Coversational Analysis in Education .....

a brief summary of conversational analysis and its process

1. CHAPTER 07 COVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS Submitted by: Komal (02) Kainat Sajjad (24) Mariam (13) Hira Tariq (45) Mahnoor Waris (15) Zainab Khalid (52) BS-ENGLISH (6 th Semester)

2. INTRODUCTION (Conversational Analysis) According to CA, conversation is conceived of as speech actions which build together to create coherent social interaction. Actions that they are interested in include asking, answering, disagreeing, offering, contesting, requesting, teasing, finessing, complying, performing, noticing, promising , and so forth. CA has been able to reveal a rich body of facts about conversation

3. METHODOLOGY AND TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM The methodology of CA involves the meticulous transcription of naturally occurring audio- or video recorded talk. The analysis normally proceeds through a number of stages . Stages First, a particular conversational phenomenon is identified – for example, a linguistic token, a particular social action or sequence. Second, a preliminary collection of the selected phenomenon is assembled. Third , this is broken down into subsets and the most significant subset is singled out for analysis . Fourth, the clearest examples of this subset are analysed . Fifth , less clear examples are analysed . Sixth , and finally, any deviant cases are considered.

4. Another Approach: ‘Single case analysis’ ‘the resources of past work on a range of phenomena and organizational domains in talk-in-interaction are brought to bear on the analytic explication of a single fragment of talk ’ a special transcription system was developed by Jefferson (2004 ) A glossary of some of the major symbols of Jefferson’s model is as follows; (0.5) The number in brackets indicates a time gap in tenths of a second = The ‘equals’ sign indicates ‘latching’ between utterances. ! Exclamation marks are used to indicate an animated or emphatic tone .

5. TURN-TAKING Turn-taking is, in fact, the starting point for CA. CA begins with the unremarkable observation that conversation takes place with one speaker following another taking turns at talk . Turn boundaries are marked when one speaker stops talking and another takes over . Turns ae made up of what are referred to as turn construction units (TCUs) TCUs consist of sentential clausal phrasal lexical constructions They may also contain, or, indeed, be uniquely made up of, non-verbal elements such as silence, laughter, continuers, and bodily and facial movements Each speaker has the right to complete one TCU and then the next TCU is up for negotiation, that is to say, there is the possibility of another speaker taking over. Interlocutors have the ability to project possible completion points of turns.

6. Rules for Turn-Taking The rules for the allocation of turns, following the principle of transition relevance, were set out by Sacks et al. as follows: Transition-Relevance Principle: Rules are applied at specific points in conversation where speaker changes can occur. Next Speaker Selection: ● By Current Speaker: The current speaker stops; the next speaker must take over. ● Not Selected: Any speaker can self-select; first to speak gains the turn. Continuation Rule: If no one self-selects, the current speaker may continue. Recursiveness : After each turn, the rules are re-applied. Implicit Understanding: These rules are naturally acquired and automatically employed in conversations.

7. Adjacent Pairs Definition : Adjacency pairs are closely related pairs of turns in conversation, each produced by different speakers. Key Features: ● Two-Utterance Length: Each pair consists of two utterances. ● Adjacent Positioning: The utterances are positioned next to each other . ● Relative Ordering: First pair parts (FPPs) precede second pair parts (SPPs). ● Discrimination Relations: The type of FPP determines the appropriate SPP. Examples : Common adjacency pairs include Question–Answer, Greeting–Greeting, Invitation–Acceptance/Refusal, Accusation–Denial/Confession. Significance: These pairs structure conversations and ensure coherent exchanges between speakers. Research Foundation: Defined and analysed by Schegloff (1972, 2007) and Schegloff and Sacks (1973). Variations: Adjacency pairs encompass various interaction types such as Apology–Acceptance/Refusal, Compliment–Acceptance/Rejection, Request–Acceptance/Rejection, and more.

8. Preference organisation Preference organisation in conversation:-- a refinement of conditional relevance . - Adjacency pairs: *reciprocal (greetings) *non-reciprocal (invitation)- Preferred responses: simpler, dispreferred responses: more complex- Dispreferred features: delays, prefaces, accounts, mitigation- Examples: invitation-acceptance/decline, agreement-disagreement- Contiguity: preference for adjacent FPP-SPP pairs- Gaps in continuity may indicate dispreferred SPPs.

9. Expansion Sequences Adjacency pairs may be expanded in various ways. - Pre-expansions: prepare the ground for what is to follow. - Post-expansions: follow and extend a preceding base adjacency pair. - Insert expansions: clarify something before responding to the F PP .

10. Topic Management Topic Initiation Devices : topic initial elicitors, specific news enquiries, news announcements, pre-topical sequences, setting talk- Examples : What's new?, How are you doing?, I went to the ballet last night Topic Pursuit : Following up on introduced topics- Examples : You're still in the real estate business Lawrence?Topic Shift - Disjunctive topic shift: abrupt, marked by disjunctive markers (Anyway, All right, Oh)- Stepwise topic shift: smoother, marked by transition (Okay) Topic Termination_- Pre-closing items: well, okay- Assessment tokens: great , good, lovely- Examples: Okay then, Lovely .