Cotton

Cotton

1. College of Horticulture Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry , Bharsar Pauri Garhwal TOPIC:-COTTON Course title :- Introduction to Major Field Crops. Course No:- HPA 101 Submitted to:- DR. GARGI GOSWAMI Submitted By :- DR. DEEPA JOSHI Akhil Upreti (16044 )

2. English Name: Cotton Vernacular name: kapas Scientific Name: Gossypium herbaceum Other Spp. Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium arboretum Gossypium barbadense Family:- Malvaceae

3. INTRODUCTION:- Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium . The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersion of the seeds.

4. USES OF COTTON Cotton fibers are used in:- Cloth , tyre fabrics , various forms of threads etc. Mercerized cotton is obtained by treating cotton fibers with caustic soda. Absorbant cotton is produced after removing the chitin layer of the fibers . It is used in hospitals , rayon industry , explosive factories etc. Cotton is used extensively for stuffing.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON FIBERS Cotton fibers are epidermal hairs present on the seed coat. The mature cotton fiber is translucent with collapsed hollow tube . The primary wall of the cotton fiber is thin , elastic and coated with chitin . The secondary thickenings are in the form of concentric rings . The raw cotton contains 94% cellulose , 3% proteins , 0.9% pectin , 0.6 % wax< 0.3% sugars and 1-2% ash. Fibers are classified on the basis of their length as long , intermediate and short fibers . Cotton seed is rich in Vitamin B complex and proteins. Cotton oil is used in culinary. The oil cake is an fertilizer and cattle feed.

6. Origin and distribution:- India is considered as home of arboreum cotton. Herbaceums might have originated from Arabia In India all the four species of cotton are grown with highest are under hirsutum (36%) followed by Arboretum (17%) and herbaceum (10%)

7. Area and Productivity :- Hybrids cotton accounts for about(36%) of the total area under cotton. Globally ,cotton is cultivated in an area of 91.66 lakh hectares . Producing around 2,977 thousands tones with an average productivity of 328lint/ha .

8. The five leading exporters of cotton in 2011 are T he United States, India Brazil Australia Uzbekistan In India, Maharashtra(26.63%) Gujarat (17.96%) Andhra Pradesh (13.75%)

9. Growth and development stages:- Emergence:- 15 days after sowing,opt.temp - 14-42 degree C. Root, stem and leaves:- Root depth-150-300 cm,monopodial stem. Flowering and fruit development:- 4-8 days after seedling emergernce , 17-25 days for flower bud to flower. Bud and boll shedding:- It is increased by moisture deficiency or excess, inadequate nutrient supply, excessive heat or cold and damage due to pests and diseases.

10. Climate and soil :-

11. Varieties:-

12. PREPARATION OF THE FIELD:- Prepare the field to get a fine tilth . Chiselling for soils with hard pan: Chisel the soils having hard pan formation at shallow depths with chisel plough at 0.5 M interval, first in one direction and then in the direction perpendicular to the previous one, once in three years. Apply 12.5 t farm yard manure or composted coir pith/ha besides chiselling to get increased yield

13. Cultivaton :- SEED RATE AND SPACING:- Kharif cotton :- April-May – N. India July-August – S. India Desi cotton :- mid may- 1 st fortnight of june

14. Spacing :- Particulars Seed rate kg/ hac Plant population Spacings : Light soils Heavy soils Desi cotton 10-12 75,000 45x30 60x30 American cotton 6-8 50,000 60x30 90x30 hybrids 2-2.5 30,000 90x45 100x50

15. SOWING:- Dibble the seeds at a depth of 3-5 cm on the side of the ridge 2/3 height from the top and above the band where fertilizers and insecticides are applied, maintaining the correct spacing and then cover seeds with soil.  In the case of intercropping, sow the seeds of the intercrop in between the paired rows of cotton in a row of 5 cm apart and cover the seeds.  Sow the required number of seeds in each hole

16. Nutrient management:- Spread 12.5 t of FYM or compost or 2.5 t of vermicompost per ha if available, uniformly on the unploughed soil. Apply NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. QUANTITY (KG/HA) N P K Desi cultivar 60 30 30 American cotton 80 40 40 Hybrids 120 60 60

17. WEED MANAGEMENT:- Apply Pendimethalin @ 3.3 l/ha  three days after sowing, using a hand operated sprayer fitted with deflecting or fan type nozzle . Sufficient moisture should be present in the soil at the time of herbicide application.  This will ensure weed free condition upto 40 days . One hand weeding on 45 DAS will keep weed free environment upto 60 DAS . H oe and hand weed between 18th to 20th day of sowing, if herbicide is not applied at the time of sowing Interculture Operations :- One hand weeding on 45 DAS will keep weed free environment upto 60 DAS

18. Gap Filling:-  Take up gap filling on the 10th day of sowing. Raise seedlings in polythene bags of size 15  x 10 cm . Fill the polythene bags with a mixture of FYM and soil in the ratio of 1:3.  Dibble one seed per bag on the same day when sowing is taken up in the field. Pot water and maintain.  On the 10th day of sowing, plant seedlings maintained in the polythene bags, one in each of the gaps in the field by cutting open the polythene bag and planting the seedling along with the soil intact and then pot water . Thin out the seedlings on the 15th day of sowing. In the case of fertile soils, allow only one seedling per hole, whereas in poor soil allow two seedlings per hole Thinning:-

19. Top dressing:- Top dress 50% of the recommended dose of N and K on 40 – 45 DAS for varieties . T op dress 1/3rd of recommended dose of N on 40-45 DAS and the remaining 1/3rd on 60-65th DAS for hybrids RECTIFICATION OF RIDGES AND FURROWS   :- Reform the ridges and furrows after first top dressing in such a way that the plants are on the top of the ridges and well supported by soil.

20. If Intercropping in of Greengram /Soybean is proposed, prepare the main field, so as to provide ridges and furrows to take up sowing 20 days prior to cotton sowing. COTTON + SOYABEAN COTTON + BLACKGRAM COTTON + GREENGRAM Intercropping:-

21. Straight Furrow: This is a surface irrigation method provided in between two furrows . Furrows are developed between cotton crop rows during planting and interculture . Water is applied by running small streams in furrows between crop rows . Water infiltrates into the soil and spreads laterally to irrigate the area between the furrows. Alternate furrow irrigation:-   During any one run of irrigation a particular set of alternate furrows is irrigated. The interval of irrigation should be shortened when compared to the conventional furrows. During the next run, the left over furrows be irrigated. Suited to heavy soils like clay and loam. WATER MANAGEMENT:-

22. Drip Irrigation :- Application of drip or micro irrigation results in saving water and enhances the water use efficiency of cotton to a great extent. Regulated and slow application of irrigation water through emitters/orifices enables the water to reach the root zone of plants at frequent intervals . Drip irrigation has been found to enhance the yield of cotton by 27 % Paired Row Technique :- Paired row technique is an extension of alternate irrigation. It is a method in which additional crop rows are added on both sides of the furrow The paired row system of planting cotton crop can save around 30 % of irrigation water with no reduction in the yield.

23. ORGANIC PRODUCTION STATUS:- Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles . United States cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing , fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year .

24. HARVESTING:- Harvest at frequent intervals, at less than 7 days interval. Harvest in the morning hours upto 10 to 11 a.m only when there is moisture so that dry leaves and bracts do not stick to the kapas and lower the market value. Pick kapas from well burst bolls only. Remove only the kapas from the bolls and leave the bracts on the plants. After kapas is picked, sort out good puffy ones and keep separately. Keep stained, discoloured and insect attacked kapas separately.

25. YIELD:- the expected yield of ginned cotton is 0,66 to 1,33 tons (1455 to 2932 lbs.) per hectare or 589 to 1187 lbs. per acre.

26. Diseses :- 1.Root rot :- Causal organism - Rhizoctonia bataticola SYMPTOMS:- The disease appear in patches. The plant wilt within a day Roots and bark of the affected roots shred. Control:- Dreching of soil with 0.2 % carbendazim .

27. Fusarium wilt :- Causal organism - Fusarium moniliform f. vasifectum S ymptoms:- Stunting followed by yellowing, wilting, and dropping of leaves. lower leaves towards the base are affected first followed by younger. Leaf discoloration around the edges. Control:- Soaking the seed in 8 l in 8g of bavistin .

28. Anthracnose:- Causal organism – colletotrichum spp Symptoms:- The disease chiefly attacks the seedling, bracts and bolls. The seedling have reddish brown lesions Water soaked spot which enlarges and may spread to the bolls. Control:- Spraying the seedling with blitox 2 kg per ha.

29. Ball Rot:- Caused by bacteria and cause considerable damage by directly reducing the yield of seed cotton and quality of fibre . control:- Spraying with copper oxychloride at the rate of 2 kg per ha.

30. Insect and pest :- a)Pink boll worm :- It is a notorious pest of cotton growing areas.lt affect the cotton yield in several ways. a)Flower damage: Flower buds are bored by this pest, they drop off prematurely. Caterpillars boring into the flower gives flower a rosette appearance. b)Damage to lint: caterpillar enters into the boll, it cuts the developing lint to a seed. c)Damage to seed: Seed kernel is the preffered food for kernel it eats the internal contents of seed and reduce yield.

31. Control:- Heating the seeds in 60 c kiils the hibernating larvae. Grow in resistant varities like H-77,HS-45,DS-5. b)Cotton leaf Roller :_ Caterpillar of this pest rolls a leaf around itself and lives inside it,eating away the green matter of the leaf. The full grown caterpillar is about 5-6 cm in length and pupate inside it. Control:- Remove rolled leaves Spray endosulfan 3 % @ 1 l of water

32. Post harvest operations:- i mmediately after picking, dry the kapas in shade . If it is not dried immediately the colour will change which will lower the market value. Do not dry the kapas under direct sun as the fibre strength and luster will be lost. Grade the kapas into good and second quality ones, if it is not sorted out at the time of picking. Spread a thin layer of dry sand on the ground and keep the kapas over it.

33. PROCESSING OF COTTON Ginning Bailing Picking Carding Combing D rawing GINNING In this process capsule walls .soil etc are removed from the cotton ball in a machine called Gin. BAILING In this process the cotton obtained from the gin is packed into bales by a hydraulic machine. Each bail weights about 500 lb. Bails are transported to the cotton mills .

34. PICKING In the mill cotton is beaten so that they are free from foreign matters. This cotton is now called as sheet or lap cotton. CARDING In this process the remaining lumps are further separated so that immature fibers and impurities are removed. COMBING AND DRAWING In combing short fibers are separated while long fibers are straightened.Cotton thus obtained is in the form of soft thin sheet and ready for spinning.

35. REFRENCES:- Walia U S, Walia S S , Kler D S and Singh Dilip 2011. Science of Agronomy. Scientific Publishers Jodhpur. pg 413-426. Singh chidda , Singh prem , singh ranbir 2009. Modern techniques of raising field crops. Oxford and IBH publishers.pg 389-406. http:// agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_cropproduction_fibre_irrigatedcotton.html http:// awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/better_management_practices_for_cotton_cultivation.pdf www.organiccotton.org/oc/Organic-cotton/Agronomic-practice/Post-harvest-quality.php https:// www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/fibre-crops/cotton