Councelling

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1. COUNCELING NAZNEEN VOHRA CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR MTIN, CHARUSAT, CHANGA

2. Definition of Counseling

3. COUNSELLING Counselling is a scientific process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual situation to a needy person . Counselling involves relationship between two persons in which one of them ( counsellor) attempts to assists the other (counselee or client ) in so organising himself as to attain a particular form of happiness, adjusting to a life situation , or in short ,self actualisation.

4. Purpose of Counseling First is to identify the problems of person. The basic purpose of counselling is to help people use their existing problem-solving skills more effectively or to develop new or better coping skills. Counsellors can’t ‘fix’ other people’s problems. Their job is to provide an opportunity for the person to describe their feelings and problems for themselves and then to reach decisions and actions that are based on informed choices.

5. Good counselling helps people build skills they can use in solving their problems. For example , if people learn good communications skills in dealing with their spouses, they can also use those communication skills with children, friends, or co-workers.

6. Types of Counseling

7. Types of Counseling It has long been recognized that it can be extremely difficult to maintain your psychological well being in today’s high-stress world on your own. Because people need help, there are different types of counseling professionals who can help everyday individuals who are struggling in a variety of areas. Here are some of the major types of counseling that are available and who might benefit from them.

8. Here are some of the most common types of conceling : Marriage and family counseling Guidance and career counseling Rehabilitation counseling Mental health counseling Substance abuse counseling Educational Counseling

9. Family Counseling Family units have different group pathologies than individuals which require different types of counseling. A family counselor is trained in the types of negative family dynamics that can occur and how it can affect each individual family member. This counselor can then teach family members how to work, live and love together in a more positive way.

10. Group Counseling In group counseling, a single therapist works with multiple patients in order to help them resolve troubling issues. Group counseling can be effective for people who are not comfortable in a one-on-one setting, who have social anxiety issues, or who do not find it financially feasible to pursue individual counseling.

11. Grief Counseling Loss is extremely difficult for almost everyone, especially the loss of a parent, spouse or child. Unfortunately, in an increasingly more isolated society, many people grow up without the coping mechanisms to grieve effectively. A grief counselor can help an individual work through this difficult time.

12. Marriage Counseling It’s natural for conflicts to occur in a healthy marriage. However, when the two spouses have never learned effective ways of resolving these conflicts, the marriage can be in danger. Marriage counseling helps couples explore the ways in which they get stuck in their conflicts, and how to break out of those negative cycles

13. Relationship Counseling Marriage is not the only type of relationship that may require healing. Boyfriends and girlfriends, brothers and sisters, even business partners may need help developing coping methods that will enable them to interact effectively. Relationship counselors can provide this assistance.

14. Teen Counseling Teenagers are in a different stage of development than their parents, and hence need a different style of counseling. Teen counseling helps teens deal with issues such as understanding their sexuality, dealing with the temptations of drugs and alcohol and relating to their parents.

15. Divorce Counseling Not every divorce needs to end in ruin and chaos. People separate for all kinds of legitimate reasons, and a divorce counselor can help make sure that break is clean. Some divorce counselors can even mediate the separation so that the process does not stretch out unnecessarily and cost both parties excessive amounts of money.

16. Individual Counseling Individual counseling is a direct, active and personal approach that focuses on increasing your individual self-awareness, understanding, and adjustment. Individual counseling can help you identify the most effective ways for you personally to achieve your desired goals for this stage in life, as well as provide you with the tools to cope with difficult circumstances that may arise along the way.

17. Mental Health Counseling There are many reasons why an individual may need mental health counseling.  He or she may have a chemical imbalance that is making it difficult to function, which can be aided through drugs but may also require some form of talk therapy. He or she may have deep-seated family issues which are pervading adult life. There may be unresolved trauma that is plaguing an individual. In nearly any case where a psychological issue is making daily functioning a problem, mental health counseling can help.

18. Substance Abuse Counseling People who are in the grips of an alcohol or drug addiction need a special type of counseling. Substance abuse counseling uses professionals who are trained in understanding the workings and pathology of addiction and helping patients learn how to manage their addictions.

19. Elements of Counseling The counselor a person who is professionally capable to extend help. The counselee the person who seeks help and lets himself/herself be subjective for counseling. The counseling environment a place to facilitate counseling.

20. Principles of Counseling Principle of individualization – this principle requires the counselor to recognize and understand the client’s unique characteristics. Recognition and understanding of their unique characteristics give them the feeling that they treated as individuals. Treating them as individuals help the counselor to deal with them in a very personalized way. Dealing with the client in a personalized way requires that methods appropriate to them be used.

21. Three things that must be remembered in applying the principle of individualization Each client is a unique individual. Each problem she/he presents is a specific one. Each counseling relationship should be based on the client and the peculiar circumstances which brought about the problems .

22. COUNSELLING TECHNIQUE

23. MEDIA OF COUNSELLING REGIONAL CENTRES STUDY CENTRES FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT INTERVIEW LETTERS RADIO TELIVISION BROADCAST TELECONFERENCE

24. STEPS G - GREET THE CLIENTS A - ASK CLIENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES T - TELL CLIENTSOR GIVE THE INFORMATION OF COPING MECHANISMS H - HELP THE CLIENT TO CHOOSE A METHOD E - EXPLAIN HOW TO USE A METHOD R- RETURN FOR FOLLOW-UP

25. TECHNIQUE OF COUNSELLING Prescriptive technique - This technique is used when individual is having health problm Non – directive counselling - Client comes to counselor becaue he needs help,during the interview counselor does not helps the counselee to express his feeling & clarify them Directive counseling Eclectic counseling

26. Prescriptive technique There are many different techniques that counselors can use with their clients.  Let’s take a look at some of the techniques that we feel to be most effective during a counseling session: Spheres of Influence :  This assessment tool will get the individual to look at areas of their life and see which areas may be impacting and influencing them.  The person’s job is to figure out which systems in their life give them strength, and which ones give them stress.  Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves, immediate family, friends, husband or wife, extended family, job or school, community, culture or religion, and any external influences. Clarification :  A counselor should often ask their client to clarify what they are telling them to make sure they understand the situation correctly.  This will help the counselor avoid any misconceptions or avoid them having to make any assumptions that could hinder their feedback.

27. Client Expectations :  When a person enters therapy, they should voice their opinions about counseling and their beliefs about treatment.  In the beginning, they should be able to  communicate with their counselor  as to what they expect to get out of counseling.  This can help the counselor guide and direct their counseling accordingly. Confrontation :  We do not mean the client confronting the therapist, or vice versa.  The confrontation that should happen here is within the client.  The client should be able to self-examine themselves during counseling.  However, the speed at which they do this should be discussed between the counselor and the client. Congruence :  This has to do with the counselor being genuine with their feedback and beliefs about their client’s situation and progress.  The more authentic and true they are with their counseling, the more that their client and work to grow and benefit from their help.

28. Core Conditions : This technique in counseling goes over some essential traits that the counselor needs to integrate for effective counseling, which are: positive regard, empathy, congruence or genuineness, and warmth. Encouraging :  Being encouraging as a counselor for your client is an essential technique that will help facilitate confidence and respect between both parties.  This technique asks that the counselor focus on the client’s strengths and assets to help them see themselves in a positive light.  This will help with the client’s progression. Engagement :  As a therapist, having a good, yet professional relationship with your client is essential.  However, there are bound to be difficult moments in counseling sessions, which will require influential engagement on the counselor’s behalf. Focusing :  This technique involves the counselor demonstrating that they understand what their client is experiencing by using non-judgmental attention without any words.  Focusing can help the counselor determine what the client needs to obtain next from their services. Immediacy :  The technique of the counselor speaking openly about something that is occurring in the present moment.  This helps the client learn from their real life experiences and apply this to their reactions for other past situations.

29. Listening Skills:   With any relationship, listening skills are needed to show that the counselor understands and interprets the information that their client gives them correctly.  The counselor should do this by showing attentiveness in non-verbal ways, such as: summarizing, capping, or matching the body language of their clients. Open-Ended Questions :  Open ended questions encourage people in a counseling session to give more details on their discussion.  Therefore, these types of questions are used as a technique by counselors to help their clients answer how, why, and what. Paraphrasing :  This technique will show clients that the counselor is listening to their information and processing what they have been telling them.  Paraphrasing is also good to reiterate or clarify any misinformation that might have occurred. Positive Asset Search :  A positive technique used by counselors helps clients think up their positive strengths and attributes to get them into a strong mindset about themselves. Reflection of Feeling :  Counselors use this technique to show their clients that they are fully aware of the feelings that their client is experiencing.  They can do this by using exact words and phrases that their client is expressing to them.

30. Miracle Question :  The technique of asking a question of this sort will help the client see the world in a different way or perspective.  A miracle question could be something along the lines of: “What would your world look like if a miracle occurred?  What would that miracle be and how would it change things?” Stages of Change :  By assessing a client’s needs, a counselor can determine the changes that need to occur for their client, and when they should take place.  This can be determined by what they believe to be most important. Trustworthiness :  The counselor must create an environment for their client as such that their client feels that they have the capacity to trust their counselor.  A therapist must be: congruent, warm, empathetic, and speak with positive regard to their client. Capping :  A lot of counselors use the technique of capping during their sessions.  Capping involves changing a conversation’s direction from emotional to cognitive if the counselor feels their client’s emotions need to be calmed or regulated.

31. Working Alliance :  Creating a working alliance between a counselor and their client is essential for a successful counseling environment that will work to achieve the client’s needs.  This technique involves the client and therapist being active collaborators during counseling and agreeing upon goals of treatment that are necessary, as well as how to achieve those goals. Proxemics :  This technique has the counselor study the spatial movements and conditions of communication that their client exhibits.  By studying their clients body orientation, the counselor can determine mood, feelings, and reactions. Self-Disclosure :  The counselor will make note when personal information is disclosed at certain points of therapy.  This technique will help the counselor learn more about the client and use this information only to benefit them. Structuring :  When the individual enters counseling, the counselor should discuss the agenda for the day with their client, the activities, and the processes that they will go through.  This technique in counseling will help the client understand their counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine will work for them.  Soon enough, the client will get used to the routine, and this establishes comfort and trust in counseling. Hierarchy of Needs :  This technique involves the counselor assessing their client’s level of needs as based on the progress that they are making. The needs that they will factor in are: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.  All these will determine if change needs to take place in counseling.

32. Eclectic Counseling a combination of the good features of the directive and non-directive counseling. This type of counseling emphasizes that the responsibility of planning and carrying out the counseling process is dependent on the counselor while the development of insight and decision making rests on the counselee.

33. Nondirective Counseling - this type of counseling is regarded as client-centered because the responsibility is given to the clients for exploring their own problem. Emphasis is given to the individual, not the problem.

34. It is also known as permissive counselling. In this type of counselling, emotional elements rather than intellectual element are stressed.

35. Directive Counseling this type of counseling is mostly counselor-centered because it allows the counselor to give the counselee information about the latter, his/her opportunities, and his/her problems.

36. Five steps in performing the Directive Counseling Clinical analysis – collecting, summarizing, and organizing data. Diagnosis – formulating hypothesis as to the cause or causes of the problem. Prognosis – predicting the development of the problem. Counseling – the heart of the process wherein the counselor and the counselee talk and discuss the problem, and, by means of leading questions, enables the counselee to develop insight. Follow-up – helping the pupils with recurring or new problems

37. Steps of Directive Counseling 1 st step: collecting data for clinical analysis. - counselor collect all information about counselee from records and observation. 2 nd step: organizing relative and significant data collected, counselor studies the information and find out the area of problem.

38. CONT… 3 rd step- clinical diagnosis interpretation of data the counselor & counselee both togrther search the cause of problem & finds out strength & weakness of individual. 4 th step- prognosis estimating effect of counseling (a clinical prognosis) counselor predicts what will happen if the present problem continues .

39. CONT… 5 th step-setting up of plan of action. 6 th step- recording data clinical basis for continued counseling & guidance. 7 th step- follow up & evaluation counsele comes & tell the counselor about he prognosis & whether satisfied or not .

40. PHASES OF COUNSELLING ( Essentials of Counseling Process) PHASE –1 : EATABLISHING RELATIONSHIP PHASE-2 : ASSESSMENT PHASE-3 : SETTING GOAL PHASE-4 : INTERVENTION PHASE-5 : TERMINATION & FOLLOW-UP

41. The relationship – the relationship of the counselor and the counselee should be based on mutual trust and respect. Atmosphere – an atmosphere of the acceptance of the counselee for what she/he is and allowing the purposeful of feelings. The counselor shows willingness to help and has a deep understanding of counselee as an individual. Facilitation of counselee’s effort – the counselee is encouraged to talk about his/her problem without fear. Attention to life’s adjustments – the counselor skillfully leads the counselee to choose from several alternatives to find ways to solve problems and adjust to situations in life. Follow-up – the counselor knows the counselee would need a continuing assistance until she/he gradually becomes self-directed.

42. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN COUNSELLING METHODS TREATING FEARS THROUGH EXPERIENCE AS WELL IMAGINATION COPING MODEL RATHER THAN MASTERY MODELS SELF CONTROL RATHER THAN EXTERNAL CONTROL

43. THE STAGES OF A COUNSELING SESSION OPEN THE SESSION Identify the purpose and establish a constructive and subordinate-centered tone.

44. DISCUSS THE ISSUE Help the subordinate develop an understanding of the issues and viable goals to effectively deal with them.

45. DEVELOP A PLAN Develop an action plan with subordinate. The plan that evolves from the counseling process must be action-focused and facilitate both leader and subordinate attention toward resolving the identified developmental needs.

46. CLOSE THE SESSION Discuss the implementation, including the leader’s role in supporting the subordinate’s effort. Gain the subordinate’s commitment to the plan. Ensure plan is specific enough to drive behaviors needed to affect the developmental needs

47. Develop a Plan of Action Actions should facilitate the attainment of goals Actions should be specific enough to drive behavior Plan may entail contacting a referral agency

48. Close the Session Summarize the counseling session Discuss implementation of the plan; check for understanding and acceptance Identify leader’s responsibilities

49. What is follow-up and why is it necessary ? Describe the assessment of the plan of action. Why is it an integral part of the counseling process ?

50. Benefits of Counseling Helps the person being counseled to understand himself. Allows the individual to help himself. Assists in understand the situations more objectively. Facilitates to look at the situations with a new perspective. Develops positive outlook. Motivates to search for alternate solutions to problems.

51. Feel better about self. Feel more at peace, at ease in your daily activities, more comfortable, and more secure in the world. Feel more successful and more joyful on a more regular basis. Feel more connected to others , especially those who are close to you, such as your family, spouse, or best friends. Reduce stress at home, in the workplace, or in relationships . Help with your physical health by reducing emotional worries or stressors. Work through your problems with a skilled and compassionate professional counselor.

52. Helps in superior decision making. Prepares the person to cope with the situation and the related stresses. Identify the goals that you have in life, as well make new goals that you want to achieve. Learn new behaviors or responses to situations that can help you better achieve your goals. Establish healthy and efficient ways and techniques for reaching your goals.

53. Understand your own thoughts, feelings, and responses. Understand your loved ones and your relationships with them. Develop a safe and friendly listening ear. Speak with a skilled professional about your fears and perceptions of the world, and others. Feel safe about expressing any personal troubles or private concerns. Work towards greater self-fulfillment.

54. QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR

55. QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR INTERPERSONAL RELTIONSHIP FRIENDLY NATURE GETS ALONG WITH OTHERS SYMPATHETI UNDERSTANDING SINCERITY TACTFULNESS RESPECT CLIENTS ABILITIES & NEEDS ATTENTIVE LISTENER

56. CONT… PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT SHOWS MATURED BEHAVIOUR MAINTAIN EMOTIONAL STABILITY AWARE ABOUT ONE’S LIMITATION MENTALLY SOUND & HEALTHY HIGHLY CULTURED SOCIAL INTERESTS ABILITY TO WORK WITH PEOPLE

57. CONT… HEALTH & PERSONAL APPEARANCE PLEASING VOICE PLEASING APPEARANCE LEADERSHIP ABILITY TO STIMULATE & LEAD OTHERS REINFORCE IMPORTANT INFORMATION

58. CONT… PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE GOOD CHARACTER POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE FAITH IN HUMAN VALUES & NATURE FAITH IN THE SPIRITUAL QUALITY OF THE WORLD HAD A HIGH SENE OF MORALITY

59. Counseling Skills Listen carefully. Demonstrate empathy. Do not make judgments. Understand emotions/feelings behind the story of the person being counseled. Use appropriate body language. Do not show superiority or patronage.

60. Question with care. Ask open ended questions. Reflect back, summarize and paraphrase so that the understanding is correct and complete.

61. The End ...