever where, wherever, whereas

10. WHEN TO USE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS Reason Subordinate Conjunction Regarding time after , before, once, since, until , when, while To communicate a reason/cause as , because, since To communicate a result/effect in order that, so, so that, that To communicate a condition if , even if, unless To communicate contrast although , even though, though , whereas Regarding location where , wherever Regarding a choice than , whether

11. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions that are often in sentences together . both , and Ex . Both maroon and gray accent nicely. either, or Ex . I like to wear either pants or capris. neither, nor Ex . Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit. not only, but (also ) Ex . Not only one button fell off, but all of them . whether, or Ex . Whether or not opt, you have to go through it. not, so much as Ex . It was not that his clothes were flamboyant so much as they were florid .

12. WHEN TO USE COMMON CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: Reason Conjunctive Adverb To communicate addition also , furthermore, besides To communicate contrast however , still, nevertheless, instead , otherwise To communicate comparison similarly , likewise To introduce a result/summary therefore , thus, consequently, accordingly , hence, then To indicate time next , then, meanwhile, finally To communicate emphasis indeed , certainly

13. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a sentence. They should be followed by a comma and, when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a semicolon. Ex. Furthermore , stiletto heels are not a fad; they are classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional statement and is followed by a comma.) Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper; therefore , his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore communicates a result and is preceded by a semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.)

14. CONJUNCTION CORRESPONDING CONNECTOR and also, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore but however, even so, though, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, yet, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary So because (cause-effect) therefore, thus, consequently, hence, for this reason, as a result, that is why so (similarity) similarly, likewise before beforehand, before this, first, then, next, afterwards

15. WHEN TO USE CONJUNCTION VS. CONNECTOR When conjunctions are used, this implies that the statement after the conjunction is relaying knowledge already known to the reader. Connectors are used when the information is presented in the preceding sentences and is not assumed knowledge. Example: If it snows tomorrow, the college will be closed. It may snow tomorrow. If so, the college will be closed.

16. WHEN TO USE CONJUNCTION VS. CONNECTOR Joining the statement with a conjunction implies that they are part of the same idea. By using a connector, the separation between two statements allows their relationship to be more precisely defined, which is especially important for professional writing. Ex- Cars can be dangerous and they pollute. Cars can be dangerous. Moreover, they pollute.

17. Finally, the University Writing Center staff and I hope that this presentation has helped you develop a better understanding of conjunctions, since they are vital to the English language; consequently, you will use them often in your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online lecture has not helped with your grammar so much as with enhancing your fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a conjunction quiz, or call it a review before signing off. (Review is preferable, because the word quiz often has a negative connotation.) Whether or not you feel like a conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if you can recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs. After you are done, click to the next slide where you will find the answers. A Parting Quiz...

18. Finally (ca) , the University Writing Center staff and (cc) I hope that this presentation has helped you to develop a better understanding of conjunctions, since (sc) they are vital to the English language; consequently (ca) , you will use them often in your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online lecture has not (c2) helped with your grammar so much as (c2) with enhancing your fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a conjunction quiz, or call it a review before (sc) signing off. (Review is preferable, because (sc) the word quiz often has a negative connotation.) Whether or (c2) not you feel like a conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if (sc) you can recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs. After (sc) you are done, click to the next slide where (sc) you will find the answers. Answers... cc : correlative conjunction sc : subordinate conjunction ca : conjunctive adverb c2 : correlative conjunction