CONTRAST X RAYS-1.pptx for neet pg inicet preparation

Studies

1. Premalignant Lesions of Oral Cavity

2. INTRODUCTION Contrast radiography is a method of studying organs using X-rays and the administration of a special dye, called a contrast medium. This test allows the radiologist to evaluate structures that are not clearly evident on conventional X-ray examination.

3. X-rays work by passing through the body. Because bones block the X-rays easily, they show up clearly. But organs and other tissue – such as blood vessels, the stomach, and the colon – do not block the X-rays so easily. The contrast medium highlights these specific areas in the body and helps them to be seen in greater detail on the X-ray image.

4. METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION Contrast materials enter the body in one of several ways. They can be : swallowed (taken by mouth or orally) administered by enema (given rectally) injected into a blood vessel (vein or artery; also referred to as being given intravenously or intra-arterially) injected into spaces within the body

5. What is a contrast media? It is a chemical substance of very high or very low atomic number or weight, there for it increase or decrease the density of the organ under examination .

6. Ideal properties of contrast agents Safe and easy injectability Non toxic Should not cross blood brain barrier Similar physiologic properties when compared to blood, saliva Inertness Opacification Low surface tension Cost effective

7. STUDIES INVOLVING CONTRAST AGENTS Sialography Arthrography Angiography Lymphography Urography Barium swallow meal

8. BARIUM MEAL Indications Dysphagia Heart burn Hiatus hernia Reflux oesophagitis Stricture formation Esophageal carcinoma Contraindications Suspected leakage from esophagus into the mediastinum or pleura and peritoneal cavities. Tracheo-esophageal fistula.

9. BARIUM ENEMA Indications :- 1. Suspected Colorectal Cancer 2.Evaluation of Rectal Bleeding 3.Assessment of Abdominal Pain. 4.Detecting Diverticulosis or Diverticulitis 5. Investigating Changes in Bowel Habits 6.Preoperative Planning Contraindications :- 1. Severe Colitis or Ulcerative Colitis. 2. Recent Colorectal Surgery Postoperative complications. 3.Perforated Bowel. 4.Pregnancy. 5.Acute Abdominal Pain with Uncertain Diagnosis. 6.Allergy to Barium .

10. X RAY KUB Indications Haematuria Renal colic Renal trauma Persistent pyuria Prior to percutaneous urological procedures Followup after surgeries, stenting, etc, As part of work up of a liver donor Contraindications Previous serious reaction to contrast medium Pregnancy and in women who indicate possibility of pregnancy Severe renal insuffiency Diabetic nephropathy

11. RETROGRADE URETHOGRAPHY Indications : Suspected urethral stricture. Urethral trauma. Evaluation of urethral diverticula. Assessment of urethral fistulas. Preoperative and postoperative assessment of urethral surgery. Suspected urethral tumors . Contraindications : Active urinary tract infection. Severe urethral bleeding. Known severe allergy to contrast media. Recent urethral surgery or instrumentation that could lead to injury from the procedure. Acute prostatitis.

12. T TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY Indications : Evaluation of Biliary Tree Post-Surgery Assessment of Bile Duct Anatomy Detection of Biliary Obstruction Monitoring Biliary Drainage Diagnosis of Biliary Leaks Contraindications: Severe Allergy to Contrast Media Acute Infection Severe Coagulopathy Pregnancy Non-functional T-tube

13. INTERPRETATION OF SAH IN CT SCAN (SAH) appears as a high-attenuating, amorphous substance that fills the normally dark, CSF-filled subarachnoid spaces around the brain.

14. INTERPRETATION OF EDH ON CT SCAN An EDH appears as a dense, biconvex, or lemon-shaped mass that pushes the brain away from the skull.

15. INTERPRETATION OF SDH IN CT SCAN A crescent-shaped homogeneously hyperdense extra-axial collection that spreads diffusely over the affected hemisphere

16. RADIOLOGICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SDH AND EDH

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