Copy of Hormones & Endocrine Disorders by Slidesgo.pdf

Adrenal gland

1. ADRENAL
GLAND
BY : HARSHITA HADA, 232 E


2. ANATOMY AND LOCATION
Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands) rest at the superior poles of the
kidneys, but functionally they belong to the endocrine system.

Adrenal glands are composed of two parts —

* the cortex ( ENDOCRINE ) and the

*Medulla (NEUROCRINE ) which are each responsible for
producing different hormones.

There are three main zones in cerebral cortex :

ZONA GLOMERULOSA - MINERALOCORTICOIDS 

ZONA FASCICULATA - GLUCOCORTICOIDS 

ZONA RETICULARIS - ANDROGENS



ADRENAL MEDULLA - INNER PORTION 

Produces CATECHOLAMINE - Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

Epinephrine / norepinephrine

01

3. ZONA GLOMERULOSA
IN ZONA GLOMERULOSA ,
mineralocorticoids are
produced , the most important
of which is ALDOSTERONE.

They mostly promotes salt
and water retention in the
kidneys.

Biosynthesis of aldosterone :


4. ABOUT THE DISEASES
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

MARS
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

JUPITER
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet

VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun




5. TYPE A
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. It’s terribly hot

CONCEPTS AND TYPOLOGY
TYPE B
Jupiter is the fourth-brightest
object in the night sky and the
biggest planet

TYPE C
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It's full of
iron oxide dust

TYPE D
Saturn is a gas giant and has
several rings. It's composed of
hydrogen and helium


6. INCREASED RENAL SECRETION OF K+
ROLE OF ALDOSTERONE
INCREASE THE ABSORPTION OF Na+ in :




Hyperaldosteronism (the syndrome caused by elevated aldosterone) is
commonly caused by either idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia or by an adrenal
adenoma. The two main resulting problems:

Hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ and water retention.
Accelerated excretion of potassium ions (K+). With extreme K+ loss there is
muscle weakness and eventually paralysis.
Hypoaldosteronism (the syndrome caused by underproduction of aldosterone)
leads to the salt-wasting state associated with Addison's disease, although
classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disease states may also
cause this situation. Acute underproduction (hemorrhagic adrenalitis) is often
life-threatening.
-Distal renal tubules 

-Salivary glands

-Gastrointestinal mucosa


7. ZONA FASCICULATA
Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid
hormones naturally produced by the
adrenal glands, primarily cortisol in
humans. They are essential for regulating
various physiological processes in the
body.

The release of glucocorticoids is tightly
regulated by the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis, ensuring they are produced when
needed to maintain homeostasis


8. Anti-Inflammatory Effects



Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system by inhibiting the production of
pro-inflammatory molecules while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory
molecules, reducing inflammation and swelling.



Metabolic Regulation



Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism by enhancing gluconeogenesis
(production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources) and reducing glucose
uptake by peripheral tissues.

FUNCTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

9. Stress Response



In times of stress, glucocorticoids facilitate the body's response by increasing blood
sugar levels, suppressing the immune system, and modulating cardiovascular
function.



Regulation of Inflammation



Glucocorticoids regulate the inflammatory response, preventing the immune system
from overreacting and causing excessive tissue damage during infections or injuries.



Metabolism Control



Glucocorticoids influence metabolism by regulating the breakdown of proteins,
increasing fat mobilization, and maintaining proper glucose levels for energy
production



FUNCTIONS

10. ZONA RETICULARIS
Hormones Produced by the Zona Reticularis



DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)



DHEA is a precursor hormone that is converted into other hormones in the body, such as
testosterone and estrogen. It is involved in regulating sexual development, immune function, and
overall well-being.



Androstenedione



Androstenedione is another precursor hormone, which can be converted into testosterone and
estrogen. It plays a role in regulating sexual characteristics, maintaining bone density, and
supporting energy levels.



DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate)



DHEA-S is the sulfated form of DHEA and is the most abundant steroid hormone in the body. It has
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and is involved in various physiological processes,
including mood regulation and stress response


11. Functions of the Hormones
Regulation of Sexual Function
The hormones produced by the zona reticularis play a crucial role in the development and
maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, as well as the regulation of reproductive
function in both males and females.
Maintenance of Bone Health
These hormones contribute to the maintenance of optimal bone density and play a role in
the prevention of osteoporosis, protecting against age-related bone loss.
Mood Regulation and Emotional Well-being
By influencing neurotransmitter levels in the brain, these hormones contribute to mood
regulation, emotional well-being, and overall mental health.

12. ADRENAL MEDULLA
Medulla produces CATECHOLAMINES .
Secretion of the adrenal medulla is 20%
norepinephrine and 80% epinephrine.

Catecholamine synthesis within the adrenal
medulla is controlled by the serum concentration
of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine undergoes
hydroxylation via tyrosine hydroxylase to form
DOPA, which then undergoes decarboxylation to
dopamine. Dopamine may be secreted into the
bloodstream or undergo further hydroxylation to
norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Norepinephrine
can be secreted into the bloodstream or further
modified by a methyltransferase to epinephrine
(adrenaline) and then secreted


13. METABOLIC EFFECT OF
EPINEPHRINE
Liver: Epinephrine increases the activity of liver and muscle phosphory-
lase, promoting glycogenolysis. This increases glucose output by the liver.

•Skeletal muscle:Epinephrine promotes glycogenolysis but because muscle
lacks glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose cannot be released by skeletal
muscle; instead, it must be metabolized at least to lactate before being
released into the circulation.

• Adipose tissue: Epinephrine increases lipolysis in adipose tissue by
increasing the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase. Glycerol from TG
breakdown is a minor substrate for gluconeogenesis.

• Epinephrine increases the metabolic rate. This will not occur without
thyroid hormones or the adrenal cortex


14. Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long text.
Your audience will appreciate it

A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE CONCEPT