Counseling Psychology

Counseling psychology is a face to face relationship Between counselor and client.

1. Group 1 st Jaweria Abdul Sattar Saira Ijaz Sana Aslam Maria Ashfaq Amina Ikram Nadia

2. Counseling Psychology

3. What is Counseling? Counseling is a face to face relationship between counselor and client 3 MM.DD.20XX

4. Definition Counseling psychology can be defined as a professional psychology field that pays attention to the “emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns. 4 MM.DD.20XX

5. What Issues Does Counseling Address? MM.DD.20XX 5 Addiction and abuse of alcohol and other drugs Adjustment issues, including adjustment to college life Anger management Anxiety Depression Eating disorder Relationship difficulties, including roommates, significant others, and professors Stress management Thoughts of suicide or preoccupation with death Trauma

6. Group counseling Group counseling is a form of therapy where people with similar experiences/issues come together with a professional therapist Addiction Eating disorder It’s usually focused on a particular issue, like: Bereavement Depression 6

7. 7 Guidance Guidance is a process through with an individual is able to solve their problems and pursue a path suited to their abilities and aspirations. Focus on assisting counselees to cope with their day-to-day adjustment and developmental concerns. Groups are designed with a goal of providing students and employees the accurate information.

8. Therapy, also called psychotherapy or counseling , is the process of meeting with a therapist to resolve problematic behaviors, beliefs, feelings, relationship issues Psychotherapy can be helpful in treating most mental health problems, including: Anxiety Disorder Mood disorder Addiction Personality disorder Schizophrenia 8 Psychotherapy

9. Aim and Goal There are the five most commonly named goals of counseling 1 Enhancing coping skills I n goal of counseling help individual to cope with New situation New Demands 2 Promoting decisions making To learn personal sacrifice, time ,energy, money Counselor provides information, clarifies and sorts out personal characteristics and emotions, and even attitudes affecting decision making 3 Improving relationship Client have Major problem relation to other people Counselor help to improver relationship quality 9

10. 10 Aims and goal Developing the clients potential is a frequently emphasized counseling goal. Facilitating Client's Potential 4 Bring about a change in behavior Rogers(1961) see behavior change as a necessary result of the counseling process 5 Facilitating Behavior Change

11. Scope Educational institutions: At the turn of 20th century, there were no counselors in US schools. However, after more than 100 years, more than 125,000 school counselors are now working in USA. Rehabilitation centers, e.g., working with disabled; the rehabilitation counselors are specialized in dealing with developmental issues. Industry· Community or various agency settings· Rehabilitation centers Private practice Marriage and Family counseling center 11

12. Role of counseling psychologist Counseling psychology concern with wellness, personal growth, career, education and development. Counselor are concern with social justice and advocate. Counselor deals with client in a wide variety of setting e.g. individual, in groups or in family setup. Counselor focus on their clients goals and they help clients to accomplish their goals. Counseling psychologist help people with physical, emotional and mental issues. 12

13. 13 Career Counseling Career counseling, also known as career guidance, is counseling designed to help with choosing, changing, or leaving a career and is available at any stage in life. Counselor can serve in; • Community care center • Career center for special population • Government employment officer • Rehabilitation centers

14. MM.DD.20XX 14 Career Counseling Counseling Specialist These professionals help patients with mental and emotional problems, including anxiety, depression, stress and low self-esteem Mental health counselor In a school setting they may offer therapy to students, depending upon their training. May also help parents and students develop life skills or plan for college. School counselor

15. 15 Career counseling Marriage and family therapists are mental health professionals that provide psychotherapy services and support to individual clients as well as couples and families. Marriage and family counselor work with disabled individuals to build skills, cope with feelings of anxiety and depression, and find solutions to problems Rehabilitation counselor

16. 16 Private Practice Private practice is a method of performing mental health, medical, and other services. Private practitioners have their own offices and typically set their own schedules.

17. 17 Function of counselor • To provide a relationship between counselor and counselee. • To provide an alternative in self-understanding. • To provide leadership in developing a healthy psychological environment for his client • To provide for improvement of the counseling process through constant individual criticism.

18. Brief history of counseling Frank Parson (1854-1908) Father of guidance He is best know for founding “ Boston's Vocational Bureau, in 1908 At the bureau ,he worked with young people He trained the teacher to serve as vocational counselor Hartung and Bluestein(2002) wrote that “ A practice of vocational guidance on rationality and reason with service, concern for others cooperation, and social justice among its core values” Parson book “ choosing a vocation” 18

19. 19 Brief history of counseling In 1913 “ National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) was formed. During 1 st World War “counseling become more widely recognized as he military began to employ testing and placement practices. In this process, the Army commissioned the development of numerous psychological instruments, among them the Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests. World War I

20. 20 Brief history of counseling Carl Rogers rose to prominence in 1942 with the publication of his book Counseling and Psychotherapy . Rogers advocated giving clients responsibility for their own growth. . Rogers emphasized the importance of the client, espousing a nondirective approach to counseling Aubrey has noted that, before Rogers, the literature in guidance and counseling was quite practical, dealing with testing, cumulative records, orientation procedures, vocations, and placement functions. Carl Rogers With the advent of World War II, the U.S. government needed counselors and psychologists to help select and train specialists for the military and industry The war also brought about a new way of looking at vocations for men and women. After the war ,US government further promoted counseling through the George Barden Act of 1946. This act provided vocational education funds through the US office the Veterans Administration (VA) funded the training of counselors and psychologists The VA also “rewrote specifications for vocational counselors and coined the term ‘counseling psychologist’ as a profession, World War II

21. 21 Brief history of counseling in 1984 American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) changed its name to the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD). counseling psychology emphasized on growth and development During the 1990s dramatic change in the world of work significantly affected school counseling program their career guidance services. Among the significant change were the shifts from a good and services economy to an information based economy . AACD In 1992, AACD changed its name to American Counseling Association (ACA) with 16 subdivisions . The changed name better reflected the work of the members . Counseling as a primary mental health profession was include for the first time in health care the National Institutes of Mental Health With the advent of 21 st century Counselors became more aware of social and environmental factors important to the development and maintenance of mental disorders and health. There was a gradual trend that there are several factors which are important to the development of human beings, e.g., spiritual, socio-economic, family, etc. ACA

22. Major counseling Perspectives 22 Counseling approaches Most counseling approaches, other than eclecticism fall within four broad theoretical categories as mentioned below: Psychoanalytic Affective Cognitive Behavioral

23. 23 Psychoanalytic perspectives Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talking therapy based on the theories of Sigmund Freud Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud was really interested in neurotic disorders (insomnia, fatigue, depression and paralysis) According to Freud, the structure of personality consists of three parts: Id Ego Superego

24. MM.DD.20XX 24 Affective Approach Client Centered Therapy, also known as Client-Centered Counseling or Person-Centered Therapy Client-center therapy was developed by CARL ROGERS He emphasize the importance of the quality of the relationship between the client and the therapist. “Client-Centered Therapy (1951)” and “On Becoming a person” classical books of Carl rogers These general goals are: Facilitate personal growth and development Eliminate or mitigate feelings of distress increase self-esteem and openness to experience Enhance the client’s understanding of him- or herself Client-Center Therapy (CCT)

25. 25 Client-Centered Therapy The development of client-centered therapy shifted the focus from what the therapist does, to who the counselor The "techniques" are simply ways of expressing and communicating an attitude; self is used as an instrument. One emphasis is on the “here and now” of the individual existence and to help the client focus on her present feelings by expressing them verbally Techniques of CCT

26. Behavioral Perspectives 26 Behavioral refers to a wide range of ideas, practices, and theories. Behavioral approaches are designed to change unwanted or maladaptive behavior through the application of basic learning principals Behavioral approaches maintain that both abnormal and normal behaviors are learned. Cognitive behavioral approaches maintain that behavior and perception play a reciprocal role in the process of change

27. 27 Behavioral Perspective Pavlov's classical conditioning is the best example of respondent learning, which occurs due to association between two stimuli. Classical conditioning (respondent) Condition occurs when a response is emitted in order to obtain an outcome that reinforces the individual. Operant conditioning (instrumental)

28. 28 Goals of Behavioral Approach The goals of behavioral approaches are similar to other approaches - making people more adjusted by eliminating maladaptive behavior. The following are main goals of behavioral approaches: To modify or eliminate the maladaptive behaviors To help them acquire healthy, constructive ways of acting To replace unproductive actions with productive ways of responding

29. Cognitive perspectives 29 Cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and internal images that people have about events in their lives. Cognitive theories of counseling focus on these mental processes and their influences on mental health.

30. 30 Cognitive perspectives Beck's Cognitive Therapy Aaron Beck developed a cognitive approach to mental disorders Albert Ellis was developing his ideas about rational-emotive therapy (in the late 1950s and early 1960s) He emphasized the importance of cognitive thinking in his theory, especially dysfunctional thoughts (thoughts that are nonproductive and unrealistic Beck's Cognitive Triad Cognitive Errors and the Depressive Cognitive Triad • Think negatively about oneself • Think negatively about the world • Think negatively about the future

31. MM.DD.20XX 31 Cognitive Approach The promotion of self-awareness and emotional intelligence by teaching clients to “read” their emotions and feelings Helping clients understand how distorted perceptions and thoughts contribute to painful feelings. The development of self-control by teaching clients specific techniques to identify and challenge distorted thinking Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Counseling will focus on a client’s ability to accept behavior clarify problems and difficulties and understand the reasoning behind the importance of setting goals. With the help of self-management training, assertive exercises and role-playing the counselor can help a client work towards goals Goals

32. 32 Assessment Assessment is the part of our life however it may be informal. When a teacher or a student enters into a class for the first time, he may begin to causally assess the students. You may have assessed personalities of people at a social gathering or family functions. Psychological assessments are written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of children and adults

33. 33 Assessment Sugarman (1978) points out that the objections to the use of assessment and appraisal techniques are based on five different grounds: • It is reductionist, reducing the complexity of the person into diagnostic categories. • It is artificial. • It ignores the quality of the relationship between the examiner and the test taker. • It judges people, casting a label on them. • It is overly intellectual, relying on complex concepts, often at the expense of a true understanding of the individual.

34. 34 Purpose Psychological tests are used to assess a variety of mental abilities and attributes, including achievement and ability, personality, and neurological functioning. They suggest four basic functions of assessments Predictions Diagnosis Monitoring Evaluation Hansen et al (1982)

35. 35 Types of psychological tests IQ tests purpose to be measures of intelligence IQ/achievement tests A number of self-report instruments have been developed that are related to personal adjustment and temperament. There are two types of personality tests: objective and projective. Personality Test

36. 36 Types of psychological test A test used as a predictor of some future performance is called an aptitude test. Aptitude tests can be considered a form of ability testing, measuring the potential ability that Aptitude (Intelligence) Tests In educational or employment settings, and they attempt to measure either how much you know about a certain topic (i.e., your achieved knowledge ) Achievement Tests

37. Interventions 37 Skills and procedure utilized in counseling psychology: In counseling psychology different procedure and techniques are used of them are given below: • Individuals, family, and group counseling and psychotherapy. • Assessment techniques for the diagnosis of psychological disorders • Consultancy is providing to organizations. • Counseling psychology serve to individual, groups, couples and organizations.

38. 38 Behavioral techniques Techniques in behavioral therapies apply the learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors. Interventions Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviors Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the surface of conscious awareness Psychoanalytic Method

39. 39 Intervention Gestalt and CCT are labeled as affective models. Client –center theory place little stress on techniques It emphasizes the counselor’s person, belief, and attitude and the counseling relationship itself. Affective model of counseling The major techniques of REBT are labeled as directive teaching. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be thought of as a combination of psychotherapy and behavioral therapy. Cognitive Behavioral Approach

40. 40 Intervention Rational emotive behavior therapy was one of the first cognitive behavior therapies. It is also known as REBT. It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that emphasizes reorganizing cognitive and emotional functions, redefining problems, and changing attitudes in order to develop more acceptable patterns of behavior. Techniques in rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

41. 41 REBT Rational emotive imagery Use of force and vigor Role playing Humor Shame attacking exercise In REBT following emotional techniques are used;

42. Disadvantages of group counseling 42 There can be personality conflicts. It can make people uncomfortable. Not every person is a good candidate for group therapy. There may be privacy violations that occur. This form of therapy enhances rejection

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