Counsellee

GENDER OF THE COUNSELLEE

1. Hearty welcome

2. Fundamentals of Counselling Psychology

3. The counselee Gender of the counselee Values of the counselee Mental health of the counselee

4. Counseling Counseling is the application of mental health, psychological or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology. (ACA)

5. In counselling, 1.Counsellor 2.Counsellee

6. Counsellee The person one who is counselled is counselle.

7. Gender

8. Introduction basically “cultural social beings” Aware about the influence of cultural societal discrimination, stereotypes and role expectations. Effective counselling requires special knowledge and insight that focuses on particular and common aspects of sexuality and sexual orientation of people

9. This attention to unique and shared experiences of women and men is the paradoxical challenge of counselling. (Lee and Robbins) They are “experience different developmental challenges”. Counsellors need in-depth training and experience in particular areas.

10. Counselling Women Primary consumers of counselling services.(Wastell,1996) Needs related to biological differences and socialization patterns makes different counselling concerns. Women still lacking the degree of freedom, status, access, and acceptance that men possesses. Social roles and career opportunities

11. Women have different concerns than men in many areas They differ in their interest and involvement in fundamental options such as intimacy ,career options ,and life development. Women grow and develop through relationships

12. Major concerns are Depression Anxiety Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Posttraumatic stress Eating disorders Borderline personality Mood-related challenges Self-harming behaviors

13. Counselling women is not a simple matter of picking a counselling theory or approaching and commencing treatment” (Hanna, Hanna, Giordano& Tollerud,1998) Rather counsellors attitudes values and knowledge may either facilitate or impede the potential development of the women clients.

14. Women are basically relational beings and counselors approaches should be geared towards that facts. Professional who counsel women should be “highly empathic, warm, understanding, and sufficiently well developed as a person to appreciate the predicament in which women find themselves .

15. False assumptions ,inaccurate beliefs and lack of counsellor understanding may all contribute problems. Counsellor should consider socio political as well as other factors when counselling. National commission on women (ACA) Div. 35 in APA for psychology of women.

16. Issue of adequate information about their lives. Theories of the nature and development of the women Women are passive, dependant and morally inferior to men. Healthy adult behaviour is came to be identified with men. Concerns in counselling women

17. Double standard behaviour. Lowered expectations for the women’s behaviour. Set up barriers for against their advancement in non traditional roles

18. 1 st Literature about women’s studies Female psychology Older theoretical views are generated by men.

19. 2 nd Sexism Goldman- ‘more deep rooted than racism’ Females should be treated on the basis of their sex without regard to other criteria Such as interests and abilities

20. Issues and Theories of Counselling Women Counsellors research knowledge about women and their response. Women are diverse and it is important for counsellor to react with uniqueness and similarity.

21. Major areas of knowledge about psychology of women History and sociology of sex related stereotyping Psychophysiology of women and men. Theories of personality and sex role development Life span development Special populations Career development Counselling/psychotherapy

22. Effective counsellors of women Should be skilled in for areas of counselling, Verbal Nonverbal Process and Techniques Must be able to apply appropriate intervention skills for special populations of women Counsellors must be aware of personal difficulties they may have in dealing with female clients

23. Major approach to working with women is Feminist theory(Mejia,2005) Focused on the development of females as persons with common and unique qualities (Okun,1990) “ In a different voice ” (1982) by Carol Gilligan; increased integration of feminist theory into counselling.

24. Encourages individuals to; More aware about socialization patterns. Personal options in altering traditional gender roles as they make changes. Encouraged to more involved in social change activities.

25. It is assertive in challenging and questioning attitudes of traditional counselling theories. i.e. this often advocates the maintenance of the status of male dominated, hierarchical society.

26. Two main emphases 1.Equality in the helping relationship-women’s problems are inseparable from the society;s oppression of women.(okun,1997) 2.Emphesis on valuing socio political and economical action as a major part of the process of treatment.

27. Counselling men Fewer counselling procedures are tailored to men than to women. Most counselots lack formal education on men’s issues.

28. Concerns in counselling men Socialization Men's traditional sex roles are narrowly defined than women. Beginning in child hood there are “sticker sanctions” against boys adopting feminine behaviours than exist among girls adopting those deemed as masculine.

29. Boys are reinforced primarily for none emotional physical actions. Men internalize their emotional reactions and seek to be autonomous, aggressive and competitive. They are oriented to display fighter rather than nurturing behaviour.

30. “perceive themselves as losing power and status by changing in the direction of androgyny", especially in young adulthood. Men operate primarily from a cognitive perspective. Insensitivity to the needs of others and self often develops ,and a denial of mental and physical problems becomes lethal in the form of shorter life spans.(Jourard,1971)

31. “Men find psychological safety in independence and fear closeness”. (Davenport& Yurich,1991) Counsellors need aware about many of them will be loners and reticent to talk.

32. Incorporate in childhood social taboos. Scher (1983):- Guidelines for counsellors An emphasis on the difficulty of change The constrains imposed by sex role stereo types. The importance of asking for assistance and dealing with affective issues. Need to distinguish between differences of roles and rules in one’s personal and work life.

33. As a group men are more reluctant than women to seek counselling.(Gertner,1994) Most men entering into counselling only in crisis situations such as in trauma, Expected to be self sufficient, deny needs, and take care of others (Maija,2005) Different age and stage levels of men

34. When working with men, it is important to consult developmental models and culturally related research that underscore developmental and culture specific themes .

35. Issues and Theories in Counselling Men Many myths and realities. They usually work hard Higher expectations of the process and want productive sessions. Likely to be clear and sincere in the process and express themselves directly and honestly

36. Dominance of cognitive functioning in men challenges.(Marini,1979) Explore with them the feeling tones of their voices, the inconsistencies of their behaviours of their behaviours and feelings and their ambivalence about control and nurturance.

37. Importance of owning feelings. Holland’s (1997)model of Person-environment Interaction. Cognitive behavioural approach to establish rapport and facilitate Counselling. Giles(1983) disagreed

38. Interpersonal Learning in groups To increase personal awareness about sex role conditioning ,practice new desired behaviors and promote a life style based on the individual needs

39. Male sex offenders Gay men. Homeless men. Other men are serve as models and paradigm for change.

40. Counselling with men as with all groups ,is a complex phenomenon: but the potential benefits are enormous. They include helping men develop productive strategies for dealing with expectations and changing roles (Moore& Leafgren,1990)

41. Through counselling men may also develop new skills applicable to: “Marital Communication, Stress related health problems Career and life Decision Making And family interaction Stress related health problems Career and life desion making ,and family interaction

42. Counselling and sexual orientation Individuals with minority sexual orientations are often stereotyped and discriminated against . A number of myths and stereotypes have grown over the years. Within aca there is association for LGBT issues in counseling

43. Difficulties usually begin for them at early in life. Children who are oriented toward any of these life styles frequently have trouble growing up in regard to their identity. they often have the feelings of isolation and stigmatization, and trouble with their peer relationship, as well as family disruptions. (Marinoble,1998) Less accepting.

44. The majority culture ,which professional helpers represent, has a predominantly negative view of persons not have a heterosexual orientation. when these views are voice in strong dogmatic ways, they can have a detrimental impact on the mental health and well being of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgenders and may severely disrupt their total development. eg : career decision making...

45. Counselling with Gays, Lesbians,bisexuals And Transgenders. Diverse group in their life style and problems they bring to counselling. Isolation ,safety and aging. children lesbian relationships and sexuality, Physical and mental health Political issues.

46. Through counseling relationship ; Coming out Forming community organizations Following religious practices Coping with HIV/AIDS.

47. Rehearsing how one will act and what one will say prior to such events can be helpful. Gay men need special help. Savage (2005) advocate that one social empowerment model be used with lesbians and gay men ,rather than counselling, because it increases this groups collective and personal self advocacy. In such a model clients come to know that the origins of sexual orientation “are not clearly understood or completely known.

48. Working with gays ,lesbians, bisexuals and transgenders is bound to be an unpopular activity in many locates but one that can do much good if conducted properly . it involves not only working with clients who are in the minority regarding their sexual orientations ,but also focusing on transforming the cultural contexts in which these clients live.

49. one way to do is to attend workshops that focus on learning how to help affirm the life styles of gay men and lesbians and other sexuality oriented minorities.

50. values

51. Values of the client Values are the fundamental consideration in counselling the value of the counselee are the basic content of the counselling. values are considered as the multifactor spiral or behavioural biases, which mould and dominate the decision making power of a particular individual.

52. Smith offers five functions of an individuals value system; It supplies the individual with a sense o f purpose and direction. It supplies the basis of individual action and of unified collective action It serve as the basis of judging the behaviour of individuals. It enables the individual to know that to expect of others as well as how to conduct himself. It establishes a sense of right and wrong.

53. Respect for Autonomy. Autonomy  is the “personal rule of the self that is free from both controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice.”  Autonomous  individuals act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences. The counselee has to come to the counsellor to assistance and deserves to be treated as a person of worth and value.

54. there is good in each , and the individual needs to feel appreciated and valued. counsellor there for have a responsibility to assist counselee's to feel good about themselves and to increase the counselees’ sense of worth. It is not respectful to impose personal values upon clients.

55. the meeting between counselors and their clients does not merely involve two individuals, but also two social worlds engaging with each other. It therefore requires those two sets of expectations, assumptions, values, norms, manners and ways to do. As stated by Sue and Sue, in practice, counsellors often fail to understand their clients’ values of cultures, possibly having a negative impact on counselling outcomes.

56. This opinion has been supported by Bell, who argues that it is significant for a counselor to be aware of client’s values and to look at how psychological problems are treated within other cultures. In this regard, Propost argues that counsellors’ sensitivity to clients’ values can be decisive to the success of the therapy, since the counselors' competence in communicating within the clients’ value framework influences the outcome for the clients

57. Conflict of values frequently arises because of the inevitable difference in value standards between two people from different backgrounds, religious or cultures. A certain value that is considered normal and highly valuable in one culture may be considered as very irrational in the other.

58. Another solution for conflicts between counsellor and clients is to ensure that both the counsellor and to clients should come from the same background and culture and adhere to the same values.

59. As stated by Hays, the extent to which counselors can acknowledge alternative styles, views and behaviours depends on the flexibility of the counselor's viewpoint regarding lifestyles.

60. Counsellors with values differing greatly from the client are less effective, and are less likely to earn the client’s respect and trust. it is important for counsellors to not impose their values on the client, or attempt to indoctrinate the client with their own ideas.

61. Instead, counsellors should base ideas of rational and irrational thoughts on the client’s own values. If there is a great deal of discrepancy between the values of counsellor and client the counsellor should explicitly state this difference so the client can have an informed choice.

62. According to Pine(1968); It is the client’s searching and processing of values which is the essence of the client’s movement in counselling. The client’s discovery of his values and the ensuring process of these values into a hierarchy of importance determines his mode of behaviour in the process of existence.

63. Adults Confused thinking  Prolonged depression (sadness or irritability) Feelings of extreme highs and low s Excessive fears, worries and anxiety. Social withdrawal Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits Strong feelings of anger. Delusions or hallucinations Growing inability to cope with daily problems and activities Decline in work or school performance or poor attendance.

64. Feelings of extreme highs and lows. Having too much energy. Exaggerated feelings of self. Excessive worries and anxieties Social withdrawal. Loss of interest in personal hygiene.- Suicidal thoughts Denial of obvious problems Numerous unexplained physical ailments Substance abuse

65. Adolescents & Young Adults Substance abuse Inability to cope with problems and daily activities Changes in sleeping and/or eating habits Excessive complaints of physical ailments Defiance of authority, truancy, theft, and/or vandalism Intense fear of weight gain Prolonged negative mood, often accompanied by poor appetite or thoughts of death Frequent outbursts of anger Younger Children & Pre-Adolescents Changes in school performance Poor grades despite strong efforts Excessive worry or anxiety (i.e. refusing to go to bed or school) Hyperactivity Persistent nightmares Persistent disobedience or aggression Frequent temper tantrums

66. Positive  sense of well-being, or the capacity to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face.