correct pesticides and safey measures - Copy.pptx

Pesticide

1. Residues,Hazards and Safety Measures of Pesticides/Insecticides Dr.Amer Rasul Assistant Professor Entomology UAF

2. OUTLINE FARMERS’ PROTECTION CONSUMERS’ PROTECTION ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

3. FARMERS’ PROTECTION

4. WHAT IS PESTICIDE? Pesticides are designed to kill or harm pests. But pesticides can also harm or kill people. Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Rodenticide

5. WHO PESTICIDES HAZARD CLASSIFICATION

6. WHAT IS PESTICIDE HAZARD? Hazard = Exposure x Toxicity Exposure How pesticides enter the body Toxicity Potential of a chemical to be poisonous LD 50 (Lethal Dose Fifty measured as mg/kg body weight) The amount of a pesticide that has killed half of the animals in a laboratory test. The smaller the LD 50 value, the less chemical required to kill half of the test animals. So, a pesticide with a dermal LD 50 of 25 (rabbit) is more poisonous than a pesticide with a dermal LD 50 of 2000 (rabbit).

7. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE- COMMON ROUTES Dermal – Skin Hands Arms Face & Head Eyes Oral – mouth & gasterointestinal tract Inhalation – nose & lungs For humans – dermal is the most significant route of exposure

8. ROUTES OF EXPOSURES

9. RATES OF PESTICIDE ABSORPTION

10. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPE)

11. SAFETY EQUIPMENTS DERMAL Hard hats Long sleeved shirts, long pants & waterproofed boots Tyvek coveralls Nitrile gloves Soap and water

12. SAFETY EQUIPMENTS FOR INHALATION & EYES EXPOSURE INHALATION Face Masks Nasal Filters Gas Masks EYES PROTECTIN Goggles Face Shields Safety Glasses But never wear contacts when spraying pesticides

13. CONSUMERS’ PROTECTION

14. INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS International food trade has grown exponentially to a 200 billion dollar a year with billions of tons of food produced, marketed and transported. The CODEX ALIMENTARIUS or "food code" was established by FAO in 1963 to develop harmonized international food standards, which protect consumer health and promote fair practices in food trade. Codex members cover 99% of the world's population including Pakistan (1970). Codex food safety standards are referred in WTO's agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) to settle trade disputes.

15. WHAT IS PESTICIDE RESIDUE? Residue is the presence of pesticide on treated surfaces, in or on food after a period of time. A residue results when a pesticide is deliberately applied to a food producing plant. Residues are measured as mg/kg of food. Residues can be harmful if people, animals and wildlife are exposed. Residues are important in order to achieve pest control. The longer the pesticide exists, the greater the chances for exposure by the targeted pest.

16. WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM RESIDUE LEVEL OF A PESTICIDE THAT IS ALLOWED ON FOOD? A tolerance is the maximum amount of a specific pesticide or its break down products that is allowed to remain in or on foods. The tolerance is not an estimate of the residue amount that is common or typical for a food. Residue levels found in food are usually below the tolerance levels. Tolerances for a given pesticide may vary for different crops.

17. WHEN CAN PESTICIDE RESIDUES CAUSE HARM? When pesticides are used by farmers to control the growth of weeds, or prevent crop damage by insects, rodents and molds. When pesticides are used on food crops after harvest to prolong their storage life. When pesticides are used on animal farms to control insect pests. Some pesticides, even though no longer used, persist and remain in the environment. Residues of these pesticides are sometimes found on food grown on contaminated soil, or in the fish that live in contaminated waters.

18. WHEN CAN PESTICIDE RESIDUES CAUSE HARM? When crops accumulate pesticides from the soil. When growers spray crops that the pesticide isn’t intended for. When the applicator applies too much pesticide. When the applicator applies pesticide too close to the harvest period. When pesticide drift occurs from nearby fields. During postharvest if residue is left on produce. Not following the pesticide label’s instructions when spraying.

19. WHEN CAN PESTICIDE RESIDUES CAUSE HARM? Pesticide residue leftover from a previous crop site. Building up of pesticide residue over a time of repeated applications. Pesticides can accumulate in soil, groundwater, lakes/ponds and sometimes animals/plants. Some pesticides break down into a more toxic form before continuing breakdown or combining with elements in the soil.

20. HOW TO AVOID HAZARDOUS RESIDUES? Comply with label’s instructions and refrain from off-label use of pesticides. Take care of Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) of pesticides before spraying. Use bio-pesticides on crops as they are mostly exempted from residue limits on fresh and processed foods around the world. Apply pesticides during dormant or fallow periods when possible to avoid residue on produce. Fill pesticide tanks carefully to prevent siphoning back into wells. Calibrate sprayers such that correct amounts of pesticides are sprayed on the correct area size. Don’t over apply.

21. GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Don’t spray on days that the weather allows high pesticide drift (warm + windy). Choose pesticides that breakdown rapidly. Observe safety intervals of all chemicals. Use recommended doses. Avoid spray of pesticides at higher doses than recommendation. Keep commodity transport vehicles clean and not contaminated with chemicals. Store pesticides on the farm far from grain and seed storage to avoid leakage. Separate pesticides/fertilizers, oils or other fluids from grain and seed storage.

22. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

23. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS BIODIVERSITY LOSS SOIL DEGRADATION AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION HUMAN HEALTH

24. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY LOSS Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Invasive species out competing natives Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains SOIL DEGRADATION Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization from irrigation Desertification

25. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION AIR POLLUTION Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pesticide drift from spraying Dust / airborne particulates Weather alteration from large scale clearing WATER POLLUTION Aquifer depletion Water diversions Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff

26. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION HUMAN HEALTH Nitrates in drinking water Pesticides residues in drinking water, food & air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Farm worker exposure & working conditions

27. HOW PESTICIDES IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT? Chemical characteristics of pesticides Degradation methods Pesticide movements during and after application Mismanagement of pesticide waste – Excess solution & containers Special environmental considerations

28. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS SOLUBILITY Water-soluble pesticides move with surface water or carried downward in soil profile Water-insoluble pesticides don’t move readily with surface or subsurface waters ADSORPTION Pesticides that are oil-soluble or oil-loving tend to adsorb or bind to soil particles. Clay and organic soils have many binding sites and adsorb a lot of pesticide. Pesticide adsorbed or bound to the soil don’t move freely with the soil water and water contamination concerns are greatly reduced. PERSISTENCE Persistence is the measure of how long a pesticide remains active before it degrades. Persistent pesticides also pose concerns for illegal residues on rotational crops that can pick up the chemical VOLATILITY A chemical changes from a liquid or solid state into a gas or vapor and can move off-target with the air flow It depends upon increase in temperature, wind speed and low humidity levels

29. PESTICIDE DEGRADATION MICROBIAL Microbes like bacteria and fungi feed on pesticides and break them down Soils that are warm, have adequate moisture, favorable pH, good mix of oxygen, sufficient fertility and with pesticide adsorbed onto the soil, have increased degradation CHEMICAL Hydrolysis causes chemicals to break down in soil Soil properties and conditions affect chemical reactions. PHOTODEGRADATION The sun can cause chemical degradation

30. PESTICIDE MOVEMENT BY AIR Vapor, particle, spray drift BY WATER Surface runoff Movement through soil BY OTHER OBJECTS Residues on plants and animals

31. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DRIFT Applicator attitude Droplet Size Viscosity of spray a liquid’s resistance to flow Weather conditions

32. APPLICATOR ATTITUDE Assess what sensitive sites are near the application area Assess weather conditions: air stability, wind direction and speed Set up equipment with appropriate boom height, nozzles, and pressure Make decision to spray or not to spray

33. DROPLET SIZE The Larger the Spray Droplet Size The Less Distance the Droplet Drifts

34. WEATHER CONDITIONS Read the Wind direction and speed 0-3 mph: Could be very stable with airflow, just not sure which direction the air is moving 3-7 mph: Manage for off-target movement downwind >7 mph: Carries more material off-target

35. PESTICIDE MOVEMENT IN WATER Pesticides can move into water from an identifiable occurrence or from general contamination. Point Source identifiable source Non-point Source wide area contamination Maintain an Air Gap

36. RUNOFF IS DEPENDENT ON Soil moisture Amount and timing of irrigation/rainfall Pesticide characteristics Grade or slope of the area Soil texture Vegetation

37. LEACHING Geology – how permeable is the soil? Soil texture and structure Sandy: fast percolation, few binding sites Silt, clay or organic matter: slower percolations and many binding sites Depth to groundwater: shallow water tables pose a concern Amount and timing of rainfall or irrigation

38. LEACHING/RUNOFF & GROUNDWATER High Annual Precipitation Cool Soil Temperature Shallow Groundwater Sandy or Gravely Soil Soluble Pesticide Concern for leaching or the site is vulnerable select a product that does not pose a concern Little or no concern for leaching product selection is not a concern

39. SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Protect sensitive areas Protect non-target organisms Pollinators, beneficial Fish, livestock, and wildlife Protect endangered and threatened species

40. PROTECT SENSITIVE AREAS Schools, playgrounds, parks, hospitals Wildlife refuges, bee hives Yards, gardens, crop fields Indoors: homes, offices, stores, clinics, restaurants, factories, animal facilities Endangered/threatened species and their habitats

41. PROTECT NON-TARGET ORGANISMS Plants Bees, other pollinators Other beneficial insects Fish and other wildlife Humans Hover fly H. Riedl Jerry Stein, Nev. DOW Virgin River Chub

42. PESTICIDE WASTE MANAGEMENT Use Integrated Pest Management practices to avoid unnecessary pesticide use. Purchase only the amount needed to reduce the need to store extra materials. Store all pesticides in a well ventilated, dry, and safe areas free from accidental mechanical contact and temperature extremes. Make sure all containers are labeled.

43. MANAGEMENT OF EMPTY CONTAINERS Rinsing plastic, glass, and metal containers Pressure- or triple-rinse all empty containers before they can be recycled, disposed, or reconditioned Containers that have been properly rinsed pose less hazard to people and the environment than unrinsed containers. Rinsing at the time of use allows the rinse water to be added into the spray tank. Properly rinsed pesticide containers should be stored separate from regular pesticide storage areas Unrinsed containers are not placed with properly rinsed containers. Empty unrinsed pesticide containers must be capped, stored upright in a secure (locked) areas, and placed on an impervious surface

44. PROCEDURE OF RINSING EMPTY CONTAINERS Pressure Rinsing Empty the container into spray tank. Once flow is down to a drip, allow the container to drain for an additional 30 seconds. A special nozzle is attached to the end of a hose to force the remaining pesticide from the container Triple Rinsing Empty the container into spray tank. Once flow is down to a drip, allow the container to drain for an additional 30 seconds Fill the empty container one-fourth full of water. Replace the cap on the container. Shake the container about twice per second for 30 seconds. Drain rinse water into spray tank. Repeat the process thrice.

45. RECYCLE CONTAINERS Properly rinsed containers may be recycled. Large pesticide drums may be returned to the manufacturer or to drum reconditioners . Plastic pesticide containers should not be recycled with household plastic recycling programs. Pesticide containers should only be recycled through programs designed for pesticide containers.

46. SAFELY LANDFILL PROPERLY RINSED CONTAINERS If not recycled, the rinsed containers may be buried at an approved landfill. Under no circumstances should rinsed containers be carelessly discarded. Keep properly rinsed empty containers in your pesticide storage area until you recycle or dispose of them at an approved landfill.

47. PAPER AND OTHER CONTAINERS Before disposing of paper, plastic, and composite pesticide bags, make sure they are completely empty. Thoroughly empty the contents into application equipment. Then dispose of the bag at an approved landfill. Do not attempt to rinse. Read the label for instructions.

48. HOW TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDE CONTAINERS? S# Container Disposal Method 1 Plastic Jugs Recycle or landfill 2 Metal Recycle or landfill 3 Plastic bags Landfill 4 Paper bags Landfill 5 Aerosol Landfill 6 Mini-bulk Check with the dealer

49. WHAT ARE EXCESS PESTICIDE MIXTURES? Leftover solutions after spraying is done. Water used to wash the outside or rinse the inside of the sprayer. Spray left in the boom or hoses. Solutions from a spraying job interrupted by weather or equipment breakdown. Small quantities of material spilled during mixing.

50. DISPOSAL OF EXCESS PESTICIDE MIXTURES Excess pesticide mixtures should be collected and used again. They can be used on a crop or other site listed on the label or stored for mixing future solutions of the same pesticide. Clean equipment on an asphalt or cement pad equipped with an aboveground tank to hold runoff. Diluting the pesticide will not solve the hazardous waste problem. In fact, it can make it worse. Ten liters of hazardous waste diluted with 90 liters of water creates 100 liters of hazardous waste. Likewise, mixing hazardous waste with nonhazardous waste makes the whole mixture hazardous.

51. THANKS