Copy of Music History Music Class Middle School

Brief overview of music history

1. Music History An overview of the history of music

2. Middle Ages/Medieval Time: 450-1450

3. Middle Ages/Medieval Time: 450-1400 Music started in the Catholic Church Sermons were sung in the church to project their voices. Catholic Masses were sung about the Lord Supper Music was mostly Vocal until 1100 Instruments were added after 1100. Instruments included: recorder, flute, pan flute, lute, and organ. Music was either sacred and secular Examples: Gregorian Chant, and Motet It was also being notated in the church. People would learn music in the Abbey’s in the Church

4. Picture of early music .

5. Instruments from the Middle Ages

6. Catholic Mass Known as “Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass” Mass contained different parts for different types of Masses Different Types: Ordinarium (ordinary) and Proprium (proper). Ordinary Masses are sung in six sections Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Benedicamus Proper Masses are sung in ten sections. All parts of the ordinarium and Introit, Gradual, Offertory, Communion.

7. Movements and Order of the Mass Proper (variable portion) Ordinary (fixed portion) Itroit Kyrie Gloria Collect Epistle Gradual Alleluia (or Tract) Evangelium Credo Offertory Secret Preface Sanctus Canon Angus Dei Communion Post-Communion (Ite missa est)

8. Gregorian Chant Sacred Music, also known as Plainchant Named after Pope Gregory I. Chant that is sung by the monks in the Catholic Church Songs are sung in a “chant” that is called monophonic. Monophonic is one line being sung. Chants can be used in Masses in the Medieval Period.

9. The Notre Dame School The school of Notre Dame was founded between 850-1150. The school was founded to help bring around polyphony. Polyphony is a texture with two or more moving parts happening at the same time. The school is made up with several composers during the middle of the Middle Ages. The first composer to compose in this style is Leonin.

10. Secular Music Secular music means “of the world.” Different Genres of music includes motets. Motet is mainly a vocal piece of music that has multiple moving parts. Troubadours or trouveres became popular during this time. A troubadour was a composer that performed poems during the Middle Ages. A school was formed during the late 11 th century and spread to Italy and Spain. Most active during the 12 th and 13 th century. Troubadours would decline in the 14 th century and died out in the Black Death. Examples of troubadours: Cadenet, Willliam IX of Aquitaine.

11. Hildegard von Bingen Hildegard von Bingen was alive from 1098-1179 in Germany. AKA: Saint Hildegard and Sibyl of the Rhine. She was a Benedictine abbess. (nun) She is considered one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony music. Major Works: Ordo Virtutum Scivias Liber Vitae Meritorum Liber Divinorum Operum

12. Guillaume de Machaut Guillaume de Machaut was alive from 1300-1377 He was a French Poet and composer during the late Medieval Period. A Central Figure in Ars Nova . Wrote both secular and sacred music. Major Works: Messe de Nostre Dame (Mass of Our Lady) Puis Qu’en Oubli (Then That in Oblivion) Douce Dame Jolie (Sweet, lovely lady)

13. Renaissance Period Time: 1450-1600

14. Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” Music and art evolved during this time, as well as the culture of the Greek and Roman culture evolved with the help of artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Explorers were going off on voyages to discover the world and new trade routes. Music became readily available for people. Invention of the printing press helped bring music to everyone Middle and Upper class people hired professionals to educate their children.

15. Major Events 1492: Christopher Columbus finds the “New World” 1502/1053: Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa . 1534: Henry VIII forms the Church of England. 1558-1603: Queen Elizabeth I reigns. 1594: Shakespeare writes Romeo and Juliet

16. Characteristics Music is based on different musical modes. They would use a lot of influence from the Medieval Period. Blending musical lines. Different textures of music developed. Polyphony: more than one different voice playing at the same time Harmony is becoming more prompt, using of chords A Capella music became more popular. Word painting has now started.

17. Requiem The requiem, Mass for the Dead, is sung at funerals and memorial services. One of the earliest composers to deal with this is Guillaume DuFay (c. 1397-1474) This is a major vocal work that is designed to sing about The Judgment Day in the Bible.

18. Sacred Music Sacred music was still very important in the Renaissance period. Mainly dominated by the Mass because of the dominance of the Catholic Church. Composers would dedicated their time to make music for the church Two different types of Sacred Music Mass Five different sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei Motet Piece of music set to a sacred Latin text. Not a Mass

19. Secular Music Secular music started to take a climb in the Renaissance Period. Music would be set to poems and sung in various languages. Could be written for a solo, or for a group of people. Madrigals became popular. Madrigals are pieces of music set to a short poem. Instrumental music started to appear. Instruments in the Renaissance: harpsichord, organ, lute (guitar), recorder, shawm (double-reed instrument), cornetts (trumpet).

20. Josquin des Prez Josquin des Prez was alive from 1450/1455-1521. He was a French composer during the Renaissance Period. He is considered to be a central figure in the Franco-Flemish School. Only wrote three major styles: masses, motets and chansons. Major Works: Ave maria...Virgo serena Miserere mei Deus Adieu mes amours

21. Giovanni Gabrieli He was alive from 1554/1557-1612. He was an Italian composer and organist. Apart of the Venetian School. Helped shift from the Renaissance to Baroque Period. Major Works: O Magnum Mysterium Plaudite, psallite Salvator noster

22. Giovanni da Palestrina He was alive from c. 1525-1594. He was from Italy and was a Renaissance composer. He wrote a lot of sacred, polyphonic music. Developed what we know as “Palestrina Style.” Major Works: O magnum mysterium Missa Papae Marcelli Sicut scrvus

23. Baroque Period Time: 1600-1750

24. Baroque Baroque comes from a Portuguese word, barroco, meaning “irregularly shaped.” Art and music started to move away from the church, and move more to the secular art we see today. “A baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, changed with modulations and dissonance, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained.” Rousseau 1768 Science began to start a revolution, with Galileo inventing the telescope and Copernicus saying the planets orbit around the sun. Also known as the “age of absolutism” Many rulers exercised their power over their subjects.

25. Major Events 1607: Jamestown was founded 1610: Galileo confirms the Earth revolves around the sun with invention of the telescope 1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth. 1686: Newton published Principia Mathematica

26. Characteristics Dynamics Terraced dynamics: change from loud to soft in a snap Melody The main theme, or melody, will be heard over and over again but will evolve into something different each time. Mood Joyful, Happy, grief and agitation were the main themes of music, called affections.

27. Characteristics cont. Basso Continuo Basso Continuo is an accompaniment (played under the main theme) that is usually played on a keyboard instrument or a low sounding instrument like a cello or a bassoon.

28. Baroque Orchestra Orchestras started to become more used during this time. Orchestras mainly consisted of instruments in the string family, but added wind instruments later in the period. Instruments: violin, viola, cello, double bass, recorders, flutes, oboes, trumpets, horns, trombones, or timpani. Main composers who used orchestras in their pieces Bach, Handel, Vivaldi Forms Movements: smaller parts of a big piece of music.

29. Baroque Opera Opera is a musical sung all the way through. The vocal technique that is used is called “vibrato.” This helps project the singers voices across the stage. Operas would consist different musical genres like recitative and arias. The words were written by a librettist. They would start off with an overture , an instrumental piece that was placed before an opera.

30. Concerto and Fugue A concerto is a big piece of music that consists of different movements. Usually three movements: fast, slow, fast. First and last movement were in ritornello form: alternating between a solo part and the whole group. A fugue is a piece of polyphonic music that is based on one main theme, or subject. The top line would start the theme. Once the theme is done, the second voice would start with the theme while the first line is playing a completely different part.

31. Cantata and Chorale Cantata comes from the Italian word, cantare, meaning “to sing.” It is a work that is written for choir, orchestra, and soloists. They are usually short and intimate, with many movements. The Chorale is a hymn, that is set to music. Bach is the King of Cantatas and Chorales, having composed over hundreds in his lifetime.

32. Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750 Bach was from Germany and was a composer during the Baroque period. He was hired by the church to write music for them. Known as the “Father of the Fugue.” Wrote 224 cantatas Major Works: Brandenburg Concertos The Well-Tempered Clavier

33. George Frederic Handel 1682-1759 Handel was from Germany and was a composer during the Baroque Period. He would later move to London and was would write pieces for several people, including the King. After the success of Messiah, he would never write an Italian opera again. Major Works: Water Music Zadok the Priest Music for the Royal Fireworks Messiah

34. Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741 Vivaldi was from Italy and was a composer during the Baroque Period. He was a virtuoso violinist, a prodigy at his instrument and also a Catholic priest. He also wrote for an all-female music ensemble. Major Works: Four Seasons The Harmonic Inspiration

35. Classical Period Time: 1750-1820

36. Classical The Classical Period begins in 1750, the same year Bach died. Music and Art became more involved in the secular world, having people pay money to go and see the orchestras, opera, and many different performances. Around the world, many countries were fighting for their freedom. Industrial Revolutions were going around the world, including the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Music engraving was invented which made publishing and writing music easier.

37. Major Events 1769: Invention of the steam engine 1774: Common Sense by Thomas Paine was published 1776: American Independence 1789: French Revolution 1789: US Constitution was ratified 1779: Napoleon starts his reign

38. Characteristics Mood The mood of Classical Period music is very contrasting from the Baroque Period. Dramatic music has now went to a carefree dance like melody. The themes of the music would also change in mood and style while they are being played in the piece. End of Basso Continuo The end of Basso Continuo happened during this time period. The style would eventually die out and the use of those instruments were not used for that purpose. The use of amateur musicians playing music was also a factor. They could not master the difficulty of playing the figured bass

39. Classical Orchestra Orchestra in the Classical Period evolved from the small amount of musicians to a bigger ensemble. More woodwinds and brass players are added because of the evolution of those instruments. Different instruments were used to explore their tone color. Instrumentation Strings: 1 st and 2 nd violin, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brass: 2 horns, 2 trumpets Percussion: 2 timpani

40. Forms There are different forms of music that are founded in the Classical Period. They are as follows: Sonata Themes and Variations Minuet and Trio Rondo Concerto Symphony Quartets

41. Sonata Sonata form is a form of classical music that is written within a piece. It is as follows: Exposition Development Recapitulation This is written in many different typ es of instrumental music. It can be placed within a movement of a piece or the whole piece itself.

42. Minuet, Trio and Rondo. These three are all different types of forms that are used in various styles of Classical music. Minuet and trio is a style of dance that dates back to the Baroque period. It is in an A-B-A form. The trio is in the “B” section. The Rondo is usually at the end of a Classical symphony . It is a very lively part of the piece. It is in an A-B-A-C-A or a A-B-A-C-A-B-A form. The “C” section in this form is like the Trio section in a Minuet and Trio.

43. Opera There are two different types of operas during this time. Opera Seria Opera Buffa Opera Seria, or serious , is the typical opera that we are used to seeing. It deals with more serious, tragic issues. Opera Buffa, or comic, is a different type of opera that was used to “lighten” the mood. It was not as well received as the typical opera. It was also not typically sung in Italian. A very popular comic opera is The Marriage of Figaro , composed by Mozart.

44. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Franz Joseph Haydn was from Austria. He spent many of his early years singing with the St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna and left when he was 16. He spent the remainder of his years composing, and teaching composition to others, including Mozart. He was employed by a wealthy Hungarian prince to write music for them. Major works: Water Music Messiah Zodark the Priest

45. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Mozart was from Austria and was the son of Leopold Mozart, a composer and violinist. He was a virtuoso at the violin and his father used him to tour around Europe and make money. Starting writing pieces at a young age and had written several by the time he was 13. Major Works: Don Giovanni Marriage of Figaro Eline kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music)

46. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Beethoven was born in Germany and had a hard life growing up. When he was 11, he became an assistant organist in a court chapel. A year later, he became harpsichordist in the courts orchestra. He started to suffer from hearing loss in his twenties. He realized that art made him happy and he came to compose after a brief stent in retirement. He helped bridge the gap between the Classical and Romantic Periods. Major works: 9 Symphonies Moonlight Sonata Requiem .

47. Romantic Period Time: 1800-1900

48. Romantic Romantic Period turned away from the straight form of music to music that explored the tonal system. War and conflict would happen around the world. Romanticism would go hand in hand with nationalism. Enlightenment ideals of equality, religious toleration, economic freedom, and representative government was an important idea during this time.

49. Major Events 1804: Napoleon becomes Emperor of France 1806: End of the Holy Roman Empire 1837-1901: Queen Victoria reigns 1830: Revolutions in France, Belgium and Poland 1861-1865: American Civil War 1876: Bell invents the telephone

50. Characteristics and Genres Tone Color Different instruments were added to explore different sounds and colors of the instruments. Dynamics Dynamics become more extreme and more drastic. Nationalism Music that was created about the nation you are from. It is a form of patriotism.

51. Art Song The art song is a form of vocal music that is written like a poem. The music is written in different forms. Strophic Through-composed S trophic form is where the melody stays the same but the words change, much like a church hymn. Through-composed form is where the song is composed from beginning to end without repeats or repetition. The Lied is a German-texted solo vocal song with piano accompaniment. These were also written in groups known as a song cycle.

52. Program Music Program music is a strict instrumental music that is meant to tell a story. This type of music would come with program notes to help guide the listener on their way through the music. There are different types of program music. Concert Overture Incidental music Program symphony Symphonic poem Each of these serve a different purpose .

53. Program Music The Concert Overture is to serve the purpose of starting an opera. It gives an overview as to what will be sung and portrayed in the opera. Incidental Music generally consist of an overture and a series of pieces to be performed between acts of a play. A Program Symphony is a symphony that follows a story along with the program notes that are provided for the audience. A Symphonic Poem is a Romantic Period version of a symphony from the Classical Period. It was used to take everything that needs to be said in one movement.

54. Ballet Ballet has been around since the Classical Period. It was not until the Romantic Period when it became popular. Ballet became very popular in Russia and moved around the world. Ballet music is written first, and then the dancing, or choreography will come later. Ballets would have an overture and multiple acts that followed The biggest name in the ballet world is Tchaikovsky.

55. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) Tchaikovsky was born in Russia and was the son of a government official . He graduated from an aristocratic school in St. Petersburg, and would later enroll in a new Conservatory in the same town. Later, he would accept the role as a teacher at the Conservatory of Moscow. He would compose many works, but is most known for his ballets. Major works: The Nutcracker Swan Lake Romeo and Juliet

56. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) Berlioz was born in France in a small town. He originally was sent away to medical school to become a physician like his father. Berlioz would eventually leave med school to pursue music. He was awarded the Pix de Rome and it helped him compose his classic “Symphonie Fantastque.” In his later life, he would conduct all of his music. Major Works: Symphonie Fantastique Romeo et Juliette

57. Robert Schumann (1810-1856) Robert Schumann was born in Germany and went on to study law, at the wish of his mother. He would later decide to follow his passion for music and become a pianist. Schumann would marry young Clara Wieck, another Romantic Period Composer. He would later go mentally ill and would die at the age of 46. Major Works Carnaval Piano Concertos Wrote more than 300 Lieder

58. Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Brahms was born in Hamburg to a musician family. At ten, Brahms was used to help the family gain more money by playing piano. His first composition was so good, it caught the attention of Robert Schumann. Robert and Clara took him in and helped raise him and he helped them when Robert fell ill. Brahms left after finding he loved Clara and would die at age 64. Major Works: Variations on a Theme by Haydn Hungarian Dances

59. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Wagner was born in Germany to a minor police official who would die when he was an infant. He was a self taught composer and had six months of theory school. He was also his librettist for most of his own operas Wagner would go on and write “music dramas.” Major Works Die Walkure Der Ring des Nibelungen

60. Composers Franz Schubert (1797-1828) “Father of the Art Song” Born in Austria. Robert Schumann (1810-1856) A German composer who played the piano and married Clara, a well known composer and piano prodigy Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) A Polish composer who was called “the poet of the piano.” Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) A German composer who composed the classic A Midsummer Night’s Dream

61. Composers cont. Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) A Czech Republic composer who composed Nationalism music. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) An Austrian composer who was not only a composer, but a conductor as well

62. 20 th Century 1900-now

63. 20 th Century 20 th Century music began to let go of all of the musical structures and form their own different styles. Unconventional instruments and measures were taken to make music. Major Events WWI (1914-1918) and WWII (1939-1945) Korean (1950-1953) and Vietnam War (1955-1975) Kennedy assassination (1963) Man on the moon (1969) Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991) 9/11 happened (2001)

64. Impressionism Impressionism is a style of music that is made and creates a feel or an impression on the listener French impressionist painting became popular and influenced music. Claude Monet is a painter during this time

65. Neoclassicism Neoclassicism is a form of music that was marked by emotional restraint, balance and clarity. It was inspired by the music from the 18 th centuries. This music was written and performed during the 1920 to 1950. “Back to Bach” was the slogan used during this time. During this time, the composers were trying to get back to Bach and his styles. The composers would use their own spin on the music.

66. Expressionism Expressionism is a form of music that reflects the expression of the artists. Usually raw emotions A famous piece of art that is known at this time is called The Scream . Artists and composers would reject “prettiness.” Their work would be called “ugly” by some people.

67. Composers from 1900-1945 Claude Debussy (1862-1918) French Impressionist composer who composed Clair De Lune Gustav Holst (1874-1934) English composer who wrote band pieces and The Planets Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Russian Neoclassical composer who composed ballets Firebird and Rite of Spring Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Austrian composer who used the 12 tone system Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) Soviet Union composer who was alive under Soviet control

68. Composer cont. Charles Ives (1874-1954) American composer who was big on using experimental sounds George Gershwin (1898-1937) American composer who wrote Rhapsody in Blue Aaron Copland (1900-1990) American composer who wrote many different ballets, symphonies and is considered one of the greatest composers of his time.

69. Musical Styles since 1945 Serialism-taking the 12 tone system and organizing the rhythms, dynamics and tone color of the instruments. Chance Music-music that the composer chooses pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random, or chance. Minimalist music-has a steady pulse and repeats short rhythms or patterns Electronic Music Mixed media

70. Composers since 1945 John Cage (1912-1992) American composer who composed the famous chance piece 4’33” Phillip Glass (1937-now) American composer who influenced both classical and rock musicians John Adams (1947-now) American composer who composed the minimalistic piece Short Ride in a Fast Machine