Correctional setting in social work

study note presentation on correctional setting in the filed of social work.

1. Correctional Setting in the filed of Social work Presented by: Rahul Mahida

2. INTRODUCTION Correctional machinery is an integral part of the criminal justice system. If the purpose of the system is to achieve prevention of crimes the system cannot afford to leave the correctional and rehabilitative aspect unattended. The Indian system takes care of such things in prison Act, prisoners Act, Jail Manual etc. lt is interesting to see how the French Pondicherry differed from the Indian Pondicherry in the matter of correction and rehabilitation and what impact does this has on the public

3. What is crime..????? An action or omission that constitutes that offense that may be prosecuted by state and its punishable A crime is an act that breaks a law that relates to how to behave in society. The harm caused by act is seen to be against society as a whole, not just a specific person. Who is criminal..? Criminal, felon, crook,outlaw,malefactor some one who has committed (or been legally convicted of) a crime therefore, committing one crime makes a man criminal A person charged with and convicted of crime A person who commits a crime for living Guilty of crime Some one who helps a another person commit a crime

4. Continue.. A person who illegally sets fire to property A person who extorts money from some one by threatening to expose embarrassing information about them Someone who makes or sell illegal Someone who sought by law officers: someone trying to elude justice A corrupt politician A someone forces another to have sexual intercourse etc ……

5. Man's approach to criminals can be conveniently summarised as a succession of four R's. Revenge, Restraint, Reformation and Reintegration. With the addition of each ‘R’ important changes were made in correctional process. Until about the middle of the eighteenth century, Revenge was the primary response to crime. Correction was motivated principally by punishment and retribution, the State taking upon itself the tasks of vengeance that earlier had fallen to a victim's N eighbours or kinsmen. Banishment and corporal and capital punishment were techniques employed on offenders for their transgressions. It was also believed that corporal punishments and execution would exorcise the evil spirits that were seen as the cause of a person's criminal tendencies, thereby preventing harm and contamination of the innocent. DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY:

6. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, an important revolution in correctional philosophy took place by the growth of western democracy and the influence of contemporary rational philosophers and legal scholars. Criminals came to be seen not as possessed by evil, but as persons who had deliberately chosen to violate the law because it gave them pleasure or profit. The need for a rational and equitable correctional system was felt in the eighteenth century. Under such view, reactions to crime should be rationally based on a pleasure pain principle. Less punishment for less severe crimes and harsh punishments for serious crimes was the motto. Punishment commensurate with the severity of the crime came up in this context as the major correctional tool. It also posed a better substitute for corporal and capital punishment in the light of humanitarianism, which had become the prevalent approach of the time. Then, correctional institutions became places for "reflection in solitude leading to repentance and redemption". Simultaneously, it was thought that institutionalisation would be a lessor, evil teaching that crime does not pay. Thus, Restraint was the correctional philosophy during this period, and the architectural designs of correctional institutions were such that communicating within and without were reduced to the minimum.

7. Reformation, the third was introduced in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The spirit of reformation was reflected as early as in 1870. When American prison Association (known as the American correctional Association) established as its goal: "reformation not vindictive suffering, is the purpose of penal treatment". This second revolution came about as a direct response to the inadequacy of institutionalisation, but it has gained impetus through the growth of Freudian psychology and the social sciences‘ institutionalisation had not worked as an impartial and uniform reaction to crime. At the same time, the number of inmates confined continued to increase, resulting in increasingly overcrowded institutions. Treatment, rather than punishment, was called for; professionalism and specialization rather than a generalized response came to be accepted. The Reformation movement thus introduced a complex approach to corrections extending far beyond just confinement and punishment. Many of today's correctional systems and programmes are the product of the Reformation era, although there are varying degrees of sophistication in their practices. However, reformation is still part of the present approach in corrections, although it does not constitute the ultimate goal. A fourth revolution apparently has come, bringing in this concept of Reintegration. The general feeling is that focus only upon reforming the offender is inadequate and restrictive. Successful rehabilitation is a two-sided coin, including reformation on one side and reintegration on the other. offender to deal with compelling pressures that are exerted upon him by person living in his community, by social, educational and economic pressures, and by our overall culture and subcultures. Only by such preparation offenders will successfully return to society as productive citizens.

8. Rehabilitation as a Primary objective The intended goal of corrections today is to protect society by controlling offenders and preventing crime. Restraining the offender in custody protects society from crimes which he might otherwise commit; nevertheless, the constraint is merely temporary. Incarceration, custody, or institutionalization still has a role in the system, but it has come to be the least desired or the last resort. Actually, offenders cannot be confined indefinitely, and this fact is obvious since the same laws which convict also provide for release. To be positive and truly "correctional", corrections must aim at returning offenders to society as law-abiding, taxpaying citizens. To achieve this end, the functions of correctional systems and programmes should lead to rehabilitation and reintegration equipping the offenders to return to society as productive, law-abiding citizens and, consequently re-establishing the community's acceptance and faith. Even when incarceration is inevitable, treatment 467 rather than custody should be the ultimate objective during confinement, in order to facilitate the return of the offender to society. Thus, rehabilitation is the primary objective in corrections; but in order to prevent recidivism which is a measure of failure in rehabilitation, a secondary, if not equally important, target is reintegration - community acceptance of the offender. The above objectives are the basis upon which the existing correctional systems and programs are constructed and they signify, too, the direction toward which correctional improvement must move. Rehabilitation as a Primary objective

9. C riminology Criminology is scientific study of the nature extent, Management, control, consequences and prevention Of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social Levels. Criminology word derived from Latin word ‘crimen’ it means accusation and word logia means study. Use of social work methods in correctional settings Social Casework in correctional settings Social Group work in correctional settings Community Organization in correctional settings Social Action in correctional settings Social work Research and social welfare in correctional settings

10. Social Casework in correctional settings Social case work involves a close face to face relationship mainly basis in working people and their problem. The practice of the case work is being governed by five basic assumption that are helpful in serving the offender and they are as follows.. Every individual must be seen as a person of worth and dignity . Behavior, whether acceptable unacceptable to the community, express a need of the individual; An individual can and will change her\his behavior if the right time and in the right amount If the offer of help is given before the problem become serious aggravated, the response is likely to be better; and The family is the most influence force in the development of personality in the crucial early years.

11. Social Groupwork in correctional settings Group work with delinquents and adult offenders is often seen as a powerful techuque for modifying behaviour and attidude the purpose of group in correctional settings is To strengthen the emotional security of the offender within the framework of the group so that he does not feel alone and helpless but also moves towards not being wholly dependent on it. To strengthen the offender’s independence by helping him to actually participate in the group discussion, and not to submit to a gang leader or a powerful sub-group. The introduction of an adult (group worker) who represent the values of a society offenders often reject, but who, because of his accepting attitude represent adult security and love. To provide an opportunity to gain inner resilience and status with the group through accomplishment in activities by society

12. Community organization in correctional setting Community organization has an important role in rehabilitation and reintegration of released offenders into the society. At the same time community organization is used widely for the prevention of crime and delinquency. The convicts after completing the sentence face problems in the adjustment with family,relatives, peer group neighbourhood and employment. Social workers consider family to be an important unit that can provide support released that offenders take care of his various needs. For this social worker has to mobilize the resources for meeting the needs of individuals and establishing support groups on whom one can rely upon, as and when needed.

13. Social action in correctional settings Social action has too important role to play in the field of corrections. Among others, the process of Public Interest Litigation(PIL) could be mentioned in this regard. The under-trials are kept in the jail for years without their cases even being precessed, let alone decided. In such cases social workrs have approached the court to get justice for such under trails that have spent more years in judicial custody then required in the jails just waiting for their trails to begin.

14. Social work research and social welfare in correctional settings There is need to evaluate the current programmes and service in filed of corrections bring about improvement in this settings. Extensive research studies are required ‘in order to select alternative to the institutional care. At the same time, it is desirable to measure the relative efficacy of institutional and non-institutional services in the field of corrections. The social work professional could do some work with other personnel in the correctional setting. Custodial staff is generally overburdened with the security duties. One after comes cross the question weather custodial staff such as warder, head warder, assistant jailor, deputy jailors, jailors, etc., are meant only for custody and not for correctional treatment.

15. Is correctional treatment the responsibility of welfare officer, doctor or psychiatrist only..? It seems to be a misleading dichotomy. Social worker should conduct some trainings and some activities for change the attitude and behavior of offender’s and them to adjust with the society.

16. Correctional institutions Correctional institution is nothing but the penal of institution maintained by the government

17. Institutional treatment Correctional institutional as social system is at best a difficult are re-socialites. Prisons :- prisons deal with offenders who are ineligible or inappropriate for community based programs. Prisons are places where the goals of punishment, including rehabilitation, could be accomplished . Prisons are the place in which criminals could be securely confined and this containment function had continued to predominate in spite of the gradual emergence of other alms for imprisonment, such as deterrence or rehabilitation.

18. 2.Observation homes: O bservation homes established for the temporary of any juvenile in conflict with law during the pendency of a case before the juvenile justice board. Every juvenile who is not placed under the change of parent or guardian is sent to an observation home. S(he) initially kept in a reception unit of the observation home for preliminary enquiries. Care and classification of the juveniles is done according to his/her age group, such as 7-12 years, 12-16 years and 16-18 years, giving due to consideration to physical and mental status and degree offence committed,

19. 3.Special homes Under juvenile justice (care and protection) Act, 2000 state government is empowered for establishing and maintaining special homes for reformation and rehabilitation of juveniles in conflict with law. Such homes are maintained by the government or by certified voluntary organization. In these homes, various types of services are provided which necessary for the re- socialise of a juvenile.

20. 4.Children homes:- Children homes are contemplated for the reception of children in need of care and protection during the pendency of enquiry even for their stay as case may be. Every child’s home is provided with facilities of accommodation, maintenance, education, vocational training, rehabilitation and development character and abilities

21. 5.After-care organizations These organizations are meant for the juveniles discharge from the children’s homes and special homes. The purpose of the aftercare organization is help in the rehabilitation and resettlement of children through extended educational and vocational training facilities including job placement. The stay in aftercare organization is restricted to a maximum of three years over seventeen years age till s(he) attains the age of till s(he) attains the age of 20years on the basis of a discharge report prepared by competent authority

22. 6. Protective home for women The protective home and corrective institutions are established Under the Immoral Traffic (prevention) Act by Directorate of Social Welfare. It admits girls and women, who are rescued from brothels, are abducted and kidnapped (section 366IPC), raped (section 376IPC) and are in moral danger. The girl and women can get admission only through the orders of the court and will continue to stay till the Court gives the order for her restoration or rehabilitation.

23. 7. Short stay homes:- It is institution established under the Immoral Traffic (prevention ) Act (ITPA ) by Government/Union Territory Administration. The purpose is to provide ort temporary shelter to the needy women/girls in distress, pending their restoration or readjustment in their families or admission in suitable institutes. The short stay home provides admission to girls and women in the age group of 18 to 45years.Who are destitute distress deserted or are in moral danger. The duration of stay in short stay home is districted to 6 months. the home provides safe custody, boarding. lodging ,food, clothing medical care and vocational training like tailoring and knitting. it provides specialties like food, shelter, accommodation, medical care non formal education and vocational training. the superintendent of short stay home makes all efforts to restore or, reintegrate the women/girl in her family or through marriage

24. 8.Beggars home:- These homes are established under the Anti-Beggary laws of the state government. Unfortunately, there is no Anti-Beggary Act formulated at the national level. These Acts are formulated by the state at their own initiatives. Reception centers and Bagger Homes are established under the Act. The Beggar’s home provides specialties like food, shelter, accommodation, medical care, non-formal education and vocational training to beggars so they are economically rehabilitated into society .

25. Non-institutional These are community-based correctional programmes that help in the reintegration of offenders. Community-based correction is an effective method of accomplishing the changes in the behavior of the offender by helping him to become a law-abiding citizen.

26. 1.Probation:- The term probation is used denote the status of a person placed on probation, to refer to the subsystem of the criminal justice system. Probation is an alternative to the prison/special home. It is a sentence that does not involve confinement but may involve conditions imposed by the Court\Juvenile Justice Board, usually under the supervision of a probation officer.

27. 2. parole Parole is a treatment programme in which the offender, after serving part of a term in correctional institution, is conditionally released under the supervision and treatment of a Parole Officer. Parole is not of every individual in prison. It is viewed as a privilege granted to a prisoner for good behavior and process while in prison and is considered useful in rehabilitation outside the prison.

28. Hybrid Programmes Community service Community service, the offenders must give personal time to perform takes that are valued in the community. This programme is especially meant for juvenile and adolescents who are placed in community service organization .

29. 2. Work release:- In work release programme. The inmates are released from incarceration to work. They enable the offenders to engage in positive contacts with the community, assuming of course, that work placement is satisfactory. They permits offenders to provide some support for themselves and their families. This can eliminates the self-concept of failure that may be the result of loss the supportive role.

30. Social work intervention in correctional settings It is presumed that in all the correctional institutions, a trained social worker is employed. They are referred by different designation as caseworker, welfare officer, social worker, probation officer,etc . keeping this in mind view, one can presume that some degree of social work intervention is expected in the institutional and non institutional interventions in this settings.

31. Conclusion Social work has a significant role to play in the field of corrections. With its goal of restoring and enhancing the social functioning ,social work professionals help the offenders in correcting and modifying their personality and to reintegrate them back into the society.

32. THANK YOU For more content(related to social work and HRM/labour practice visit and follow https://www.Slideshare.Net/rahulmahida1 Presented by Rahul M ahida