cotton n jute

Breeding of Cotton and Jute

1. The UNO
declared 2009 as
“The Year of
Natural Fibers.”

2. Year Designated by UN as
2020 The United Nations (UN) is declaring2020 the
‘International Yearof Plant Health.’ Capping off the
‘Decade on Biodiversity,’ the UN continues to recognize
and promote healthy ecosystems as key to sustainable
development.
2016 International Year of Pulses
2015 International Year of Soils
2010 International Year of Biodiversity
2009 International Year of Natural Fibres
2008 International Year of the Potato

3. List of vegetable fibers
Vegetable fibersare generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin.

4. Fibres –Cotton and Jute
The UNO declared 2009 as “The Year of Natural Fibers.”

5. Cotton (Gossypium sps)
(2n = 2x = 26
2n = 4x = 52)
Family : Malvaceae

7. Cotton(Gossypiumspp.)isthemostcommonly
grownnaturalfiberandoilseedcropthroughoutthe
world.
Cottonisgrownintropicalandsub-tropical
regionsofmorethan80countriesoftheworld.
Cottonisasoft,fluffystaplefiberthatgrowsin
aboll,orprotectivecase,aroundtheseedsofthe
cottonplantsofthegenusGossypium.
Thefiberisalmostpurecellulose.
Undernaturalconditions,thecottonbollswill
increasethedispersaloftheseeds.

8. Cotton seed oil

10. Origin: Central Africa
Distribution:
World: China, USA, India, Pakistan, Egypt.
India: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, M.P. Gujarat, A.P.
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Progenitors: Gossypiumafricanum
G. raimondii
Gossypiumafricanum–reached India by traders
and travelers and differentiated into two species
G. herbaceumandG. arboreum

11. Global distribution of Gossypium (cotton) cultivation

14. Sr.NoBotanical Name Chromosome NoGenome Remarks
1G.herbaceum 2n=26 A1A1
Deshi or old world
cotton
2G.arboreum 2n=26 A2A2
Deshi or old world
cotton
3
G.hirsutum ( upland or
American cotton) 2n=52 A1A1D1D1
American or new
world cotton
4
G.barbadense
( Egyptian or Peruvian
cotton) 2n=52 A2A2D2D2
American or new
world cotton
SPECIES:
CottonbelongstogenusGossypium.Thegenushas35diploid
(ABCDEFGgenomes)and7tetraploidspeciesoutoftheseonlytwo
diploidandtwotetraploidspeciesarecategorizedascultivated.

18. Indiaistheonlycountrywhereallthe4cultivatedspeciesare
grownforcommercialcultivation.

21. Cultivated Species:
I. Asiatic cottons or old world cotton (Diploid
cotton –2n = 26)
G. arboreum–
G. herbaceum–
II. New world cotton (Tetraploidcottons –2n =
52)
G. hirsutum–American / upland cotton
G. barbadense–Egyption/ sea island cotton
G.hirsutumispredominantspecieswhich
contributesabout90%tothecurrentworld
production.

22. Cotton
species
Cotton
fiber type
Length Properties
Gossypium
hirsutum
Short-staple
(SS) cotton
fiber
up to 1.125
inches long
not as high-
quality as other
forms of this
textile fiber
Gossypium
barbadense
Extra-long-
staple
(ELS)
between
1.125 and
1.25 inches
long
consists of
longer cotton
fibers that
produce softer
and more
luxurious textiles
Cotton Plant Varieties

24. UTILISATIONOFWILDSPECIES
•ImprovementinQuality:Highfibrelength-
G.thurberi,G.raimondiiandG.barbadense
•DiseaseResistance:rustresistancefrom
G.raimondii
•InsectResistance:JassidandThripsresistance
fromG.tomentosumandbollweevilresistancefrom
G.armourianum
•DroughtResistance:Droughtresistanceinupland
cotton(G.hirsutum)wastransferredfromAsiatic
Cottons(G.arboreumandG.hirsutum)
•MaleSterility:Cytoplasmicmalesterility-
G.harknessii,G.anomalumandG.aridum

26. Breeding objectives
1.High yield (more bolls, bigger bolls and high
lint percentage)
Lint % = weight of fibre/ weight of cotton
Lint index = 100 seed weight X lint % / 100–lint %

27. Early maturity
Superior fibrequality
A.Fibrelength
Superior, long fibre-27mm or more
Long fibre -24.5 -26 mm
Superior, medium long -22 -24 mm
Medium long -20 –21.5 mm
Small fibre -19mm or less
B. Fibrestrength
C. Fibrefitness
Better plant type-–less spreading and dwarf plants are preferred
Resistance to diseases -Seedling rot , Fusariumwilt, Verticillium
wilt, Bacterial light
Resistance to insects -Cotton boll worms, Spotted worm, Jassidsand
thrips, White fly, Aphid
Resistance to abioticstresses.

28. BreedingMethods:
Cottonisoftencrosspollinated-heterozygosity
formanyallelesbecomesachieffeatureofthe
varietiesdevelopedasimprovedpopulations.
Thevarietiesdevelopedthroughstrictpureline
breedingaredevoidofthedesiredlevelof
heterozygosityandareconsequentlylessvigorous
andlowyielder.

29. Breeding Procedures
1. Introduction : Cambodia cotton in South
India, MCU-1
2. Selection : K1 cotton reselection from SRT -1
3. Hybridization and selection
a)Inter varietal :
MCU 5 -Multiple cross derivative
MCU 6 -Multiple cross derivative
MCU 9 -(MCU 5 x MCU 8)
MCU 11 -(MCU 5 x Egyptian hirsutum)

30. b)Interspecifichybridization:
Origin of New World CottonG. herbaceumVarafricanumlintedX G. rarimondiilintless
Old world cotton American cotton
Diploid (2n=2x=26) Diploid (2n=2x=26)
AA DD
F1 hybrid
Diploid 2n=2x=26
AD Sterile
Doubling of chromosomes
G. hirsutum
New world cotton Amphidiploid
2n = 4x = 52
AA DD

31. 4. Heterosisbreeding
Indiaisthefirstcountryintheworldtoreleasefirstcommercialhybrid
incotton.
C.T.Patelwasmainlyresponsibleforthehyridcottonrevolutionin
India.
Hybrid4,thefirstcommercialhybrid,wasreleasedbyhimI1970.It
hadtheparentageofG67andAmericanNectariless.
Indiawasthefirstcountrytocommerciallycultivateintra-hirsutum
hybrid.
Bothintraspecificandinterspecifichybridsareevolvedincotton.
a)Intraspecific:G.hirsutumxG.hirsutum
Shankar(H4)cottonofSurat(Gujarat67xAmericannectariless)
b)Interspecifichybrids:Varalakshmi
(LaxmixSB289E) (G.hirsutum)x(G.barbadense)
Usingcytoplasmicgeneticmalesterilitycanalsoproducethehybrid.The
firstpublicbredhybridreleasedforcommercialseedproductionis
PKVHY3followedbyPKVHY4.

32. 5. Mutation breeding
MCU 7-Xrayirradiated mutant of L 1143
MCU 10 -Gamma irradiated mutant of MCU 4
Indore –2
MCU –5
Rasmi
6. Population improvement followed in USA
The name Pima is generally applied to Extra long staple
cotton.
Recurrent selection : Pima S1 Pima S4 of G.barbadense
Synthetic variety : Deltapine15 developed at konyvllwer
USA.
Composite : Pima 17 of G.barbadense.

33. 7. Genetic Engineering (Biotechnology)
HashelpedindevelopingtransgenicBtcottonwith
resistancetoHelicoverpa.
Theresistantgene(Cry1Ac)hasbeentransferredfrom
bacteriaBascillusthuringiensisintocottonplantby
MonsantoSeedCompanyinU.S.A.
Thecrystal(cry)genetypesencodeinsecticidalcrystal
proteins(ICPs)thatarespecifictoLepidoptera(cry1),
DipteraandLepidoptera(cry2),Coleoptera(cry3),
Diptera(cry4),orColeopteraandLepidoptera(cry5).
ThegenecodingforBttoxinhasbeeninsertedintocotton
asatransgene,causingittoproducethisnatural
insecticideinitstissues.

35. Btcotton,asGMcottonisknown,istheonlycommercializedGM
cropinIndia.
Mahyco-MonsantoBiotechLtdintroduceditsfirst-generationBt
cotton,calledBollgardI(BG-I)in2002andBollgardII(BG-II)in
2006.
BollgardIIcontainstwoBacillusthuringiensisgenesCry1Acand
Cry2AbwhichbothcontrolcertainLepidopteranlarvaewhentheyfeed
onit.
Cry1AcisspecifictoLepidoptera(moths,includingourmajor
pests,Helicoverpaspp.)andCry2AbtoDiptera(flies)and
Lepidoptera,givinginbuiltprotectionagainstthelarvae
ofHelicoverpaspp.
IndiahasbredBt-cottonvarietiessuchasBikaneriNermaand
hybridssuchasNHH-44.
PunjabAgriculturalUniversity(PAU)hassuccessfullydevelopedthe
country’sfirstBtcottonvarieties.ICARhasidentifiedthreevarieties,
namelyPAUBt1,F1861andRS2013,forcultivationinPunjab,
Haryana,Rajasthan.ItisacheaperalternativetoBtcottonhybridseed.

37. Advantages
1.Increasesyieldofcottonduetoeffectivecontrolofthree
typesofbollworms,viz.,American,SpottedandPink
bollworms.
2.InsectsbelongedtoLepidoptera(Bollworms)aresensitive
tocrystallineendotoxicproteinproducedbyBtgene
whichinturnprotectscottonfrombollworms.
3.ReductionininsecticideuseinthecultivationofBtcotton
inwhichbollwormsaremajorpests.
4.Potentialreductioninthecostofcultivation(depending
onseedcostversusinsecticidecosts).
5.Nohealthhazardsduetorareuseofinsecticides
(particularlywhoisengagedinsprayingofinsecticides).

38. Refuge crop
Growersneedtoplantupto80%oftheirareawithBtandatleast
20%mustbeplantedwithnon-Bt(refugearea).

40. Disadvantages
1.HighcostofBtcottonseedsascompared
tononBtcottonseeds.
2.Effectivenessupto120days,afterthat
thetoxinproducingefficiencyoftheBt
genedrasticallyreduces.
3.Ineffectiveagainstsuckingpestslike
jassids,aphids,whiteflyetc.

41. CICRdevelopedsimple‘dip-stick’kitsand‘ELISA’(Enzyme
LinkedImmuno-SorbentAssay)

42. Hybrids:
Interspecifichybrids-Varalakshmi, HB 224
Intraspecifichybrids-Dhanalaxmi, H4, H6
Desicotton -DH 7, DH9
Male sterility based hybrids-Suguna, PKVHY3,
ARDH-7
Varieties: MCU –5, MCU –10, K9, K10

44. Ittakesonepoundofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesto
conventionallygrowthethreepoundsofcottonneededtomakea
T-shirtandapairofjeans.

45. ECO-FRIENDLY COTTON
Cottoncultivatedwithoutusingfertilizers
pesticidesandotherchemicals(organicfarming)
Residueofthesechemicalsremovedduring
firsttwoseasonsofcultivation
Cottonfromthirdseasononwardsiseco-
friendly
Indentifiedbylogos
Organiccotton
Greencotton
Naturalcotton

46. OrganiccottoninIndia
Fivetosevendecadesago,mostofthecottoncultivated
inthecountrywas‘eco-friendly’withlittleornouseof
toxicchemicalsinitsproduction.
Eventoday,therearemanypocketsinIndia,whereit
isproducedwithouttheuseofagrochemicals,e.g.,areas
growingWagadcottoninGujarat,Y-1desicottonof
KhandeshregionofMaharashtra,MaljariinMadhya
Pradesh,partofareasgrowingJayadharandSuyodhar
inKarnataka.
NandigamainAndhraPradeshandpartsofcotton
areasinnortheasternhillregion.

48. NATURALLY COLOURED COTTON
Cottonthatgrowswithnaturalcoloursduringcultivationboth
whiteandcolouredcottonsknownsincetimeimmemorialInIndia.

49. Breeding centers
InternationalCottonAdvisoryCommittee(ICAC),
Washington,D.C.,UnitedStates
ICCC–IndianCentralCottonCommittee-1921
CentralInstituteofCottonResearch(CICR)
Nagpur
AllIndiaCoordinatedCottonImprovement
Project(AICCIP),Coimbatore
CIRCOT-CentralInstituteforResearchon
CottonTechnology,Mumbai-1924

50. Family:Malvaceae(formerlyunderTiliaceae)
(2n=14)

52. Juteisknownasthe‘GoldenFibre’duetoitsgolden
browncolouranditsimportance.
Juteisthecheapestandthesecondmostimportantvegetable
fibrefollowingcottonintermsofglobalproduction,
consumption,andavailability.
Jutefibreis100%biodegradableandrecyclableandthus,
environmentfriendly.
Itisoneofthemostversatilenaturalfibresthathasbeenin
useasrawmaterialforpackaging,textiles,non-textiles,
construction,andagriculturalsectors.
Ithelpstomakebestqualityindustrialyarn,fabric,net,and
sacks.
Intheeraofgrowingawarenessaboutenvironmental
pollutionandecologicaldegradationduetosyntheticpolymers,
theimportanceofnaturalfibrelikejuteisgainingmomentum.

54. ThegenusCorchorusincludesabout
87species.InIndiaonly8species
occur.
Twocultivatedspeciesare
C.capsularis:Whitejute50races
occurinthis
C.olitorius:Tossajute8racesoccur
inthis.
Boththespeciesarenotcrossable.

55. Whitejute Tossajute
C.capsularis C.olitorius
Fibreiswhiteincolour Fibreisgoldenincolour
Yieldslessfibre/unitarea Yieldsmorefibre/unitarea
Fibreiscourse,lesslustrousand
morerooty
Fiberisfiner,softer,more,
lustrousandlessrooty
NotgrownmuchinIndia Accounts75%ofthetotalland
areaunderjutecultivation
Doesnoteasilyadapttoharsh
climaticconditions
Hardyandhighlyadaptable
CanbegrownonlyonlowlandsGrowswellonbothlowlandsand
uplands
Singleflushofflowering Prematurefloweringisthe
majordrawback
Differences between White jute and Tossa jute

56. Corchorus olitorius (Tossa Jute)
Corchorus capsularis (White Jute)

57. White jute (C.capsularis)Tossa jute (C.olitorius )

60. DistributionpatternofwildspeciesofCorchorusinAfrica,
Australia,SouthAmerica,CaribbeanIsland,andIndian
subcontinent
The primary center of origin and diversity of the wild
taxa of Corchorus appears to be Africa

61. Representative wild species of Corchorusincluding available Indian species
RepresentativewildspeciesofCorchorusincludingavailableIndianspecies(a)Corchorus
aestuans,(b)Corchorusdepressus,(c)Corchorusfascicularis,(d)Corchorus
pseudocapsularis,(e)Corchoruspseudo-olitorius,(f)Corchorustridens,(g)Corchorus
trilocularis,(h)Corchorusurticifolius,(i)Corchoruscunnighamii,(j)Corchorushirsutus,
(k)Corchorussedoides,(l)Corchoruswalcottii

63. Breeding objectives
1. Breeding for high yielding short duration jute
varieties.
Earlyvarietiesaregenerallylowyielderswhereas
latevarietiesarehighyielders.Sotocombinehigh
yieldwithearlinessisoneofthemainobjectives.
Yieldispositivelycorrelatedwithplantheight,basal
diameterofstem,fibre-stickratio.
Higherphotosyntheticcapacitywithincreased
laminalength,breadth,petiolelengthandleaf
angleat40
O
alsocontributetoyield.

64. 2. Breeding for quality fibre
In jute quality is negatively, correlated
with yield. The quality characters are
a) Fibrelength.
b) Fibrestrength
c) Fibrecolour
d) Lustre
e) Percentage and quality of retting

65. Rettingisaprocessinwhichthetiedbundlesofjutestalksare
takentothetankbywhichfibresgetloosenedandseparatedfrom
thewoodystalk.Thebundlesaresteepedinwateratleast60cm
to100cmdepth.

67. 3. Breeding for pest and disease resistant varieties
In pests, stem borer and aphids cause greater damage and
in diseases Macrophomenais major.
Though resistance sources are available in other related
species, the crossabilitybarrier prevents transfer.
4. Breeding varieties for high seed yield :
Sincejuteiscutforfibreat50%floweringstage,itis
essentialtoreservesomeplantsforproductionof
seeds.
Thefibreobtainedfromseedcropwillbepoorinquality.
Henceitisnecessarytobreedvarietiesspeciallyfor
highseedproductionwithoutloosingquality
characters.

68. 5.Breedingforolitoriusvarietieshavingnon-
shatteringhabitcoupledwithnon-pre
floweringhabit.
JRO524
JRO7885
SudangreenxJRO632

69. Breeding Methods
1.GermplasmbuildingandUtilization
CentralJuteTechnologicalResearch
Institute,CalcuttaismaintainingtheJute
collections.
Thisshowswiderangeofvariabilitythus
offeringagreatscopeforimprovementby
selectionandhybridsation.
2.Introduction:Introducedshortduration
varietiesareJapgreen,Japred,Jaichung
sudangreen.

70. 3. Hybridization and selection
a)Inter-varietal:Multiplecrossingand
selectionarefollowedbothinolitoriusand
capsularisimprovement.
InolitoriusimprovedvarietiesareJRO524,
JRO7885.
IncapsularisJRL412,JRL919
Sinceyieldandqualityarenegatively
correlatedabalancemustbestruckin
breedingforimprovedvarieties.

71. b)Inter-specificcross:
Sofarnotsuccessful.Attemptsweremade
bystraightcrossmixedpollenmethod,
Stigmaticpastemethod,selfantherpaste
method,stigmacutmethodpolyploidy
breeding.Butnoneofthemproved
successful.Differenceinembryoendosperm
growthisthereason.
4.Mutationbreeding:UsingX-raysuseful
jutemutantswereobtainedatCalcuttaJRC
7447andRupalitwovarieties.

73. TheInternationalJuteOrganization(IJO),
Dhaka,Bangladesh
CentralResearchInstituteforJuteand
AlliedFibers(CRIJAF),Barrackpore,West
Bengal
NIRJAFT-NationalInstituteofResearchon
JuteandAlliedFibreTechnology,Kolkata,
WestBengal
NINFET-NationalInstituteofNaturalFibre
EngineeringandTechnology,Kolkata