contibutions in psychiatry sigmund freud anu.pptx

contributions of sigmund frued in the field of psychiatry.theories of sigmund freud,history and psychodevelopmental thoery.

1. SIGMUND FREUD & Contributions to Psychiatry Presenter Dr. M . Anusuya

2. “ Preface ” We humans, ask basic questions ourselves! Who we are? It’s a simple question but it can be difficult to answer. What makes everyone unique? what everybody has one unique? A personality! What makes that personality? What is the propelling force of personality? Is there Any levels of personality? Is there any structure of personality? How Does Personality Develop? What could happen when there is a threat to your personality? How your personality will manage that threat? If we want to know the answer for all , then we must look upon one man ! He is the one , first to propose a comprehensive theory of the human personality!

3. SIGMUND FREUD ( Sigismund Schlomo Freud) 1856-1939

4. Photo by  Daniel Roe  on  Unsplash Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire currently now Czech Republic REPAET

5. Photo by  Daniel Roe  on  Unsplash Birthplace of Sigmund Freud, now a museum 1 PLAY

6. Jacob Freud (1815-1896) Sigmund Freud's father Amalia Freud (1835-1930) Sigmund Freud's mother Martha Freud, née Bernays (1861-1951) Sigmund Freud's wife Mathilde Hollitscher , née Freud (1887-1978) First child Jean-Martin Freud (1889-1967) Second child (lawyer) Olivier Freud (1891-1969) Third child (engineer) Ernst Freud (1892-1966) Fourth child (architect) Sophie Halberstadt , née Freud (1893-1920) Fifth child Anna Freud (1895-1982) Sixth child (psychoanalyst) Lucian Freud (1922-----) Grandson (painter) Family Tree

7. A Freud family portrait in 1876. Sigmund with parents and siblings . Freud’s Family

8. 1859 Freud Famiily move from Freiberg to Leipzig. 1860 Family settles in Vienna. 1865 Freud enters Leopoldstadter Gymnasium school. 1873 Freud hears essay 'On Nature' (attributed to Goethe). Decides to study medicine at the University of Vienna. Reads Oedipus Rex for final school examinations . 1877 Freud's first publications on intersexuality in eels and on Petromyzon. 1881 Freud graduates as doctor of medicine. 1882 Freud becomes engaged to Martha Bernays.

9. Sigmund Freud's family in 1898 with wife and children Freud’s Family

10. She was the youngest of Sigmund and Martha Freud’s six children T he only one to pursue a career in psychoanalysis. T he founder of psychoanalytic- child psychology . Anna Freud in 1896

11. 1882-5 Freud works in Vienna General Hospital. 1884-7 Freud researches clinical uses of cocaine. 1885-6 Freud studies under Charcot at the Salpetriere Hospital,Paris . Charcot provides new insight into hysteria and uses hypnosis .

12. 1886 Freud sets up private practice; marries Martha Bernays. 1887 Introduces hypnotic suggestion in his practice . 1891 Growing family moves to now famous apartment [Sigmund Freud House, Vienna] at Berggasse19, until 1938 .

13. FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 1887 to 1897 , Freud’s study of the disturbances in his hysterical patients, resulted in discovery of psychoanalysis. Freud ideas was based on case studies of his own patients and those of his colleagues. These patients helped shape his theories. Some of those well known case studies are: Anna O. (Aka Bertha Pappenheim ) 1909-Little Hans (Herbert Graf) 1905-Dora (Ida Bauer) 1909-Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer ) 1918-Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff ) Sabina Spielrein

14. Psychology vs Psycho Analysis Psychology ( 19 th century) Psychoanalysis Wilhelm Wundt (Father of Modern Psychology).   Focus mainly on Immediate Conscious .   Based on the model of physics .   Sigmund Freud (the father of psychoanalysis).     Focus Mainly on Unconscious . Freud called his perspective a “Meta-Psychology”. Based on parallel grounds with Biology.  

15. Psychology vs Psycho Analysis Psychology (19 th century) Psychoanalysis Three Investigative methodological Practises followed ( Laboratory studies, The clinical experiment, and the Psychological survey ).   Wundt and Titchener did not accept the unconscious since They believed that it is impossible to introspect the unconscious . Earlier textbooks in psychology hardly mentioned the unconscious Clinical Interview was the major method of investigative practice.     Freud showed by means of Free Association, Catharsis, Dream Analysis , Freudian Slip ,Unconscious could be introspectable. After Freud Era, Both psychology and Psychiatry fields have realized the importance of Unconscious.  

16. 1895 1899 1901 1905 1905 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer) Interpretation of Dreams The Psychopathology of Everyday Life Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5 Works

17. 1913 1915-17 1920 1921 1923 Totem and Taboo Introduction to Psychoanalysis Beyond the Pleasure Principle Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego The Ego and the Id OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5 WORKS

18. 1926 1927 1930 1939 1940 The Question of Lay Analysis The Future of an Illusion Civilization and Its Discontents Moses and Monotheism An Outline of Psychoanalysis last major work written by Sigmund Freud, published (a year after his death). OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5 WORKS

19. Freud in the New World Important public recognition from psychology came in 1909, when G. Stanley Hall invited Freud to give “a series of lectures” at Clark University in Massachusetts .

20. Overview of psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis - is a method of treating mental illness and a theory of human behavior. It is an approach to therapy and theory of personality and emphasize unconscious motivation on personality. PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYCHOANALYSIS AS A TREATMENT METHOD PSYCHOANALYSIS AS A SYSTEM OF PERSONALITY

21. “ Concepts & Theories ”

22. “ CASE OF ANNA O ”   Dr. Joseph Breuer Fraulein Anna O ( Bertha Pappenheim ) 21 year old Anna O was a patient of Freud's colleague Josef Breuer. She suffered from hysteria, including paralysis, convulsions, hallucination, speech disorder, severe cough without an apparent physical cause. The case of Anna O - A turning point in the career of Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole . Anna’s Doctor Breuer noticed that some symptoms disappeared when the repressed memories of traumatic event resurrected during her self hypnotic state with the intense emotions she had felt at that moment.

23. “ CASE OF ANNA O ” Later, Breuer hypnotize her not waiting for her to go into a self-hypnotic state, thereby saving time further cure her other symptoms. Breuer knowing Freud's interest in hysterical pathology, discussed about the case of Anna O with him. Anna O. herself called this curative procedure as the “ T alking C ure ” and described as “ C himney-Sweeping ”. Breuer believed that her hysteria was caused by repressed emotions and memories, while Freud believed that it was caused by repressed sexual conflicts. Freud and Breuer’s friendship ended due to this disagreement and Freud went on and published the first book on psychoanalysis Studies on Hysteria on 1985.

24. PSYCHOANALYSIS AS A TREATMENT METHOD Goal : " To make the Unconscious Conscious and to strengthen the Ego to be more aligned with reality”. Freud’s techniques that allow the unconscious to emerge Classical Psychoanalysis Therapy (Free association and Catharsis) Dream analysis and Interpretation Freudian slips

25. Classical Psychoanalysis Therapy Analyst Role- Blank-Screen Approach -an anonymous kind of role. Messages arising from a conflict between the conscious and the unconscious are likely to be disguised, or encoded, and it is the psychoanalyst’s job to interpret the messages using the tools of psychoanalysis. Client role- Clients must also be in a commitment with the therapist for long and intensive psychotherapy. They are not recommended to make any radical changes in lifestyle while undergoing therapy. Relaxed atmosphere - The stage is set with the physically relaxed couch, dim lights, sound-proof walls and asked to express his thoughts freely.

26. Classical Psychoanalysis Therapy Free association -The client can freely share thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind First. It may not be a linear thought pattern Rather it may be incoherent stream pattern. Freud eventually abandoned hypnosis both because of its fallibility , and because patients could recover and comprehend crucial memories while fully conscious. Free association was intended to help discover notions that a patient had developed, initially, at an unconscious level, including: Transference - is a process by which patients transfer feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto their therapist . Projection - Projecting internal feelings or motives, ascribing them to other things or people.

27. Classical Psychoanalysis Therapy Resistance - A blockage or refusal to disclose painful Memories. Resistance is a sign that the treatment is heading in the right direction and that the analyst should continue to probe in that area. Countertransference - Analyst might have transferences to the patient, called countertransference . Catharsis - The sudden Dramatic outpouring of emotion that occurs when the trauma is resurrected. Insight - Being aware of the source of the emotion, of the original traumatic event. The major portion of the therapy is completed when catharsis and insight are experienced.

28. "The Interpretation of Dreams" Freud named the mind's energy libido which needed to be discharged to ensure pleasure and prevent pain. If it wasn't released physically, the mind's energy would be discharged through dreams. D reams were simply wish fulfillment and that the analysis of dreams could lead to treatment for neurosis. T wo parts to a dream : M anifest C ontent -T he obvious sight and sounds in the dream and refers to what is recalled by the dreamer . L atent C ontent - T he dream's hidden meaning involves the unconscious thoughts and wishes that threaten to awaken the dreamer. Source of Dream: Repressed unconscious feelings, stimuli from the external world, Day residue, subjective experiences, organic stimuli within the body and mental activities during sleep.

29. “Dream Analysis”

30. "The Interpretation of Dreams" Dream works : U nconscious mental operations by which latent dream content is transformed into manifest dream. Day Residue : Thoughts and ideas connected with the activities and preoccupations of the dreamer’s current waking life. Dream censor : Guarding the border between the unconscious part of the mind and the preconscious level Displacement : The transfer of amounts of energy (cathexis) from an original object to a substitute or symbolic representation of the object. Condensation : Unconscious wishes, impulses, or attitudes can be combined into a single image in the manifest dream content. Symbolic Representation: Freud noted that the dreamer would often represent highly charged ideas or objects by using innocent images that were in some way connected with the idea or object being represented.

31. "The Interpretation of Dreams" Primary Revision: The Dream mechanisms of condensation, displacement, and symbolic representation are called as primary process. Dreams are illogic, bizarre, and absurd images and incoherent at this stage. Secondary revision: By mature and reasonable aspect of the ego works , Dreams are further processed to mature and related to activity characteristic of waking life . Now D reams become somewhat more rational by this secondary process . In Dream Interpretation Analyst analyse the dream in opposite direction of Dream production. To that end, the manifest content of a dream should be analyzed to reveal its latent meaning to the dreamer. In Dream Interpretation all the events and symbols have a coded meaning and a considerable knowledge of symbolism needed to decode the meaning.

32. Dream Symbols/Events- Latent Meaning

33. “ A French Nurse's Dream ”- I llustration in  The Interpretation of Dreams

34. Salvador Dali’s “ The Persistence of Memory” (1931) is a surrealist vision of time passing, leading to decay and death. Its fantastical quality suggests the Freudian process of dream analysis.

35. “Freudian slip” Freudian slip :V erbal or memory mistake linked to the unconscious mind. Also known as parapraxis , these slips supposedly reveal secret thoughts and feelings that people hold. From his perspective, Strong Desires will always find some way of expressing themselves

36. 1920 Death of his pregnant daughter, Sophie by Spanish flu forced him to change many of his theories about grief. 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle' introduced new theories of the 'compulsion to repeat' and the concept of the ‘Death drive', as well as a revision of “ T heory of dreams”(1900) as wish fulfilments. 1923 Freud diagnosed as suffering from cancer . Freud's grandson, Heinerle , dies. Freud writes: "I don't think I have ever experienced such grief, Fundamentally everything has lost its meaning for me."

37. PSYCHOANALYSIS AS A SYSTEM OF PERSONALITY Instincts The Propelling Forces of the Personality Instincts are the basic elements of the personality, the motivating forces that drive behavior and determine its direction. Instincts, such as hunger and thirst are internal. These instincts motivate person to behave in a way that satisfies the need. When the body is in a state of need, we become motivated to restore and maintain equilibrium by satisfying the need. These instincts are the source of energy for human behavior, but this energy may be expressed in a variety of i nterests, preferences, and attitudes .

38. Instincts The Propelling Forces of the Personality Instincts have Four Elements Source : T he part of the body from which the instinct arises Impetus : A mount of force or intensity Aim : A ny action directed toward tension discharge or Satisfaction. Object : T he target (often a person) for this action

39. INSTINCT / DRIVE EROS - Life Instinct 1) Helps the individual to survive. 2)Toward growth and development. 3) The psychic energy manifested by the life instincts is the libido . Example: life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex Thanatos - Death Instinct 1) Set of destructive forces which are the opposite of life instincts . When it is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence . 2) Freud believed that Eros is stronger than Thanatos, thus enabling people to survive rather than self-destruct.

40. The Levels of Personality There are three levels of personality

41. “ Levels of Awareness ” Conscious : Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. Example: At this moment, your train of thoughts in this text , A dim awareness in the back of your mind that your eyes are getting tired & you’re beginning to get hungry. The preconscious : Material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved. Example: What you had for supper last night, or An argument you had with a friend yesterday . The unconscious : Repressed Thoughts, Fear, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. Example: Material that might be found in your unconscious include a forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a parent, and repressed sexual desires.

42. “The Structure of Personality”

43. “The Structure of Personality”

44. “ID” The id : The reservoir for the instincts and the libido. The id is powerful in the structure of personality because it supplies all the energy for the other two components. The id functions to increase pleasure and avoid pain, so id is driven by the pleasure principal . Works through primary-process thought .

45. “SUPER EGO” The superego : Internal moral rules of conduct which forms our whether we are perceived as being good or bad. The superego is a powerful force in its quest of moral perfection.

46. “EGO” The ego : Rational master of the personality and is driven by reality principal .The purpose of the ego is to obtain tension reduction in the personality. Works through Secondary process thought .

47. “ Psycho dynamic Interaction ”

48. “Anxiety: A threat to the Ego” Anxiety : As an objectless fear to a specific object that induced it. Anxiety is not unlike fear, but we may not know what we’re afraid of. Three types of anxiety: Reality or objective anxiety -A fear of tangible dangers in the real world. Neurotic Anxiety –Results from a conflict between id and ego and has its basis in childhood. Moral Anxiety -Results from a conflict between the id and the superego. This is a fear of one’s conscience.

49. “Anxiety: A threat to the Ego” The Purpose of anxiety: Anxiety alerts the individual that the ego is being threatened and that unless action is taken, the ego might be overthrown. Anxiety serves as a warning to the person that something is amiss within the personality. Anxiety induces tension in the organism and thus becomes a drive (much like hunger or thirst) that the individual is motivated to satisfy. The tension must be reduced.

50. “Defenses against Anxiety” R ational techniques to reduce the anxiety: Running away from the threatening situation, inhibiting the impulsive need that is the source of the danger, or obeying the dictates of the conscience. N onrational strategies to Reduce the anxiety: Ego defense mechanisms . Freud believed that defenses must, to some extent, always be in operation. These mechanisms deny or distort reality and operate unconsciously. A defense mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical or mental health of the individual is adversely affected and even H ealthy people normally use different defense mechanisms throughout life.

51. “ Balancing Inevitable Inner conflict by Ego Defense Mechanisms ”

52. “ Basic Ego Defense Mechanisms by Freud ”

53. “Ego Defense Mechanisms”

54. “ Ego Defense Mechanisms”

55. Repression(Motivated forgetting) Consists of the expelling and withholding from conscious awareness of an idea or feeling. Curb ideas and feelings before they have reached consciousness ( primary repression). Excluding from awareness what was once experienced on a conscious level (secondary repression). The tendency to forget things one doesn’t want to think about is called motivated forgetting or Repression. Example: An Adult Unconsciously Repress the Memory of Sexual Abuse in Childhood to avoid discomfort and pain.

56. “ Denial ” Refuse to Recognize or acknowledge what one sees, or hearing and negating what is actually heard. A defense mechanism that involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event. Example: A Daughter is denying Death of her mother even her Mother dead body shown to her. Smokers may refuse to admit themselves that smoking is bad for their Health

57. “ Projection ” A defense mechanism that involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else. Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses and their derivatives as though they were outside the self. On a psychotic level, this takes the form of frank delusions about external reality, usually persecutory. Impulses may derive from id or superego (hallucinated recriminations).

58. “ Projection ”

59. “ Displacement” A defense mechanism that involves shifting id impulses from a threatening object or from one that is unavailable to an object that is available . I nvolves a purposeful, unconscious shifting of impulses or affective investment from one object to another in the interest of solving a conflict. Although the object is changed, the instinctual nature of the impulse and its aim remain unchanged .

60. “ Regression” A defense mechanism that involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the usually childish behaviors characteristic of that more secure time. This reflects a basic tendency to achieve instinctual gratification or to escape instinctual tension by returning to earlier modes and levels of gratification when later and more differentiated modes fail or involve intolerable conflict.

61. “ Intellectualization ” The control of affects and impulses by way of thinking about them instead of experiencing them. It is a systematic excess of thinking, deprived of its affect, to defend against anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses.

62. “Rationalization” A defense mechanism that involves reinterpreting our behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening to us . A justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior that might otherwise be unacceptable by an incorrect application of justifying reasons or the invention of a convincing fallacy.

63. “Reaction formation” A defense mechanism that involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one that is truly driving the person. The management of unacceptable impulses by permitting expression of the impulse in antithetical form. This is equivalently an expression of the impulse in the negative. Where instinctual conflict is persistent, reaction formation can become a character trait on a permanent basis, usually as an aspect of obsessional character

64. “ Sublimation ” A defense mechanism that involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors. The gratification of an impulse whose goal is retained but whose aim or object is changed from a socially objectionable one to a socially valued one. Libidinal sublimation involves a desexualization of drive impulses and the placing of a value judgment that substitutes what is valued by the superego or society. Sublimation of aggressive impulses takes place through pleasurable games and sports.

65. “ Sublimation ” Freud believed that a frustrated sex drive could be partially gratified by channeling it into some Artistic activity. Example : A surgeon turns aggressive energies and deep desires to cut people into life- saving acts.

66. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality”

67. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development

68. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development ORAL STAGE : ( Birth to 18 months) Major site of gratification is mouth, sucking being paramount important. The breast as source of food becomes also the source of pleasure and child focuses strong feelings of love and hate upon it. Withholding of feeding equals to withholding of love. Fixation at oral stage may lead to giving over emphasise to mouth in adulthood Smoking, excessive eating, excessive drinking is signs of those stuck at this stage.

69. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development ANAL STAGE : ( 18 to 36 months) Major site of gratification is the anal and the perianal area. Major achievement is sphincter control. Anal erotic phase ( excretion) Anal sadistic phase ( holding and letting go at will) Those fixated at anal stage can become retentive (obsessively tidy, demanding of order ) or expulsive ( recklessly untidy, antisocial). Successful resolution provides basis for development of autonomy, independency, personal initiative without guilt.

70. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development PHALLIC STAGE : ( 3 to 5 years) Major site of gratification comes from Genitals, stimulated first by everyday activities lie washing or urinating and then deliberately by the child itself. The 3 stages of oral ,anal, phallic lead to the final challenge facing the individual child overcoming the demand of what Freud called the Oedipus complex and Electra complex. Resolution of the Oedipus complex is essential for healthy sexual development.

71. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development LATENT STAGE : ( 5-6 to 11-13 years) : Oedipal stage is followed by the latency period ,in which sexual activity is dormant and the memories of earlier sexual feelings are repressed. Superego is formed. Sexual drive is channelized into socially appropriate goals like development of inter personal relationships ,sports ,school ,work.

72. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development GENITAL STAGE : ( 11-13 years to young adulthood) Adult sexuality (Puberty) develops with capacity for intimacy and respect for others. Gratification occurs by stimulation of genitals, Gradual release from parenteral control with more influence of peer group. True self identity develops.

73. Classic Psychoanalytic Theory of Neuroses C onflicts can arise between instinctual drives and external reality or internal agencies such as ( id vs the superego) or (id vs ego). Some conflict has not been worked through to a realistic solution Unresolved Conflicts expelled from consciousness through repression or another Défense mechanism to unconscious As a result ,the unconscious tendencies (e.g., the disguised neurotic symptoms) fight their way back into consciousness

74. Classic Psychoanalytic Theory of Neuroses This theory of the development of neurosis assumes that a rudimentary neurosis based on the same type of conflict existed in early childhood. Freud’s important conclusions: N eurotic R eactions in the adult are associated frequently with neurotic reactions in childhood. The connection is sometimes continuous but more often is separated by a latent period of nonneurosis . Infantile sexuality, both fantasized and real, occupies a memorable place in the early history of the patient.

75. School of psychoanalysis Freud founded the prominent Psychoanalytic Society in Vienna on 1902- Vienna Psychoanalytic Society ( Wednesday Psychological Society) .which grew into international Psychoanalytic Association on 1908. Over time, his students and other professionals modified his ideas, eventually splitting the Society into three 1. The Freudians (who remained true to Freud’s original thoughts), 2. The Kleinians (who followed the ideas of Melanie Klein), 3. The Neo-Freudians (a later group who incorporated Freud’s ideas into their broader practice). Modern psychoanalysis encompasses at least 22 different schools of thought, though Freud’s ideas continue to remain influential for all contemporary practitioners .

76. School of psychoanalysis 1. The Freudian- Anna Freud - child psychoanalysis, Ego psychology. 2. The Kleinians - Melanie Klein - Object relations theory-places more emphasis on interpersonal relationships rather than psychosexual . 3. The Neo-Freudians - extending Freud’s theories towards typically social or cultural aspects of psychoanalysis over the psychosexual. Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology, , Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler -Individual Psychology, Superiority – Inferiority complex,Birth order influence on personality. Erik Erikson : Identity Theory, psychosocial stages of development. Karen Horney : Neurotic Needs and Trends, feminine psychology.

77. The Neo-Freudians

78. Criticisms of Freud’s Research Freud’s major research method was the case study-which had several limitations . It does not rely on objective observation, the data are not gathered in systematic fashion, and the situation (the psychoanalytic session) is not amenable to duplication and verification. Freud’s data are not quantifiable, may be incomplete and inaccurate, and were based on a small and unrepresentative sample. Psychoanalysis have been criticized as a pseudoscience because its claims are not testable and cannot be refuted so they are not falsifiable .

79. Criticisms of Freud’s Research Major portions of Freud’s theory (the id, superego, death wish, and libido) have not been scientifically validated. Personality theorists criticize Freud for placing too much emphasis on biological forces, sex, aggression, emotional disturbances, and childhood events . They also criticize his deterministic image of human nature, his negative views of women, and the ambiguous definitions of some of his concepts However, there is no denying Freud’s phenomenal impact on Western culture and on later personality theorists, who either elaborated upon or opposed his system.

80. Scientific Testing of Freudian Concepts Some Freudian concepts have been supported by empirical research: the unconscious, repression, projection, displacement, verbal slips, and some characteristics of oral and anal personality types. Two components of the ego have been identified: ego control and ego resiliency. Many of Unconscious studies using subliminal perception support the idea that cognitive activity is influenced by the unconscious ( Westen , 1998). Current research shows that unconscious influences may be even more pervasive than Freud suggested (Custers & Aarts , 2010; Scott & Dienes, 2010; Gafner , 2012). Current research has demonstrated that the unconscious can influence emotional as well as cognitive and behavioral processes

81. Even though Psychoanalysis is considered to be a dated and controversial theoretical and clinical model in psychiatry. However, some of it’s psychodynamic theories and application in therapy and neuroscience have made it retain its relevance in the field of psychiatry. Psychoanalysis In Current Practice

82. “ Summary ”

83. Reading Freud: A Chronological Exploration of Freud's Writings, By Jean-Michel Quinodoz The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture by Edward Erwin T heories of Personality, Eleventh Edition Duane P. Schultz and Sydney Ellen Schultz Kaplan Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry 12th Edition Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 10th Edition Psychology: Themes and Variations, Wayne Weiten 10th Edition The Psychology Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained, DK Sigmund Freud: Explorer of the Unconscious (Oxford Scientists) Oxford Psychiatry, of John Geddes, Jonathan Price, and Rebecca McKnight 4th Edition New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry Introduction to Psychology 7th Ed Clifford Morgan, Richard A. King,John ,John Schopler . References

84. Thank You ! 1 PLAY Photo by  Mourad Saadi  on  Unsplash Turn your eyes inward, Look in to your Depths, Learn to first know yourself ! Sigmund Freud!