COVID-19 | Corona Virus

COVID-19 | Corona Virus: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnostics , Treatments
#COVID-19 | Corona Virus: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnostics , Treatments
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1. CORONA VIRUS
Maneesha M Joseph1
By,
Maneesha M Joseph
Assistant Professor
Baby Memorial College
Kozhikode
11/04/20 1
Video Class uploaded in YOUTUBE Channel MalluMedicos Lounge

2. Introduction
Maneesha M Joseph
Coronavirusesbelong to :-
Orthocoronavirinae–sub family
Coronaviridae-family
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3. Introduction…
Maneesha M Joseph
•Theyareenvelopedviruseswithapositive-
sensesingle-strandedRNAgenome.
•Thenamecoronavirusisderivedfromthe
Latincorona,meaning"crown"or"halo",
whichreferstothecharacteristicappearance
reminiscentofacrownwhenviewedunder
electronmicroscopy,duetothesurface
coveringinclub-shapedproteinspikes.
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4. Coronaviruses are classified into three groups, initially based on antigenic relationships of
the spike (S), membrane (M) andnucleocapsid(N) proteins and now re-enforced byviral
geneticphylogeny
vThe HCoVs229E and HCoVNL63 are group 1coronaviruses,
vHCoVOC43, HCoVHKU-1 andSARS coronavirusesare classified in group 2.
vGROUP 3 Is avian strains Causing infection in chickens
11/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph4

5. MORPHOLOGY
vCoronaviruses are largepleomorphicspherical particles with surface
projections.
vThe diameter of the virus particles is around 120nm.
vTheviral envelopeconsists of alipid bilayerwhere the membrane (M),
envelope (E) andspike (S)structural proteinsare anchored.
vA subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members
ofbetacoronavirussubgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like surface protein
calledhemagglutinin esterase(HE).
vInside the envelope, there is thenucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple
copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense
single-strandedRNAgenome in a continuousbeads-on-a-stringtype
conformation.
vThe lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the
virus when it is outside the host cell
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7. Epidemiology…
Maneesha M Joseph7
Outbreaks of coronavirus types of relatively high mortality are as follows
OutbreakVirustypeDeaths
2003 severe acute respiratory
syndromeoutbreakSARS-CoV774
2012MiddleEastrespiratory
syndromecoronavirus
outbreak
MERS-CoVOver400
2015MiddleEastrespiratory
syndromeoutbreakinSouth
Korea
MERS-CoV36
2018 Middle East respiratory
syndromeoutbreakMERS-CoV41
2019–20coronavirus
pandemicSARS-CoV-2At least5,833
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8. Corona virus disease
2019(COVID-19)
Maneesha M Joseph
•InDecember2019,apneumoniaoutbreak
wasreportedinWuhancityofChina.
•On31December2019,theoutbreakwas
tracedtoanovelstrainofcoronavirus,which
wasgiventheinterimname2019-nCoVbythe
WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),later
renamedSARS-CoV-2bytheInternational
CommitteeonTaxonomyofViruses.
811/04/20 8

9. Corona virus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
•Asof15March2020,therehavebeenatleast5,833
confirmeddeathsandmorethan156,396
confirmedcasesinthecoronaviruspneumonia
pandemic.
•TheWuhanstrainhasbeenidentifiedasanew
strainofBetacoronavirusfromgroup2Bwith
approximately70%geneticsimilaritytotheSARS-
CoV.
•Thevirushasa96%similaritytoabatcoronavirus,
soitiswidelysuspectedtooriginatefrombatsas
well.Thepandemichasresultedinserioustravel
3/r19e/20s2t0rictions. 911/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph9

10. Causes of COVID -19
Maneesha M Joseph10
•ItiscausedbySARS-CoV-2is
closelyrelatedtoSeverAcute
RespiratorySyndromeCorona
Viruswhichwasoutbreaksin
2003.
•Itisthoughttohaveazoonotic
origin.
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11. How Does the New Coronavirus Spread?
SARS-CoV-2, the virus, mainly spreads from person to person.
Most of the time, it spreads when a sick person coughs or sneezes. They can spray
droplets as far as 6 feet away. If youbreathethem in or swallow them, the virus can
get into your body. Some people who have the virus don't havesymptoms, but they
can still spread the virus.
You can also get the virus from touching a surface or object the virus is on, then
touching yourmouth, nose, or possibly youreyes. Most viruses can live for several
hours on a surface that they land on. A study shows that the COVID-19 coronavirus
can last for several hours on various types of surfaces:
Copper: 4 hours
Cardboard up to 24 hours
Plastic or stainless steel: 2 to 3 days
That’s why it’s important to disinfect surfaces to get rid of the virus.
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12. IncubationPeriod
Maneesha M Joseph12
•Rangesfromonetofourteendays;itismost
commonlyfivedays.Inonecase,ithadan
incubationperiodof27days
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13. Pathophysiology
Hostmechanismisdecreased(Impairedgagandcoughreflexor
immunocompromizedState)
Microorganisms enter the lower respiratorytract
Inflammatory reactionbegins
Inflammatory reactions with WBC, neutrophils enter the alveoli andfill
normally air containingspaces
Interfere exchange of O2 andCO2
Hypoxemia3/19/2020 1311/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph13

14. Signs andSymptoms
•SymptomsofCOVID-19arenon-specificand
thoseinfectedmayeitherbeasymptomaticor
developflulikesymptomssuchasfever,
cough,fatigue,shortnessofbreath,ormuscle
pain.
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15. Signs andSymptoms…
Symptom%
Fever87.9%
Dry cough67.7%
Fatigue38.1%
Sputumproduction33.4%
Shortness ofbreath18.6%
Muscle pain or jointpain14.8%
Sore throat13.9%
H3/e19a/2d02a0che13.6% 1511/04/20 Maneesha M Joseph15

16. Maneesha M Joseph16
Chills11.4%
Nausea orvomiting5.0%
Nasalcongestion4.8%
Diarrhoea3.7%
Haemoptysis0.9%
Conjunctivalcongestion0.8%
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17. Clinical Syndrome associated with COVID-
19
Maneesha M Joseph17
1.Mildillness
2.Pneumonia
3.SeverePneumonia
4.Acute respiratory distressSyndrome
5.Sepsis
6.SepticShock
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18. Diagnosis
Maneesha M Joseph18
•Infectionbytheviruscanbeprovisionally
diagnosedonthebasisofsymptoms,though
confirmationisultimatelybyreverse
transcriptionpolymerasechainreaction(rRT-
PCR)ofinfectedsecretions,(71%sensitivity)and
CTimaging(98%sensitivity).
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19. ØHow Do You Prevent the Spread?
If you’re in an area where it’s spreading, take these steps:
Wash your handsoftenwith soap and water,or clean them with an alcohol-based
sanitizer.This kills viruses on your hands.
Practice social distancing.Because you can have and spread the virus without
knowing it, you should stay home as much as possible. If you do have to go out,
stay at least 6 feet away from others.
Don’t touch your face.Coronaviruses can live on surfaces you touch for several
hours. If they get on your hands and you touch youreyes, nose, ormouth, they
can get into your body.
There’s no need to wear aface maskunless your doctor tells you to. You will need
one if you’ve been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or have COVID-19, or if you’re a
health care worker or caring for someone who has it.
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20. ØIs There a Vaccine?
Not yet, butclinical trialsare under way in the U.S. and in
China to testvaccinesfor SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
One vaccine called mRNA-1273 (which was developed by
using messenger RNA) would tell your cells to pump out a
protein that will kick-start your immune system to fight the
virus. It’s worked well in animals and is ready to test in
humans.
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21. TREATMENT
ØThere’s no specific treatment for COVID-19.
ØPeople who get a mild case need care to ease their symptoms, like rest, fluids, and fever
control.
ØYou cantake over-the-counter medicine for a sore throat, body aches, and fever.
Antibiotics won’t help because they treat bacteria, not viruses. If you hear about people
with COVID-19 getting antibiotics, it’s for an infection that came along with the disease.
Numerous clinical trials are under way to explore treatments used for other conditions that
could fight COVID-19 and to develop new ones.
ØA study in China showed that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, which are used to treat
malaria and autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, helped people with
COVID-19 pneumonia
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