Coronavirus

Detailed View on Coronavirus

1. Coronavirus M.Meenakshi , Assistant Professor, Department Of Microbiology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science for Women, Coimbatore

2. IMPACTS OF CORONAVIRUS

3. OUTBREAK C urrent outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that was first reported from Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019 . WHO is working closely with global experts, governments and partners to rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spread and virulence of the virus, and to provide advice to countries and individuals on measures to protect health and prevent the spread of this outbreak.  

4. CORONAVIRUS- INTRODUCTION A  coronavirus  is one of a number of  viruses  that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, the viruses cause  respiratory infections , common cold , which are typically mild, though rarer forms such as  SARS ,  MERS Novel coronavirus  (the cause of the  2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak ) can be lethal . Symptoms vary in other species: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory disease, while in cows and pigs coronaviruses cause diarrhea . There are no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections .

5. SYMPTOMS OF CORONAVIRUS

6. CLASSIFICATION Coronaviruses are in the subfamily  Orthocoronavirinae  in the family  Coronaviridae , in the order  Nidovirales . ] They are  enveloped viruses  with a  positive-sense single-stranded   RNA   genome  and a  nucleocapsid  of helical symmetry. The  genome size  of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32  kilobases , the largest for an  RNA virus . The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin  corona , meaning  crown  or  halo , which refers to the characteristic appearance of the virus particles ( virions ): they have a fringe reminiscent of a crown or of a  solar corona .

7. DISCOVERY Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. [6]  The earliest ones discovered were  infectious bronchitis virus  in chickens and two viruses from the  nasal cavities  of human patients with the  common cold  that were subsequently named  human coronavirus 229E  and  human coronavirus OC43 . [7]   Other members of this family have since been identified, including  SARS- CoV  in 2003,  HCoV NL63  in 2004 ,   HKU1  in 2005 ,   MERS- CoV  in 2012,   2019-nCoV  in 2019; most of these have been involved in serious  respiratory tract infections .

8. NAME AND MORPHOLOGY The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin  corona  and the Greek  κορώνη  ( korṓnē , "garland, wreath"), meaning crown or halo. The name refers to the characteristic appearance of  virions  (the infective form of the virus) by  electron microscopy , which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a  solar corona . T T his   morphology  is created by the viral spike (S)  peplomers , which are  proteins  on the surface of the virus Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus , a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor,  angiotensin-converting enzyme 2  (ACE2 ). Some coronaviruses (specifically the members of  Betacoronavirus  subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called  hemagglutinin esterase  (HE). [4]

9. REPLICATION Coronavirus genomes also encodes a protein called a  replicase  which allows the viral genome to be  transcribed  into new RNA copies using the  host cell ’s machinery . The genome is replicated and a long  polyprotein  is formed, where all of the proteins are attached. Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein – a  protease  – which is able to cleave the polyprotein. This process is a form of genetic economy, allowing the virus to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of  nucleotides .

10. Transmission Human to human transmission of coronaviruses is primarily thought to occur among close contacts via   respiratory droplets   sneezing coughing .

11. STRAINS OF CORONAVIRUS Seven strains of human coronaviruses are known: Human coronavirus 229E  (HCoV-229E) Human coronavirus OC43  (HCoV-OC43) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus  (SARS- CoV ) Human coronavirus NL63  (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus) Human coronavirus HKU1 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus  (MERS- CoV ), previously known as  novel coronavirus 2012  and  HCoV -EMC . Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) , [28] [29]  also known as Wuhan coronavirus. [30]  ('Novel' in this case means newly discovered, or newly originated, and is a placeholder name.)

12. In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in  Wuhan ,  China . On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus ,  which was given the interim name  2019-nCoV  by the  World Health Organization (WHO ) As of 9 February 2020, there have been 814 confirmed deaths and more than 37,590 confirmed cases in the  coronavirus pneumonia outbreak . The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of  Betacoronavirus  from group 2B with an ~70% genetic similarity to the SARS- CoV .  The virus was suspected to have originated in  snakes ,but many leading researchers disagree with this conclusion.The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so an origin in bats is widely suspected

13. PREVENTION

14. PREVENTION….

15. IN INDIA Cipla and Aurobindo are the main suppliers of these antiretrovirals in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has approval from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) to allow a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir — approved for AIDS treatment — to be used if coronavirus infections turn into a public health

16. IN INDIA In addition to thse National Institute of Virology, Pune, 11 virus and research diagnostic laboratories (VRDLs) are performing tests for the coronavirus. H ealth officials in China to establish clinical trials to test the effect of REMDESIVIR on patients infected with the new coronavirus, according to their statement . Use an N95 mask that is certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

17. THANK YOU