Coronavirus (covid 19)

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. This is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. im mentioned in this ppt about Coronavirus disease symptoms, transmission, mechanism, treatment, diagnosis etc.

1. INTRODUCTION TO CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) BY Mr. DHUMAL KULDIP SUDHAKAR ( B. PHARMACY ) Email ID- [email protected]

2. CONTENTS What is coronavirus History of coronavirus Taxonomy Mechanism Symptoms Transmission Prevention & control Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion References

3. What is coronavirus The virus that causes COVID-19 is thought to have originated in bats and then spread to snakes and pangolins and hence to humans, perhaps by contamination of meat from wild animals. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus strain spreading from person to person & it is respiratory illness that can spreading rapidly. Type of virus that affects the respiratory tract. This group of viruses are associated with the common cold, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and more severe cases can cause death. The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus (subgenus sarbecovirus , Orthocoronavirinae subfamily) Coronaviruses (CoV) are divided into four genera, including α−/ β−/γ−/δ-CoV. α- and β-CoV are able to infect mammals .

4. Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses, about 120 nanometers in diameter. While SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have positive-sense RNA genomes of 27.9kb and 30.1kb. It has been shown that the genome of CoVs contains a variable number (6–11) of open reading frames (ORFs). The rest part of the virus genome encodes four essential structural proteins, including spike (S)glycoprotein, small envelope protein,matrix . protein, and nucleocapsid protein, and also several accessory proteins. SglycoproteinofSARS-CoV-2binds to host cell receptors, angio tensin -converting enzyme2 (ACE2), that is a critical step for virus entry. Two-thirds of viral RNA, mainly located in the first ORF (ORF1a/b) translates two poly proteins, pp1a and pp1ab, and encodes 16 non-structural proteins (NSP)

5. History of coronavirus Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chicken was shown caused by infection bronchitis virus. Arthur schalk & Mc hawn described in 1931 a respiratory infection of chickens in north dakota . Human coronaviruses were discovered in 1960s. Where observed some symptoms common cold, fever etc, which were later named human coronavirus 229E & human coronavirus OC43. Human Coronavirus (B814) was obtained from boy with common cold in 1965by Tyrell & Bynoe . The early in 31 D ecember 2019, new coronavirus (SARV co-2) was observed in seafood live animal market at Wuhan city, china. In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases, caused by a newly identified β-coronavirus, occurred in Wuhan.

6. Taxonomy The scientific name for coronavirus is   Orthocoronavirinae  or  Coronavirinae . Coronaviruses belong to the family of  Coronaviridae ,  order  Nidovirales ,  and realm  Riboviria .  They are divided into alphacoronaviruses and betacorona viruses which infect mammals – and gammacorona viruses and deltacorona viruses which primarily infect birds. Genus Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV) are the first of the four genera, Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma and Deltacoronavirus in the subfamily Coronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. Betacoronaviruses  are one of four genera of coronaviruses of the subfamily  Orthocoronavirinae  in the family Coronaviridae, of the order  Nidovirales

7. Mechanism The corona-like appearance of coronaviruses is caused by so-called spike glycoproteins , or peplomers , which are necessary for the viruses to enter host cells. The spike has two subunits; one subunit, S1, binds to a receptor on the surface of the host’s cell; the other subunit, S2, fuses with the cell membrane. The cell membrane receptor for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 is a form of angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE-2, different from the enzyme that is inhibited by conventional ACE-1 inhibitors, such as enalapril and ramipril . the S1 subunit of the spike binds to the ACE-2 enzyme on the cell membrane surface. A host transmembrane serine protease, TMPRSS2, then activates the spike and cleaves ACE-2. TMPRSS2 also acts on the S2 subunit, facilitating fusion of the virus to the cell membrane. The virus then enters the cell. Inside the cell the virus is released from endosomes by acidification or the action of an intracellular cysteine protease, cathepsin

8. The virus can enter the cell in two ways:(a) A cell membrane-bound serine protease (brown), TMPRSS2, cleaves the virus’s S1 subunits (red) from its S2 subunits (black) and also cleaves the ACE-2 enzymes; the endosome enters the cell ( endocytosis ), where the virus is released by acidification or the action of another protease, cathepsin (b) The same serine protease, TMPRSS2, causes irreversible conformational changes in the virus’s S2 subunits, activating them, after which the virus fuses to the cell membrane and can be internalized by the cell.

9. Symptoms Patient with COVID-19 have had mild to severe respiratory illness with Symptoms of Fever Cough Shortness of breath & difficulty breathing Headache Runny nose Body aches Malaise – a general feeling of being unwell Sore throat

10. Transmission The virus that causes COVID-19 probably emerged from an animal source, but is now spreading from person to person. The virus is thought to spread mainly between people who are in close contact with one another (within about 6 feet) through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It also may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.

11. Person-to-person transmission occurs primarily via direct contact or through droplets spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individual. In a small study conducted on women in their third trimester who were confirmed to be infected with the coronavirus, there was no evidence that there is transmission from mother to child.

12. Prevention & control Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Avoid using your clean hands to turn off water or open the door. OR you may use hand-sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol base. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands Wear a mask while out in public, especially when traveling on an airplane o The most effective, freely available mask is the 3M N95 which must be worn with no leakage. Single layer masks are not effective. Avoid close contact with people who are sick Wear a mask to prevent virus transmission through sneezing and coughing Clean and disinfect objects and surfaces

13. If presenting with symptoms, see your primary physician for further evaluation Rest is extremely important, do NOT participate in fitness training During the infectious stage (14 days), follow Standard Precautions outlined by local/national/international health authorities Once past the infectious stage (14 days) limit going to and from public places only as you risk increasing the transmission of the virus to others and delays your recovery time.

14. Diagnosis The basis of diagnosis for new viruses is the reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test used to identify genetic material in many clinical samples. The CDC developed a protocol for RT-PCR that included specific primers designed to bind to key areas of the novel coronavirus. FDA authorized CDC’s test via an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA),2 through which the FDA permits use of a non–FDA-approved drug or device to respond to a declared emergency.

15. Treatment There is no specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19. but treatment is doing depends on symptoms of disease. Use as systemic corticosteroid treatment including neuraminidase inhibitors ( oseltamivir , peramivir , zanamivir , etc), ganciclovir , acyclovir, and ribavirin , as well as methylprednisolone Another report showed that the broad-spectrum antiviral remdesivir and chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019- nCoV infection in vitro. Is there a vaccine ? There is currently no vaccine to protect against COVID-19. the best way to prevent infection is to take everyday preventive actions, like avoiding close contact with people who are sick & washing your hands often.

16. Conclusion The COVID-19 outbreak is rapidly increasing in the number of cases, deaths and countries affected. Much is unknown about the virus and its effects, including its modes of transmission, the basic reproduction number, risk factors. is highly likely that there will be addi tional global spread of the virus.

17. References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/coronaviruses-a-general-introduction/ https://d2c7ipcroan06u.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Coronavirus-diagram-696x392.jpg

18. THANK YOU !