Conservation and management of wildlife.pptx

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1. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD LIFE GOVT.ISLAMIA GRADUATE COLLEGE CIVIL LINES, LAHORE MAJOR: BS.ZOOLOGY Roll No: 538 (035975) Semester: 6th Session: 2019-23 Subject: Wild Life Topic: Management And Conservation of Wild Life Submitted To: Prof. Iftikhar Sab Submitted by: Muhammad Shahzad DATED: 08-09-2022

2. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD LIFE Nature has boomed us with a large number of natural resources which have made our life prosperous in different ways. The study of ecology reveals that there exists an ecological balance between the organisms (plants, animals and man) and their physical environment . Of all organisms, Man being dominant and intelligent has modified this environment more extensively than any other organism.

3. Today not only earth is in his control, the outer space is also not untouched. Natural resources are being consumed at his own sweet will. Flora and fauna are being controlled. Thousands of toxic chemicals unknown to nature before are poured into the soil, air and water. The pressure of rapidly increasing human population is so great that he is exploiting natural resources at an alarming rate and in doing so he is adversely damaging the environment .

4. Due to his greedy exploitation of natural resources, ecological malpractices , and shortsightedness he is confronted today with a number of serious environmental problems. These include desertification of land due to deforestation and erosion and consequently mass destruction of fauna and flora; fragmentation of natural habitats; flooding; accumulation of waste and toxic substances in his surroundings; pesticides contamination; radioisotopes accumulations; spread of infectious diseases; energy crisis; depletion of natural resources, and many others.

5. If some conservancy and management measures of natural resources are not applied, there may arise uncontrollable ecological hazards which may wipe out the human race. The environmental problems are generally classified into two categories: 1. Resource management and conservation 2. Environmental pollution.

6. Resources are all those requirements of an organism, population or an ecosystem which help in accumulation of energy by their increased availability. The natural resources include all the land, mineral, water, vegetation, wildlife, and sceneries', all of which remain useful to human society in one way or the other. Natural resources are mainly of two types:

7. a) the biological resources also called as ‘ renewable resources ' as they can grow in quantity through reproduction and utilization of simple substances. These include fish, poultry, cattles , forests, soil, wood, crops etc. b) the physical resources also called as 'non renewable resources ' as they are available in limited amounts and once consumed can not be replaced or that can only be replaced over a very long periods of time. These include fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum gas etc), metallic ores (such as, iron, copper, zinc, nickel etc.), minerals and their salts.

8. Conservation is one of the most significant application of ecology. According to Webster's Dictionary, conservation 'is the act or process of conserving or controlled use and systematic protection of natural resources as forests, wildlife, water ways'. In essence, conservation is not mere preservation or hoarding of resources for immediate use but such prudent use by the present generation that their benefits could equally be shared by the future generations.

9. In simple words, conservation refer to the scientific utilization of the resource by maintaining a sustained yield and also the quality of the resource. From the aesthetic viewpoint , conservation includes also the maintenance of National parks, wilderness areas, historic sites and wildlife.

10. WILDLIFE CONSERVAIION 'Wildlife' may be defined as those animals and plants that normally live in natural or ' wild ' condition and are not domesticated or cultivated respectively. The term wildlife" in general is largely used with reference to mammals, birds, and reptiles only (of having value as food, sport, fur, skin, plumage etc.). It is rather unfair that animals such as invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians that are often 'wild' are excluded from the wildlife category.

11. Necessity for the conservation of Wildlife: The conservation of wildlife is necessary because of the following reasons: i ) Wildlife is an integral part of an ecosystem. It helps in maintaining the 'balance of nature ', the destruction of carnivores, like lions, tigers, jackals would only increase the number of herbivores which may eat up most of the vegetation or may help in spread of disease .

12. ii) Wildlife has an excellent aesthetic value. The richness, variety and fascination of life on this planet diminish with every species that disappear. When a wild species becomes extinct, everyone of us suffers an aesthetic loss. Humans have no right to exterminate what God has created . iii) The wildlife, if properly conserved and managed, can be used commercially to earn more foreign exchange, if linked with tourism. iv) The wild flora and fauna are a rich source of genes which can be used in breeding new forms of plants and animals for characters like disease-resistance, faster rate of growth, higher yield and other ecological amplitudes. Thus preservation and conservation of wildlife is important as a genetic resource .

13. v) The conservation of wildlife helps many naturalists and biologists to study morphology, physiology, reproductive biology, ecology, behaviour etc. of wild animals under natural surroundings. vi) The wildlife provides best means of sport and recreation. vii) The wildlife is a cultural asset and has deep rooted effect on art, sculpture, literature and religion.

14. Causes of Depletion of Wildlife The major factors responsible for decline or extermination of wildlife include Persecution by man, Destruction of natural habitats and Pollution. a) Persecution by human beings : The main reasons of persecution are i ) Hunting and shooting of wild animals for fun and amusement or for trophies. ii) Illegal or legal hunting for food (i.e. for their delicious meat). iii) Illegal killing or poaching for skin, fur, tusks, oil, plumage, decoration (as stuffed preparation)

15. iv) Absurd killing by farmers or herdsman living in the near vicinity of jungle of predatory animals (like tigers, lions, jackals, wolves) which are accused of killing their domestic animals or livestock. v) Trapping of animal so as to keep them as pets. vi) Animals like monkeys, rabbits etc. are trapped live and sold to those who need for medicinal experiments. vii) In many countries, animals such as monkeys, bears, parrots are caught alive, domesticated and trained for public shows in the streets or in big animal circuses.

16. b) Loss of habitats : The primary cause of decline of wildlife is the degradation or complete loss of natural habitats. Like other living species, wild animals also need food, shelter, clean water etc. within a territory. If these are denied they will gradually diminish. Ironically, today most of the natural habitats of wild animals and plants are being destroyed by man's activities.

17. i ) Forests are being cut ruthlessly today all over the world for agricultural needs, river valley projects, industrial purposes, and for the construction of roads, railways, dams, buildings etc. It has been estimated that every year 40 million acres of forests are destroyed. This deforestation has resulted into fragmentation of natural habitats and reduction in area for free movement of wild animals. The destruction of wild plants of forests for fuel, timber, fodder and other uses has not only deprived wild animals of shelter but their most palatable food. Overgrazing is another serious hazard afflicting our pastures, forests and mountains.

18. Overexploitation of range lands by livestock grazing has resulted in more and more denuded hills and valleys, thus snatching away food and shelter from wild herbivores. iii) Wetlands are being drained for cultivation and building of roads etc. Wetlands are vegetated with various emergent marsh plants and shrubs. They are the prime habitats for water fowls and semi aquatic vertebrates. They serve as an excellent refuge for a number of migratory birds that feed and breed there.

19. C) Pollution of various kinds have adversely affected wild animals. i ) There has been considerable damage to bird life by DDT and other insecticide 'spraying, especially when heavy concentrated applications have been used. Bird populations, specially 'birds of prey' have been significantly reduced through DDT poisoning. Researches have shown that majority of birds due to direct or indirect uptake of insecticides produce eggs with fragile shells which easily breakaway when mother sits on it for incubation.

20. Moreover, the elimination of insects from any piece of land is bound to affect the insectivorous birds living there. ii) Millions of oceanic birds are killed every year all over the world by oil spillage from oil tankers in the sea. iii) Noise pollution by different transporting media like heavy trucks, buses, rails, aeroplanes have adversely affected the wild life. Wild animals are shy of human presence and hence the greater movement of men through their habitats have upset their feeding, hormonal and reproductive behaviour .

21. iv) Today our rivers, estuaries and shallow offshore areas have become the waste bin for million of tones of waste products from human activities. The aquatic resources are becoming increasingly polluted by industrial waste, domestic sewage and oil spillage. Due to water pollution the biota has been seriously affected. Stocks of fishes have declined and animals like oysters, mussels have become unfit for human consumption. Beside the above referred factors, various natural calamities such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, fire, epidemics etc. have also caused great destruction of wildlife .

22. Modes of wildlife conservation Following are important measures needed to preserve wildlife. 1. Study of Habitat : A thorough understanding of habitat, which the species under consideration needs, is essential for the preservation of wildlife. 2. Preservation of Habitat : All necessary measures should be taken to preserve and protect natural habitats from degradation and fragmentation. Ruthless cutting of trees, uprooting of plants, removal of hedges and grazing by livestock should not be allowed in the protected area. Wetlands should be protected from systematic drainage. Pollution of various kinds must be checked .

23. 3. Improvement of Habitats : Effective steps should be taken for the improvement and development of habitats. Habitats may be improved by raising plantation of nourishing fodder grasses and trees. By law, the establishment of factories and human settlements should not be allowed in nearby area. 4. Wild Life Census : In order to implement various protective laws, an accurate idea about the population density of various species is essential. Therefore, periodic and regular counts of various species, particularly of endangered species should be recorded.

24. 5. Wildlife Research : Basic scientific data is a pre-requisite for all kind of management programmes including wildlife. The research studies should be aimed at (a) to find out the status of each and every wild species (b) food and feeding habits and their place in food chain (c) biotic and abiotic stresses (d) carrying capacity of various habitats (e) to determine rut seasons of ungulates, their litter size and possible causes of mortalities

25. (f) to understand the biology and behaviour of important species (g) to determine the ecological requirements of individual species. 6. Wildlife Legislation : Strict laws should be enforced for the protection of wild animals and plants and heavy penalties should be awarded to those who violate it. Protective laws must operate to prevent a population getting too large as well as too small. When populations are small, hunting should be restricted and if large be increased. Hunting of critically endangered species should be completely banned. No person shall trade, import or export wild animals. Any market for wildlife products, parts of trophies should be banned.

26. 7. Wildlife Veterinary : Veterinary services should be made available to take care of wild animals. To keep wildlife free from communicable diseases from other domestic animals, the livestock within 5km of protected area are required immunization against communicable diseases. 8. Wildlife Education : The science of wildlife is developing rapidly at the present time. It is high time that it must be introduced at all levels of educational system. A chapter on wildlife be introduced at primary or secondary level.

27. Wildlife as a subject may be offered at graduate and postgraduate level. Short term courses may be designed for wildlife management staff, game wardens, forest officers etc. Seminars, symposia, and popular lectures on the management and conservation of wildlife should be arranged in colleges and universities. 9. Wildlife Consciousness Among Public : It will only be possible to conserve wildlife effectively when the public as a whole becomes a determined guardian everywhere. Hence effective measures should be taken to raise public opinion and consciousness about wildlife.

28. This can be achieved by" measures such as, brochures, pamphlets and small booklets should be prepared in national and regional languages so as to apprise people with the advantages of wildlife popular radio and T.V. programmes on wildlife should be produced, public should be educated through video lectures, slide shows and field trips. 10. Wildlife protected Areas : National parks and sanctuaries should be established for the protection of rare and threatened wild species.

29. 11. Involvement of International Agencies : Efforts should be made to seek financial and technical assistance from International agencies like WWF and others for the establishment of protected areas and research studies. Joint collaborative research programmes should be initiated with the neighboring countries who share the same ecosystem.

30. 12. Wildlife Awards : Award programmes should be initiated for outstanding performance in the field of wildlife research and management to encourage personnel in the field. Persons rendering assistance in the detection of wildlife offenses may be given cash awards or certificates of appreciation.

31. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Wildlife management which is an important branch of conservation, is mainly concerned with the protection, preservation, Perpetuation and Judicious control of rare species of plants and animals in their natural habitats. Of the three general approaches adapted towards wildlife management

32. Wildlife management includes following fundamental approaches. 1. Enaction of wildlife Acts so as to prevent hunting of certain rare wildlife species. 2. Establishment of sanctuaries and game reserves , in order to provide protection to a species of plant and animals of rare nature.

33. 3. Most commonly an assemblage of species is protected. For example, wetlands serve as refuge, and nesting areas for a variety of migratory water fowls. Similarly, high alpine areas often protect a very diverse forms of plants and associated fauna. The management of assemblage protection is designed to provide maximum cover and food supply for the migratory birds and to provide refuge from hunting.

34. 4. Habitat preservation which are large and diverse enough to protect whole sets of ecosystems' are often designated as National Parks. 5. Endangered species are often helped to survive by breeding them in captivity . Hawaiin Goose, Branta sandvisensis . In 1990, this bird was almost extinct. Then a few were brought to Wildfowl Trust Centre in England. They bred successfully in captivity, and it was not long before, there were more Hawaiin geese at this Centre than in the whole of the Hawaiin Islands. In 1996, some of these were released in Hawaii where their numbers are now increasing.

35. 6. It is important to set up a microcomputer based National Wildlife Data Base to integrate informations on the conservation status of species, habitat types, biogeographical regions, administrative units and specific protected areas.