Coronary heart diseases amongst individuals

Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is a condition that occurs when the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, or even death.

The narrowing or blockage of these blood vessels is usually caused by the buildup of plaque, a waxy substance made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances. Plaque buildup can begin in childhood and gradually increase over time, leading to the development of coronary heart disease in later years.

Risk factors for coronary heart disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and a family history of heart disease. Treatment options for this condition may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the disease.

Prevention of coronary heart disease involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a healthy diet, not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing any underlying medical conditions. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are also important for identifying and managing risk factors for heart disease.

1. GROUP 3 PRESENTATION ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE BCHM 425 (NUTRTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY) LECTURER: MR ABBAS OLAGUNJU

2. GROUP MEMBERS CHUBADO JAFAR MUHAMMED U17BC1033 DALHATU ABUBAKAR SHEHU U17BC1083 DANIEL PRISCILLA LAAH U15BC1137 DAUDA ABUBAKAR U17BC1044 EMEH EDWIN ONYEKWERE U17BC1096 EMEKA N. BLESSING U17BC1071 FAYOMI ADESOJI ARIYO U17BC1079 GARBA IDRIS U15BC1191 GIMBA MARTHA MUTABA U16BC1142 GODWIN OYIGOCHO ISRAEL U17BC1058 HARUNA ABUBAKAR U17BC1067 HARUNA AYAKA ABIMIKU U18BC2005 HARUNA ILIYASU U16BC1139 HASSAN FARIDA U17BC1091 HASSAN HAFSAT U16BC1008 HASSAN HARUNA SAFIYANU U16BC1082

3. INTRODUCTION Coronary heart disease is one of the leading cause of death and disability worldwide . Coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Coronary arteries feed the heart muscle itself, thus , blockage of a coronary artery means that the heart muscle is oxygen starved . Coronary heart disease, also known as Coronary artery disease, is a condition in which there is an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the myocardium (heart muscle).

4. CAUSES Coronary heart disease results from occlusion of the coronary arteries and results in a demand-supply mismatch of oxygen. This is usually caused by plaque build up in the wall of arteries which supply blood to the heart. The plaque is mainly made up of fat deposits(atheroma).

5. CONT’D The build-up of atheroma makes the arteries narrower, restricting the flow of blood to the heart muscle, this process is called atherosclerosis.

6. PLAQUE FORMATION The first step in the process is the formation of a “fatty streak”. Fatty streak is formed by sub-endothelial deposition of lipid-laden macrophages. These macrophages take up oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and foam cells are formed. Growth factors released activate smooth muscles, which also take up oxidized LDL particles and collagen and deposit along with activated macrophages, increasing the population of foam cells.

7. Figure 3. Macrophage life cycle and cholesterol round trip in atherosclerosis. 9 The central portion of the figure shows the penetration of monocytes and their transformation to macrophages in the intima layer. The more pro-inflammatory signals that are in the tissue, the more monocyte penetration and transformation. On the left, cholesterol from LDL accumulates and is taken up and transforms both macrophages and smooth muscle cells thereby creating “foam” cell versions of each. Pro-inflammatory factors trigger apoptosis, and the lipid “plaque” forms at the necrotic core of the intima layer.

8. CONT’D This process leads to the formation of sub-endothelial plaque . The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.

9. TYPES There are several types of coronary heart diseases some of which include: Obstructive coronary artery diseases : occurs when your coronary arteries gradually narrow due to plaque buildup. It’s the most common and well-understood type of coronary artery disease. Non-obstructive coronary artery disease : This occurs because of other coronary artery problems such as constriction at inappropriate times or damage to your artery lining Spontaneous coronary artery diseases also occurs when a tear in the wall of your coronary artery partially or completely blocks blood flow.

10. SYMPTOMS Chest pain or discomfort (angina ) A heart attack, also called myocardial infarction, Fatigue. Shortness of breath General weakness Heart palpitation

11. SYMPTOMS

12. RISK FACTORS The following factors increase a person’s risk of developing coronary heart diseases: Hypertension : Hypertension (High blood pressure) exacerbates the atherosclerotic process and it contributes to make the atherosclerotic plaque more unstable. Diabetes : Especially Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for coronary heart disease. having high levels of low-density lipoprotein, or “bad,” cholesterol having low levels of high-density lipoprotein, or “good,” cholesterol

13. RISK FACTORS Smoking: The detrimental effects of smoking span all stages in the development of coronary heart disease

14. RISK FACTORS CONT’D Being overweight or obese : Over 80% of patients with coronary heart disease are overweight or obese.

15. RISK FACTORS Some risk factors are not lifestyle-related. These may include :  having a family history of coronary heart disease for women, having been through premature menopause Ageing

16. TREATMENT The d isease treatment can vary depending on the type of coronary heart disease you have. The treatment can also be invasive or Non-invasive. Non-invasive treatment include use of drugs such as: Blood-thinning medicines: This type of medicine can help reduce the risk of a heart attack by thinning your blood and preventing it clotting e.g. low-dose aspirin Statins: Statins work by blocking the formation of cholesterol and increasing the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the liver. Examples include atorvastatin and simvastatin.

17. TREATMENT T reatment also involves lifestyle changes which include: Reducing your alcohol intake Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight Eating a heart-healthy diet among others.

18. TREATMENT Invasive treatment include: surgical treatments such as atherectomy , open heart surgery or even complete heart transplant among others .

19. PREVENTION There are several ways you can reduce your risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), such as: Eat a healthy, balanced diet: Optimal nutrition can help lower the risk of developing chronic diseases and their risk factors. High fat, high sugar, and low nutrient foods are quick, plentiful, inexpensive, and widely available but not advised.

20. PREVENTION CONT’D A low-fat, high- fibre diet is recommended, which should include plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables and whole grains. You should avoid or reduce food containing high amount of saturated fats, because these will increase the levels of bad cholesterol in your blood.

21. PREVENTION CONT’D

22. PREVENTION CONT’D Keep your diabetes under control: You have a greater chance of developing coronary heart disease if you have diabetes. Give up smoking: If you smoke, giving up will reduce your risk of developing coronary heart disease. Smoking is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. It also causes the majority of cases of coronary thrombosis in people under the age of 50.

23. PREVENTION CONT’D Reduce your alcohol consumption: If you drink, do not exceed the maximum recommended limits. Keep your blood pressure under control: You can keep your blood pressure under control by eating a healthy diet low in saturated fat, exercising regularly and, if needed, taking medicine to lower your blood pressure.

24. PREVENTION CONT’D Be more physically active: Regular physical activity is associated with a healthier, longer life .

25. CONCLUSION Coronary Artery Disease is a volatile disease that has many outcomes that can occur throughout the body I t's prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years and The events are caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors , the effect of which are mainly mediated through a cardiovascular risk factors.

26. THANK YOU!