contemporary world politics Note plustwo.pdf

Plustwo political science contemporary world politics note

1. Chapter1TheColdWarEraCubanMissileCrisisCubaissmallislandnearAmericanCoast.NikitaKhrushchev-SovietUnionleaderwantedtoturnCubaintoRussianbase.In1962placenuclearmissileinCubaJohnFKennedyorderAmericanworshiptointerceptanysovietshipheadingtoCubaItcreatewarsituationbetweensuperpoweritcallCubancrisis.Whataretheychangesoccurredinwordpoliticsaftercoldwar?ColdwarStandforcompetitiontensionbetweenUSandSU.IdeologicalconflictbetweenUSandSU.Bothsuperpowerpossessednuclearweaponitwillleadtomassivedestruction.Americabloc/Westernbloc:-liberaldemocracyandcapitalismUSsoviyatbloc/Easternbloc:-communalismandsocialismSUMilitaryallianceofUSblocNATO:-NorthAtlanticTreatyorganisation1949militaryhelpSEATO:-SouthEastAsianTreatyorganisation1954-ManilaformedCEATO:-CentralTreatyorganisationmilitaryallianceMiddleEastMilitaryallianceofSOVIETunionWARSAWpact:-1955tocounterNATO:-SovietUnion,China,NorthKorea,northVietnam,IraqNarratethegainofsuperpowersfromtheirAlliancewithsmalleststate?VitalresourceslikeoilandmineralLaunchweaponsLocationforSpyworkEconomicsupportNarratethegainofsmalleststatefromtherealliancewithsuperpowers?protection*Weapons*EconomicAid

2. Areaofcoldwar1.Missilecrisis2.Koreancrisis1950-533.Berlincrisis1958-604.Congocrisis1960sArmsraceLimitingeliminatingnuclearweaponsusemajortreatiesLTBT-LimitedtestBantreatyNPT-NuclearnonProliferationTreatySALT1&11-StrategicArmsLimitationTalkSTART1&11-StrategicArmsReductionTreatyNAM-NonAlignmentMovementStayawayfromthepowerbloc.NAMoffernottojoineitheralliances.NAMplaymediatoryroleincoldwardisputeFivefoundingfathersofNAM.1.JawaharlalNehru-India.2.JosipBrozTito-yugoslavia3.GamrlAbdelNasser-Egypt4.Sukarno-Indonesia5.KwameNkrumah-GhanaFeaturesofNAMNAMispolicyofpeacefulcoexistence.itmeansfreedomininternationalaffairsItrejectpowerpoliticsMaintrusttowardspeace,Independence,disarmamentApril1955NAMestablishedinbandungconference1961belgadefirstNAMsubmit

3. FactorbehindformationofNAMAchievingafro-AsianUnityReducecoldwartensionSupporttonewlyindependentAfricancountries.CriticismagainstNAMIndiasignedTreatyoffriendshipwithUSSRin1971UNprincipled-IndiarefusedtotalkindependentdecisiontoprotectNationalinterestRelevanceofNAMincontemporaryworldEndofcoldwar-NAMbecomeirrelevantNAMpoliticalrelevancedecreasedandeconomicrelevanceincreasedMajorroleintacklingracism,worldterrorism,worldenvironmentprotectionIndiaandcoldwarstayawayfromtwoallianceRaisedvoiceagainstnewlyindependentcountriesjoiningpowerbloc.IndiatriedtoreducedifferencebetweensuperpowersTobalancesuperpowersNewinternationaleconomicorderEconomicdevelopmentisvitalforLeastDevelopedCountries.ThereportofUNconferenceontradeanddevelopmentproposedreformofglobaltrading.Suchas:-TogivelistdevelopmentLDCcontrolovertheirnaturalresourcesObtainaccesstoWesternmarketReducecostofTechnologyProvideLDCswithgreaterroleininternationaleconomicInstitution.

4. 2.EndofBipolarityRussianRevolution-1917VladimirLenin-founderofBolshevikCommunistPartyLeaderofRussianRevolution1917AfterRevolutionUSSRformedUnionofSovietSocialistRepublicChronology:-RussianRevolution1917SovietinvasionofAfghanistan1979FallofBerlinWall-1989DisintegrationofSOVIETUnion1991USSRfeaturesFormedin1932BasedonsocialismandequalityOppositiontocapitalismPrivacytostateandCommunistPartyOppositionnotallowedPlanandeconomycontrolledeconomyAbolishedprivatepropertyUSSRmerits:-ComplexcommunicationnetworkVastenergyresourcesSelfsufficientconsumerindustryMinimumstandardoflivingtoallcitizenBasicnecessitytoallUnemployment

5. DemeritsofUSSRDominationofsinglepartyBureaucraticandauthoritarianInferiorTechnologyUnaccountableadministrationSovietUnionreasonofdisntegration1.InternalweaknessofSovietpoliticalinstitution:-singlepartysystem,dominationofbureaucrats,unaccountableadministration,politicalcorruption,suspensionoffreedomofexpression2.InternalweaknessofSovieteconomicInstitution:-stagnationofeconomy,technologicalbackwardness,failureofagricultureproduct,economicadvancesofwest3.Riseofnationalism:-USSRisFederalUnionof15republics.RussiamadedominationCreatedfeelingofavoidance4.MichaelGorbachevreforms:-LastpresidentofUSSR,Generalsecretaryofsovietcommunistpartyin1985.MichaelGorbachevreformsReformaim:-NormaliserelationwithWestDemocratisandreformSovietUnionpoliticaleconomicToreachTechnologyadvancementPerestroika:-RestructuringofsovietpoliticalandeconomicsystemGrassnot:-openness,transparencyingovernmentinstitutionThereformwerefailure.

6. DisintegrationofSovietUnion1991EasterncountriesagainstchemistryruleRiseofnationalismBorisYelsinopposedcentralisedcontrolandemergedasnationalhero.26December1991underleadershipofYeltsin-Russia,Ukraine,BelatusdeclaredindependencePostsovietRepublicadoptedcapitalismanddemocracy.BanCommunistpartyRussiawasacceptedassuccessorofSovietUnion.BorisYeltsin-becomeFirstelectedPresidentofRussiaCIS-CommonwealthofindependentstateformedMajorconsequencesofdisintegrationofSovietUnioninworldpolitics?EndofcoldwarUnipolarworldEmergenceofnewcountriesShocktherapyinpostcommunistregimeTransitionfromanauthoritariansocialistsystemtoademocraticcapitalistsystemInRussiaCentralAsiaandWesternEuropethatwasinfluencedbyWordBankandIMFcametobeknownasshocktherapy.FeaturesofshocktherapyTotalshifttocapitalismEstablishmentofforeigndirectinvestmentandfreetradeStartedtraderelationwithWestIntroducedpolicyofprivatizationCollectiveforming

7. ConsequencesofshocktherapyCollapseofstatecontrolledIndustriesHighinflationGrowthofMafiaPovertyDeclineofRubleHoardingandblackmarketincreasedCollapseofcollectivefarmingCollapseofSocialwelfaresystemDictatorshipofpresidentCvilwar IndiaandUSSRIndiamaintainedthegoodrelationwithUSSRIndiaRussiasupportedconceptofmultipolarworldAreasofIndiaRussiarelationsMilitary:-scientificprojectassistanceinspaceindustrybygivingcryogenicrocketsSharinginformationonInternationalterrorismNuclearenergyplanpolitical:-SupportinKashmirissueEconomic:-EnergysuppliesAccesstoCentralAsiabalancingitsrelationwithChinaAssistanceduringoilcrisisCultural:-HindifilmsandIndianculturewerepopularinUSSR
IndiaisthesecondlargestarmsmarketforRussia

8. 3.USHegemonyinWorldPoliticsWhichAmericanpresidentdeclarednewworld?GeorgeWBush NewworldorderUSbecamesinglesuperpowerafterthisintegrationofUSSRandwordbecameunipolar.Globalisation1991boostUShegemonyFirstGulfwar1991August1990IraqinvadedKuwaitDiplomaticattemptfailedtostopIraqinvasionMassivecoalitionforceof660000troopfrom34countriesfoughtagainstIraq.ItknownasFirstGulfwarUNcalledmilitaryoperation(codenameofFirstGulfWar):-OperationDesertStorm.IraqdefeatedUNoperationoverwhelminglyAmericanFeaturesoffirstGulfwarSchwarzkopfAmericangeneralledUNforce75%soldiersfromUSUSusedsmartbombandcreatedcomputerwarTelevisioncoverageofWariscalleditvideogamewarUSmadeprofitfromwarClintonyearsDemocraticpartyleaderBillClintondefeatedGeorgeHWBushin1992Americanpresidentialelection.ClintontimeUSwithdrawnintoInternalaffairandnotfullyengagedinworldpolitics.SoftissuesinUSAmericanpolicy:-PromotionofdemocracyClimatechangeWorldtrade Operationinfinitereach1998AlquadaaterroristorganizationwhichbombedUSEmbassyinKenyaandTanzaniaAgainstClintonorderedmilitaryoperationagainstallquadaitknownasOperationInfiniteReach

9. 9/11On11thSeptember2001-19hijackerstocontroloffourAmericancommercialaircraftNorthandSouthTowerofWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkwerehitThreecrashedPentagonUSdefenceheadquarterThisattackknownas9/11-killednearly3000personsGlobalWaronTerrorUSPresidentGeorgebushlaunchedOperationEnduringFreedomagainstallsuspectedtobebehind9/11attackMaintargetAlquadaandTaliban Iraqinvention19March2003OperationIraqiFreedomby40countrieswithUSPurposetopreventIraqfromdevelopingWeaponsofMassDestructionWMDRealintentiontocontrolIraqioilfieldandUSfriendlygovernmentinIraqHegemonyItispoliticaleconomicandmilitarypredominanceofonestateoverotherAftercollapseofSovietUnionleftUSsinglesuperpowerThreeaspectsofhegemony:-1.HegemonyasHardpower:-AmericanmilitarydominanceisbothabsoluteandrelativeAbsolutepower:-AmericanhasabsolutemilitarydominanceoverothercountriesinworldReativepower:-nopowerinthewordcanmatchstrengthoftheUSmilitary2.HegemonyasStructuralpowersUSdominateGlobaleconomicsystem-GlobalnetworkUSpresentinallsectorsofwordeconomyinternet,Firms,MBAcourse,WorldBankWorldTradeOrganizationUSsharewordeconomyis28%and15%ofWorldTrade3.HegemonyassoftpowerIdeologicaldominanceofUSThought,dreams,LifestylemanypeopledifferentpartofWorldmuchAmericanised.Eg.KFC,MichaelJackson,McDonaldetc..

10. ConstraintsofAmericanHegemonyDivisionofpowerbetweenthreeorgansofUSgovernmentOpennatureofUSsociety-USsocietycriticizeactionoftheirgovernmentUSistheNATOexerciseushegemonyIndia-USrelationTechnologydevelopmentRoleofIndiaAmericandiaspora65%ofIndiaexportinsoftwaretoUS35%isTechnicalstaffworkinUSHowcanhehashegemonybeovercome?FomationofwordgovernmentStrictinternationallawMilitarycoalitionSocialmovementandpublicopinionRoleofNGO

11. 4.AlternativecentersofpowerMarshalplan-AmericaextendedfinancialaidforrestructuringEuropeeconomyAfterSecondWorldWarshatteredEuropeaneconomyTimelineofEuropeanUnity1948-EuropeanEconomicCooperation1949-CouncilofEurope1957-Europeaneconomiccommunity1992EuropeanUnion EuropeanUnionEuropeanUnionhaseconomicpoliticaldiplomaticandmilitaryinfluenceininternationalpoliticswhatmakeEuropeanUnionisahighlyinfluentialregionalorganisation?EuropeanUnionispoliticalandeconomicUnionFormed7February1992HeadquarterBrusselsMemberstate28CurrencyEuroin2002Moto-UnitedindiversityAnthem-odetojoy(universalbrotherhood)EuropeanUnionwonNobelpeaceprizepricein2012ActasaNationstateSomecommonforeignandsecuritypolicyStrength:-CapacitiesofEUtodevelopalternativecentre?Wirld'sbiggesteconomyLargeshareinWorldTradeSignificantroleinWTO,G8,G20PermanentmemberinUNandsecuritycouncil-UKFrancehavingnuclearpowerCombinedEuropeanUnionmilitarySecondlargestinwordSecondpositionspaceinthecommunicationtechnology

12. ASEAN-AssociationofSouthEastAsianNation'sTheSouthEastAsianNationwitnesscolonismconfrontedwithproblemofbackwardnessandpovertypressureofpowerbloc.Itformedin1967agust8signingBangkokdeclarationFivefoundingmembers:-Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore,ThailandLaterjoinedDarussalam,VietnamLaoPDR,Myanmar,CambodiaASEANWayistheofficialAnthemAsian-ASEANrespectNationalsovereigntyObjectiveoftheASEAN:-Economicgrowth,socialprogress,culturaldevelopmentTopromoteregionalpeaceandstabilitybasedonUNcharterCreatecommonmarkettoAsianNationThreepillarsofAsiancommunity1.ASEANSecurityCommunity
Territorialdisputesnotturnarmed,upholdpeaceCooperation,noninterference,respectnationalsovereigntyASEANRegionalForm1994-securityandforeignpolicyofASEANstate2.ASEANEconomicCommunityEconomicgrowthCreatecommonmarket,productioncenterforASEANstate3.ASEANSocialCulturalCommunityWorkforsocialculturaldevelopment ChinaThirdalternativecenterofpowerFirsteconomicdevelopingcountryinworldCommunistRepublicofIndiaformedin1949ChineseRevolutionAdoptofsovietmodelofeconomicIsolutionfromcapitalistbloc.AdoptunitaryformofgovernmentChinadependitownresourcefordevelopmentUseofdomesticTechnologyBettereducationhealthemploymentsocialwelfarescheme

13. StrengthofChinaRegionallocationofasiaHugepopulationVastlandNaturalresourcesPoliticalinfluenceChinaeconomyhasundergoneseveraltransformation.IdentifydevelopmentstrategyadoptedbyChina? DifferentstagesofriseofChineseeconomyChinaistheThirdalternativecentreofpower.ChinaendedpoliticalandeconomicisolationandestablishrelationwithUS1972FourModernisationIn1973PremierZhouEnlaiproposedModernisationinAgricultureIndustryScienceTechnologyOpenedDoorPolicyIn1978ChinesePremierDengXiaopingannouncedOpenDoorPolicy.OpenDoorPolicyitfocuses:-LiberationofeconomyExcessproductionMarketsystemPrivateownershipChangesintheChineseEconomy1982-Privatizationofagriculture1998-Privatisationofzationofindustry,SpecialEconomicZone2001-MembershipofWTOintegrationwithWesterneconomy.

14. Limitation/IssuesofChineseEconomyEmploymentGenderdisparityinemploymentEconomicequalityCorruptionEnvironmentaldegradationIndiaChinarelationLimitedrelationbeforeColonialperiod-IndependentgovernmentrelationPopularslogan-Hindi-ChiniBhaiBhaiWar:-BorderdisputeandTibetanissueworsedrelationin1962war1981periodimprovedIndiaChinarelationFactorthatstrengthentherelationIndiaPMRajivGandhivisitedtowhich1988AgreementonculturalexchangeMutualcooperationinScienceandTechnologyOpeningoffourborderpostfortradeBettertraderelationandenergydealChinesemilitaryrelation-Pakistan,Bangladesh,MyanmarthreattoIndiachinarelation.

15. 5.ContemporarySouthAsiaIndiaisCentrallylocatedandshareborderwithmostoftheSouthAsianNationsSouthAsia:-sevenNationsBangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,Nepal,PakistanandSrilanka
SouthAsiafeatures:-EthicalgroupCulturalandreligionDemocracyPoliticalsystemNuclearpower MilitaryandDemocracyinPakistanAyubKhan✓Yahyakhan✓1971-77ZullfikarAliBhutto✓1977GeneralZiaulHaq✓1982-Prodemocracymovement✓1988-97PMBenairBhuttoandNawazSharif✓1999-ParvezMushraf✓2008AsifAli✓2013NawazSharif✓2019ImranKhanPrimeMinister✓2025-ShehbazSharifisthecurrentPrimeMinisterandAsifAliZardariisthePresident.ReasonforfailureofDemocracyinPakistanSocialdominanceofmilitary,clergy,landlordPowerfulPromilitarygroupsLackofinternationalsupportfordemocraticruleWesterncountriesbelievethatmilitaryissuitablesuitabletocheckGlobalIslamicterrorism.
Himayala
IndianOceanArabianSeaBayofBengal

16. India-Pakistanrelation1947-IndoPakwar1960-Riverwaterdisputes1965-INDpakistanwar1971IndiaPakistanwar1999-KargilwarInvolvementofISI-Anti-IslamicCampaignConflictoverSiachenGlacierArmsraceProbleminSindhandBalochistanImprovedrelationBusandtrainserviceBettertraderelationRelaxedVisanormSummitofnationalleadersDemocracyinBangladesh1947-1971BangladeshpartofPakistanAreaofTensionbetweenEasternPakistanImpositionofUrdulanguageBengalilanguageconsiderinferioruUnfairshareinadministrationLackofeconomicgrowthBangladeshpoliticsInBangladeshStruggleledbySheikhMujiburRahmanBangladeshIndependencecountryafterIndoPakwarin1971ConstitutiondraftedwithsecularismdemocracysocialismSheikhMujibburRahmanamendconstitutiontooptpresidentialformofgovernmentandabolishedallpoliticalpartiesexceptAwamiLeague

17. In1975SheikhMujiburRahmanassassinatedbymilitaryZiaurRahmanformedBangladeshNationalpartyhealsoassassinatedin1980.1980-90Lt.GeneralHMErshadledmilitarygovernment1991-BangladeshfollowsrepresentativedemocracybasedonMultiPartySystem.IndiaBangladeshRelationThroughIndiaassistanceBangladeshgainedindependencefromPakistan.DifferencesbetweenIndiaandPakistan:-SharingGangaandBrahmaputrariverwaterBangladeshillegalimmigrationtoIndiaSupportinantiIndiaIslamicfundamentalistgroupNotallowIndiatomoovtroopthroughBangladeshterritoryRefusedtosendnaturalgastoIndiaNotallowIndiatobringnaturalgasfromMyanmarthroughBangladeshterritorycooperationImproveeconomicrelationDisastermanagementissuesIndia'sLookEastPolicylinkedupwithsoutheastviaMyanmar.MonarchyandDemocracyNepalPre-democracyMovementin1990-establisheddemocraticconstitution.MaoistconflictbetweenMonarchy.2002-JnandraabolishedDemocracy-itrestoredin2006.2008MovementofSevenPartyAlliance(SPA)affectabolishingmonarchy.2015-ConstitutionofNepalisFederalDemocraticRepublicIndiaNepalRelationCitizensofbothcountriestravelandworkwithoutvisaandpassportinbothcountriesSharingcommonnaturalresources,electricitygeneration,interlockingwatermanagement

18. Issues:-TraderelatedissuesWarnrelationshipwithChinaAntiIndianelementtoNepalMaoistmovementthreattoIndiansecurityIndia'sinterferenceinNepalinternalmatterEthnicConflictandDemocracyinSriLanka1948SriLankagotindependence-DemocracycountryEthnicconflictinSriLankabetweenfTamilversusSinhaleses.SriLankapoliticsdominatedbySinhalesesmajoritycommunityHostiletowardsTamilwhomigratedfromIndia,itledtomilitaryTamilnationalismIn1983strugglebetweenLiberationTigersofTamilEelamLTTEandSriLankanArmy.LTTEdemandedseparatecountryforNorthEastpartofSriLankaLTTEPressureonIndiangovernmenttoprotectinterestofTamil.1987IndiasentIndianPeaceKeepingForceIPKFtoSriLanka1991SriLankasawIndianinterferenceininternalaffairsofSriLankaItledtoAssassinationofRajivGandhi2009SrilankanArmydefeatedLTTEandcontrolthecountry.AchievementofSriLankaHigheconomicgrowthControloverpopulationHighlevelofHumanDevelopmentHighGDPrateIndiaSrilankarelationIndiaSriLankafreetradeagreementIndiahelpinPostTsunamireconstructioninSriLanka

19. IndiaBhutanRelationAllowtravelandworkwithoutvisainbothcountriesHydro-electronicprojectsupportedbyIndiaMaldivesRelationIndiahelpinattackofTamilIndia'scontributionintourism,fisheriesandeconomicdevelopment.SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCorporationSAARCFormedin1985inDhakaMembers:-Afghanistan,Bhutan,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Nepal,India,stilanka,MaldivesAim:-PeaceandcooperationinSouthAsianregion.SAFTA-SouthAsianFreeTradeAgreementSAARCmembersignedin2004.FormationofFreeTradeZoneandstrengthenforeignrelationsLimitation:-BilateralissuesasKashmirproblembetweenIndian-PakistanSomeneighboursofIndiafearedthatIndiadominatethemSAARCmemberaredevelopingorLeastDevelopingCountries

20. 6.InternationalorganizationItisformedtomaintainpoliticalandsocialeconomiccollaborationandcooperationamongthewordcountries UN-UnitedNationOrganizationAfterfirstworldwarformedLeagueofNations-itfailedtopreventSecondWorldWarUNisrefinedformofLeagueofnationItformedon24October1945TheUNOcoinedbyFranklinDRooseveltAmericanpresidentHeadquarternewyorrkUNcharter1945signedby51statePresentstrength193ObjectivesofUNMaintainpeaceandsecurityinworldPreventInternationalconflictanddifferenceFacilitateCooperationamongstateItaimtosocialnetworkdevelopmentalloveraworld.PrincipalOrganofUN1.GeneralAssemblyAll193UNmembersofgeneralassembly
MainpolicymakingorganEachstatehasonevoteMajordecisionoftheGeneralAssemblyrequire2/3majorityandothermattersrequiressimplemajorityTakemilitaryactionagainstaggressorInvestigationofdisputeRecommendedmethodjustdisputeamongNation

21. 2.SecurityCouncilFunction-maintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurityIthas15members:-fivepermanentmembers-USA,France,Britain,ChinaRussiaTheyhavevetopowerTennonpermanentmembers:-electedfor2year3.SecretariatAdministrationofUNaffairsItheadedbySecretaryGeneralFirstSecretaryGeneraltrygvelieNorway5yearTermPresentSecretaryGeneralAntonioGuterresPortugal4.InternationalCourtofJusticeItsettledisputebetweenstateinaccordancewithINlaw.15judgesareelectedfornineyearsbyabsolutetomajorityingeneralassemblyandsecuritycouncilItsofficiallanguage-English&FrenchHeadquarterHague5.EconomicandSocialCouncilItsmember54basedongeographicalrepresentationItstermthreeyearOnethirdofitsmembersretiredeveryyearItresponsibleforcoordinationofeconomic,social,humanitarianandculturalactivitiescarriedoutbyUN.6.TrusteeshipCouncilItsuspendedon2november1994withtheIndependencevofPalaulastUNtrustterritory.Itsupervisegovernmentoftrustterritory

22. MainsagenciesofUNILO-InternationalLabourorganisation-Rome
UNESCO-UnitedNationEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganisation-ParisWorldBankWashington1944UNchildrenfundUNICEFNewYorkWTO-Geneva1995WHO-Geneva WorldaftercoldwarUSSRhascollapsedUSisthestrongestpowerCooperativeUS-RussiarelationRapidgrowthofChinaandIndiaGrowthofAsianeconomyManynewmembersinUNNewchallengestotheworld-genocide,civilwar,ethnicconflict,terrorismclimatechange,epidemic. ReformofUNafterthecoldwarThecoldwarendedwiththeallofSovietUnion.Itledsocialchangeallovertheworld.Twokindofreforms:-ReformofstructuralandprocessandjurisdictionoftheUN.1.ReformofStructureandProcessIn1992UNGeneralAssemblyadoptedresolution.Itreflectedthreecomplaints1.TheSecurityCouncilnolongerrepresentthecontemporaryreality2.It'sdecisionreflectonWesternvalue3.Itlackequitablerepresentation

23. UNSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnaninitiatedenquirysecuritycontrolmemberclosingcriteriain1997CriteriaproposedNewpermanentmembersandnonpermanentmembersofSecurityCouncil1.Amajoreconomicpower2.Amajormilitarypower3.AsubstantialcontributortoUN4.AbigNationintermofpopulation5.Acountryrespectdemographyandhumanrights6.AnationmorerepresentationofWorlddiversityintermsofgeography,systemandculture.
2.JurisdictionofUN22005takencertainsteptomakeUNmorerelevant.Theyare1.CreationofpeacebuildingCommission2.FormationofHRCouncil3.AgreementtoachieveMillenniumDevelopmentGoals4.Creationofdemocracyfund5.TowinduptrusteeshipCouncil6.CondemnationofterrorismIndiaandUNRelationIndia'smajorconcernisStructuralchangetoUNSecurityCouncilIndiawishtogetpermanentmembershipinUNSecurityCouncil.Its'sclaim:-IndiaisthelargestpopulationcountryLargestdemocraticcountryIndiafastdevelopingcountryIndiaisregularcontributortoUN

24. IndiademandtogetpermanentmembershipquestionedbysomefactorsNeighbouringcountries-Pakistan,ChinaobjectionNuclearpowersofIndiaSimilardemandfromBrazil,Germany,Japan,SouthAfrica
UNinaUnipolarWorldUSbecamepowerfulwithfallofSovietunion.DominanceofUSintheaffairsofUN.Militaryandeconomypower-largestfinancialcontributortoUNVetopower-manyAmericanstaffworkinginaUNPhysicallylocatedUSterritory
RelevanceofUNInterdependenceofnationandgrowthandTechnologyTackleissueslikepopulation,climatechange,globalwarming,terrorism.DrawbacksofUNFailedtopreventwar-remaineddeliberativebodyExcessiveAmericandominanceInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency:-IAEA-1957peacefuluseofnuclearpowerAmnestyInternational:-NGOcampaignforprotectionofhumanrights.HumanRightwatch:-InternationalNGOadvocacyofhumanright

25. 7.SecurityintheContemporaryWorld
SecuritysecurityimpliesfreedomfromthreatItisoneofthemainconcernofallthecountriesSecurityrelatedonlytoextremelydangerousthreatwhichendangercorevaluesNotionofsecurityItcanbegroupedundertwoTraditionalnotionsofsecurityandNonTraditionalnotionsofsecurity1.TraditionalnotionofsecurityItisclassifiedintotwocategory:-externalandinternaltraditionalnotionsofsecurityExternaltraditionalnotionsofsecurityItmeansmilitarythreatfromothercountriesCorevalueslikesovereignty,Independence,territorialintegrityareendangered.Duringwarlife,propertyofordinarypeoplethreatened.Acountryrespondtoathreatofwarinthreeways1.Tosurrender2.Topreventtheopponentfromattackbyrisingthecostofthewartounacceptablelevel3.TodependitselfwhenwarbrokeoutTraditionalSecurityPolicyItconsistfourfactorsd1.Deterrence-preventingwar2.Defense-limitingwar3.Balanceofpower-maintenancerelationofmilitary,economic,technologicalwithothercountries4.Alliancebuilding-coalitionofstatecoordinateactiontodeterandmilitaryaction

26. Traditionalnotion-internalItmeansthreatfromwithinthecountryInternaltreatinclude:-separatistmovementRegionalismEthicsconflictDrugTerrorismCommunalismTraditionalSecurityandCooperationTheimportantwaysofcooperationtomaintaintraditionalsecurityare:-1.Cooperationinlimitingviolence2.Disarmament-tohiveupweapon3.Armscontrol-controlacquisitionofweapons-START,SALT,NPT4.Confidencebuilding-shareideasandinformationaboutmilitary2.NonTraditionalnotionofsecurityItconcernthesecurityofindividualorcommunityNonTraditionalnotionisdividedhumansecurityandglobalsecurityHumansecurityItconcernwithprotectionofpeopleTheyshouldnotgetfreedomfromwantfreedomfromfearGlobalsecurityTheeproblemlikeglobalwarming,Internationalterrorism,healthepidemic,AIDS,birdflu,coronasolvedonlymutualCorporationofallNation

27. Newsourcesofthreat1.Terrorism-Itreferpoliticalviolencethattargetciviliandeliberately2.Humanviolation-violationofpolitical,Economic,socialright3.Globalpoverty-lowincomeandhighpopulationAfricaistheexample4.Migration-statesaresupposedtoacceptrefugeesnotacceptmigrant5.HealthEpidemic-HIV,AlDS,bludflu,SARSvirusetcCooperativeSocietyNewsourcesofthreatcanbesolvedthroughInternationalcooperation.Itmaybebilateralregionalglobal.UNplayaactiveroleintrackingnewsourcesofthreat.India'sSecurityStrategyFourbroadcomponentStrengtheningthemilitary-nucleartestStrengthenUNnormsandInternationalInstitution-UN,NAM,SAARC,FOREIGNPOLICY.Meetingsecuritychallengeswithinthecountry-separatistmovement-Punjab,SikkimManipur.Developeconomy-Indiaattempttodevelopeconomy-eradicatepoverty.

28. 8.EnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesMajorenvironmentalissueswaterpollutionDeforestationOzonedepletionOverexploitationGlobalwarmingClimatechangeLossofbiodiversityScarcityofdrinkingwaterMajorEnvironmentalPrograms1972-LimittoGrowth-publishedbyclubofRomeUNEnvironmentalProgrammeUNEPorganisednumberofconferenceonenvironmentalissuesBrundtlandreport-OurCommonFuture1987EarthSummit1992RioDeJaneiroUNconferenceonEnvironmentanddevelopmentheldinRioDeJaneiroinJune1992170statesandthousandofNGOattendedtheprogramRiosummitrevealthedifferentagendaofglobalNorthandglobalSouthGlobalNorth:-Richdevelopedcountries,theyfocusonozonedepletionandglobalwarmingGlobalSouth:-pooranddevelopingitconcernedabouteconomicdevelopmentmanagementRiosummitcameoutwithagenda21regardingclimatechange,biodiversityandforestryTheconceptofSustainabledevelopmentwasdiscussedinsummitwhichiscombingeconomicgrowthandecologicalresponsibilityAgenda21wasinfavorofeconomicgrowthandecologicalconservation.

29. Globalcommons:-itislocatedoutsidethesovereignjurisdictionofanystate.Theyinclude:-1.Earthatmosphere2.Antarctica3.Oceanfloor4.OuterspaceCommonButDiffferentatedResponsibilityGlobalNorth:-AmericannorthancountrieswanteveryonetobeequallyresponsibleforecologicalconversationSoutherncountriesfeelthatisecologicaldegradationisreproductofIndustrialDevelopmentundertakenbydevelopedcountries.SoNorthmoreresponsmentalprotectionRioDeJaneirodeclarationof1992accepteddemandofSoutherncountriesanditisvknownasCommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibility.KyotoprotocolIsaninternationalagreementsettingtargetforindustrializedcountriestocuttheirgreengasemission.Methane,Carbondioxide,hydroflurocarbon.Protocolsignin1997inflightinJapanIndiaChinaandotherdevelopingcountriesareexemptedfromtheKyotoprotocol.
IndiastandonEnvironmentalissuesIndiaisparticipatoryinGlobalefforttoreducegreengasemissionthroughseveralpolicies.How?IndiasignedKyotoprotocolinAugust2000.TheG8meetinginJune2005IndiaarguedmajorResponsibilityofcurbingemissionrestofthedevelopedcountries.ImportofnaturalgasandadoptioncleancoalTechnologyActiveinglobalmovementforcleanenvironment.
GlobalNorth-FirstworldGlobalSouth-ThirdworldGlobalcommon-AntarticaGlobalVillage-Globalisation

30. EnvironmentalmovementsDiversityisanimportanttraitofenvironmentalmovementWorldwitnessedeffortsofofvariousenvironmentalmovementwiththedifferentgoals.Itincludesforestmovementanti-dammovement,Prorivermovement,movementagainstindustry ResourcesGeopoliticsIsallaboutwhogetwhatwhenwereandhow?ResourcesarethefocusofinterstaterivalryImportantresourcesinGlobalstrategyOil:-GulfregionisthemajorsourceofoilHistoryofpetroleumishistoryofwasstruggletocontrolitWater:-scatcityoffreshwaterisleadingsourceofconflictinthe2021century.Predictedpossibilityofwaterwar-clashbetweenstateoverriverpollution,overirrigationconstructionetc Indigenouspeopleandtheirrightindigenouspeopleliveinconformitywiththeirparticulartradition,land,economicresources-seriousthreat.8%oftribalpopulationinIndiaIndianconstitutionincludesnumberofprovisionforprotectionoftribalpeopleWorldCouncilofIndigenouspeopleformedin1975dealissuesabouttribalcommunity.

31. 9.GlobalisationglobalizationGlobalisationisaprocessofflowingideaspeoplecapitalcommoditiesTechnologyservicefromonetoparttoanother.WorldTradeinterconnectednessMultidimensionalconceptpoliticaleconomicculturalCausesofglobalisationTechnologicaladvancementImprovedcommunicationsystemEmergenceoffreemarketPrivateationCommercialisationLiberalisation PoliticalGlobalisationconsequencesReducedcapacityofstateMNCsinfluencedecisionandpolicyofgovernmentItaffectwelfarefunctionsofgovernmentModerntechnologyishelpfulforthestatetocollectmoreinformationaboutcitizenEconomicGlobalizationConsequencesDomesticproductlostsit'simportancecCottageindustrywererainedItdestroyedeconomyofthirdworldcountriesgGreatertradeincommunitiesacrosstheworldReducedrestrictiontoimportgoodEasyflowofcapitalacrosscountriesEnhancedforeigninvestmentSomeeconomistdescribeglobalisationasrecognitionofWorld

32. CulturalGlobalisationConsequencesItleadtouniformcultureorculturalhomogenisationImpositionofwesterncultureGlobalisationshapeourthoughtanddesire.CriticismagainstGlobalisationUniformcultureRuinofcottageindustriesWesternisationDomesticproductgetdevaluedTraditionalculturelostimportanceIndiaandGlobalizationDuringcolonialperiodIndiabecameexporterofaprimarygoodsandconsumeroffinishedgoods.Protectionism:-importofgoodswasrestrictedtoprotestIndianeconomyItcausedeconomicgrowthinIndiaHealth,housing,primaryeducationwereneglectedTospeedupeconomicgrowthadoptedNewEconomicPolicy1991whichincludeLPG