Coronary Heart Disease _ by Slidesgo.pptx

coronary artery

1. Transport system in animals

2. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS Large multicellular animals have evolved transport system as organisms get larger and have higher metabolic rates. 3.5.1 Principles of Circulation In many large animals, including all the vertebrates, circulatory system is in the form of mass transport system. Mass transport system is an arrangement of structures by which substances are transported in the flow of a fluid with a mechanism for moving it around the body.

3. 3.5.2 The Need for Transport Within any organism, substances need to be moved from one place to another. Single-celled organisms have a high surface area to volume ratio. Their surface membrane has a large enough area to supply all the oxygen and other materials that their volume demands. In large multicellular organisms, the surface area to volume ratio is low. So, there is not enough surface area to supply all their metabolic demands. To overcome this problem, they need transport system. In multicellular animals, many chemical reactions take place inside every microscopic cell. These cells require a supply of chemical substances such as glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration. These must be transported from outside of a large organism into the cells. Respiration supplies energy for the other reactions of life, but it also produces the toxic waste product carbon dioxide. This and other waste products need to be removed from the cells before they cause damage to them.

4. 3.5.3 Features of Mass Transport Systems Mass transport systems are very effective for moving substances around the body. Most mass transport systems have certain similar features as follow: ( i ) exchange surfaces to get materials into and out of the transport system. (ii) a system of vessels that carry substances - these are usually tubes, sometimes following a very specific route, sometimes widespread and branching. (iii) a way of making sure that substances are moved in the right direction (e.g., nutrients in and waste out). (iv) a way of moving materials fast enough to supply the needs of the organism - this may involve mechanical methods such as the pumping of the heart or ways of maintaining a concentration gradient so that substances move quickly from one place to another (e.g., using facilitated diffusion and active transport). (v) a suitable transport medium (e.g., fluid). (vi) in many cases, a way of adapting the rate of transport to the needs of the organism.

5. Circulatory System 3.6

6. 3.6 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM There are two main types of circulatory system; open circulatory system and closed circulatory system . Open circulatory system Blood pumped by the tubular heart leaves the open-ended vessels to a series of blood spaces surrounding the tissues. When the heart relaxes, the blood flows back into the vessels through pores called ostia. This type is found in most arthropods (jointed leg animals such as insects, spiders and crabs) Closed circulatory system Blood is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels which carry the blood to the tissues of the entire body. Then, the blood from the tissues is carried back to the heart by the blood vessels. The main advantages of a closed system are ( i ) the pressure can be increased to make the blood flow more quickly and (ii) the flow can be directed more precisely to the organs that need most oxygen and nutrients.

7. There are two types of closed circulatory system; Single circulatory system and double circulatory system . Single circulatory system It is found in fish. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills, the organs of gas exchange where the blood takes in oxygen (becomes oxygenated) and gives up carbon dioxide at the same time. The blood then travels on around the rest of the body of the fish, giving up oxygen to the body cells before returning to the heart. In this type, blood passes once through the heart. Double circulatory system Birds and mammals have evolved the most complex type of transport system, known as a double circulatory system because it involves two separate circulations. The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood (oxygen-rich blood) from the heart to the cells of the body where the oxygen is used. It also carries the deoxygenated blood (blood that has given up its oxygen to the body cells) back to the heart. The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then carries the oxygenated blood back to the heart. Thus, blood passes twice through the heart.

8. Birds and mammals need much more oxygen than fish. Not only do they have to move around without the support of water, but they also maintain a constant body temperature that may be higher or lower than their surroundings. This takes a lot of resources, so their cells need plenty of oxygen and glucose and make waste products that need to be removed quickly.

9. The advantages of double circulation are: ( i )The separate circuits of a double circulatory system ensure that the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood cannot mix, so the tissues receive as much oxygen as possible. (ii) The fully oxygenated blood can be delivered quickly to the body tissues at high pressure. (iii) The blood going through the tiny blood vessels in the lungs is at relatively low pressure, so it does not damage the vessels and allows gas exchange to take place. (iv) When the oxygenated blood returns to the heart, it can be pumped hard and sent around the body at high pressure. This means it reaches all the tiny capillaries between the body cells quickly, supplying oxygen for an active way of life

10. Cardiovascular System in Mammals

11. 3.7 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN MAMMALS In mammals, the cardiovascular system delivers the materials needed by the cells of the body, and carries away the waste products of their metabolism. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart - which acts as a pump to move blood through the vessels, a series of blood vessels - which carry blood and the blood - as transport medium. The passage of blood through the vessels is called the circulation.

12. The Structure OF HEART SMOKING Mercury is the smallest planet GENETICS Mars is actually a cold place OBESITY Jupiter is a gas giant planet DIABETES Neptune is very far from the Sun 1,200 2,400 3,600 4,800

13. 3.7.1 The Structure of the Heart The human heart, like other mammalian hearts, is a muscular pump with four chambers. The upper two chambers are called the right atrium and the left atrium. The lower chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. Both sides of the heart work simultaneously. The walls of the atria are thinner than those of the ventricles. The right atrium receives the blood from the superior vena cava which collects deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, arms and chest, and from the inferior vena cava which receives deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins. After the blood enters into both ventricles from the corresponding atrium, the deoxygenated blood in right ventricle enters the lungs through pulmonary artery . The oxygenated blood in the left ventricle enters into aorta and then passes throughout the body. As the two sides are separated by a complete thick, muscular septum, the blood in one side of the heart does not mix with the blood from the other side.

14. The heart is made of a unique type of muscle, known as cardiac muscle, which has special properties, it can carry on contracting regularly without resting or getting fatigued. Cardiac muscle has a good blood supply by the coronary arteries bringing oxygenated blood while coronary veins carry away the deoxygenated blood. It also contains lots of myoglobin, a respiratory pigment which has a stronger affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin . The muscular wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which are relatively close to the heart. The delicate capillaries of the lungs need blood delivered at relatively low pressure. The left ventricle must produce sufficient force to move the blood under pressure to all the extremities of the body and overcome the elastic recoil of the artreries .

15. There are four sets of valves in the heart; two sets of atrioventricular valves and two sets of semilunar valves. The right atrioventricular valve is called tricuspid valves which is made up of three flaps and is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. The function of the tricuspid valve is prevention of backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. The left atrioventricular valve is called bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) which is made up of two flaps and is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Its function is prevention of backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. The flaps of both atrioventricular valves are supported by the cordae tendineae (tendinous cords) which prevent the flaps from turning inside out by the pressure exerted when the ventricles contract. Semilunar valves (semi means half and lunar means moon) - Both are pocket-like valves with half-moon shaped like those in veins. One set is located at the base of the pulmonary artery while the other set is at the base of the aorta and their function is prevention of backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle and from the aorta into the left ventricle, respectively.

16. 3.7.2 The Blood Vessels The main types of blood vessel; the arteries, veins and capillaries have very different characteristics. These affect the way the blood flows through the body, and what the vessels do in the body.

17. Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart towards the cells of the body. The structure of an artery is shown in Figure 3.10 A and 3.11. Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood. The exceptions are: the pulmonary artery - carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the umbilical artery - during pregnancy, this carries deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta. The aorta (large artery) leaving the heart branches off into arteries in every direction, and the diameter of the lumen, the central space inside the blood vessel, gets smaller the further away it is from the heart. The very smallest branches of the arterial system, furthest from the heart, are the arterioles. The major arteries close to the heart must withstand pressure surges. Their walls contain a lot of elastic fibers so they can stretch to accommodate the greater volume of blood without being damaged. Between surges, the elastic fibers return to their original length, squeezing the blood to

18. STAGE 1 STAGE 2 Despite being red, Mars is a cold place. The planet is full of iron oxide STAGE 3 Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Saturn is a gas giant and the only planet with rings. It’s a beautiful one! DISEASE STAGES

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22. Here’s an assortment of alternative resources within the same style of this template ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES Medium shot man with chest pain Human hand with stethoscope checking respiration of person