Copy of ENG 9 TOPIC 3 PHONOLOGY and its Purpose .pptx

This present how we used phonology

1. PHONOLOGY & PHONETICS Subtitle

2. WHAT IS PHONOLOGY 2 It is the study of the sound system of a language and the differences of systems from one language to another. (M. Crabtres and J. Powers, 1991).

3. 3 WHAT IS PHONETICS It refers to the specific branch of linguistics that delves into the individual speech sounds including their production and the representation by written symbols. The actions of the speech organs in producing speech sounds is called articulation.

4. Three Types of Phonetics 4

5. THREE TYPE OF PHONETICS Articulatory Phonetics The study of the production of speech sounds. In similar manner, it describes the structure and function of the speech organs in producing sounds. Acoustic Phonetics The magnitude or extent of the effects produced by the speech organs on the transmitting medium, the air. Auditory Phonetics The description or perception of the effects produced by speech Sounds upon the ear and its associated structure. 5

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7. PRONUNCIATION VS. ENUNCIATION VS. ARTICULATION 7 PRONUNCIATION according to the Oxford dictionary, to make the sound of a word or part of a word typically in the correct or a particular way. Pronunciation of a word is then indeed the way a word sounds based on region or upbringing and, according to a specific time or place, has a "correct" version for that said time and place. ENUNCIATION is how clearly a person says a word as a whole and how clearly each of the sounds in the word are made. Often it is added that enunciation is for the sake of others being able to hear you clearly. So, based on the word selection here, I would say clarity is the name of the game. ARTICULATION , on the other hand, is the action of forming clear and distinct sounds in speech. While these two sound exactly the same, the distinction here comes from the idea that articulation is the making of sound through usage of speech organs and enunciation is about the word and the pieces that make up the word itself.

8. I NTERNATIONAL P HONETICS A LPHABET

9. INTERNATION PHONETIC ALPHABET 9 The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of  speech  that are part of  lexical  (and, to a limited extent,  prosodic ) sounds in  oral language :  phones ,  intonation  and the separation of  syllables . [1]  

10. 10 VIDEO PRESENTATIONS IPA VOWELS IPA DIPTHONGS IPA CONSONANTS

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13. SPEECH ORGAN

14. SPEECH ORGAN 14 Below are the speech organs and their respective functions. 1. Larynx - It contains the vocal cords. 2. Lips - They make the motions of speech visible. 3. Pharynx - Like the larynx, it can produce a closure to block the passage of air. 4. Vocal Cords - They produce the vibration to cause voicing or voicelessness 5. Oral cavity - The place where the greatest variety of articulatory motion occurs. 6. Lungs -They push the air outward.

15. PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION

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17. SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES 17

18. Focus on the Suprasegmentals as Tools for Speech and Theater – Stress, Pitch, Volume, Enunciation, etc.

19. SUPRASEGMENTALS The term suprasegmental was invented to refer to aspects of sound that did not seem to be properties of individual segments (i.e. the vowels and consonants of which speech is composed). Suprasegmental applies to several different linguistic phenomena (including pitch, duration, and loudness). Which are often regarded as the "musical" aspects of speech.

20. SUPRASEGMENTALS Without supra-segmental features superimposed on the segmental features, a continuous speech can also convey meaning but often loses the effectiveness of the message being conveyed." Suprasegmentals are important for marking all kinds of meanings, in particular speakers' attitudes or stances to what they are saying (or the person they are saying it to), and in marking out how one utterance relates to another

21. Suprasegmental Features Stress Enunciation Volume Pitch

22. - is the degree of emphasis given a sound or syllable in speech, also called lexical stress or word stress . Unlike some other languages, English has variable stress. This means that stress patterns can help distinguish the meanings of two words or phrases that otherwise appear to be the same. Stress

23. Example: Ana present her painting as a present for the debutant.

24. Example: preSENT The act of presenting something PREsent A gift to an individual

25. In speech, Pitch is the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Pitch is the main acoustic correlate of tone and intonation . Pitch is the vocal element that determines the accentuation and prominence of speech. PITCH

26. Example: Sam got an A in Calculus. Sam got an A in Calculus! Sam got an A in Calculus? Sam? got an A? in Calculus?

27. - refers to the loudness or softness of sound. This is controlled bythe diaphragm. To speak loudly, one must increase the amount of air r eleased when speaking. Varying the volume of the voice can help keep the audience’s attention; changing volume can help call attention to important ideas. VOLUME

28. - is a manner of speaking where the sounds or words are under-articulated, slurred, or blended together. Adults with enunciation concerns tend to move their mouths less than the average person when speaking, or speak at a faster rate than average. ENUNCIATION

29. -temporary stoppage of the flow in speech. -It also suggests the need to stop/pause to obtain clarity in thought relation. -is the manner of moving (transition) between two successive syllables in speech. An important type of juncture is the suprasegmental phonemic cue by means of which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sounds that have different meanings. EX. ICE CREAM------I SCREAM I SCREAM; YOU SCREAM; WE ALL SCREAM FOR ICE CREAM JUNCTURE

30. THANK YOU The End