CPT Professional 2024 1st Edition American Medical Association

CPT Professional 2024 1st Edition American Medical Association
CPT Professional 2024 1st Edition American Medical Association
CPT Professional 2024 1st Edition American Medical Association

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5. CPT Professional 2024 1st Edition American Medical
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Author(s): American Medical Association
ISBN(s): 9781640162846, 1640162844
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 23.47 MB
Year: 2023
Language: english

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cpt2024
PROFESSIONAL EDITION
TheonlyofficialCFPcodebookwithrulesandguidelines
fromtheAMAsCPTEditorialPanel.
AMApublicaboTQfundinitiativesthatdriveimprovementsin
patienthealthpracticeinnovationandmedicaleducation.

7. Symbols
▲ Revised code
● New code
▶◀ New or revised text
➲ Reference to CPT Assistant, Clinical Examples in Radiology, and CPT Changes
✚ Add-on code
Exemptions to modifier 51
⚡ Product pending FDA approval
# Out-of-numerical sequence code
★ Telemedicine
Audio-only
Duplicate PLA test
Category I PLA
Modifiers (See Appendix A for definitions)
22 Increased Procedural Services
23 Unusual Anesthesia
24 Unrelated Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional During
a Postoperative Period
25 Significant, Separately Identifiable Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health
Care Professional on the Same Day of the Procedure or Other Service
26 Professional Component
32 Mandated Services
33 Preventive Services
47 Anesthesia by Surgeon
50 Bilateral Procedure
51 Multiple Procedures
52 Reduced Services
53 Discontinued Procedure
54 Surgical Care Only
55 Postoperative Management Only
56 Preoperative Management Only
57 Decision for Surgery
58 Staged or Related Procedure or Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional During the
Postoperative Period
59 Distinct Procedural Service
62 Two Surgeons
63 Procedure Performed on Infants less than 4 kg
66 Surgical Team
76 Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
77 Repeat Procedure by Another Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
78 Unplanned Return to the Operating/Procedure Room by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
Following Initial Procedure for a Related Procedure During the Postoperative Period
79 Unrelated Procedure or Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional During the
Postoperative Period
80 Assistant Surgeon
81 Minimum Assistant Surgeon
82 Assistant Surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available)
90 Reference (Outside) Laboratory
91 Repeat Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Test
92 Alternative Laboratory Platform Testing
93 Synchronous Telemedicine Service Rendered Via Telephone or Other Real-Time Interactive Audio-Only
Telecommunications System

8. 95 Synchronous Telemedicine Service Rendered via a Real-Time Interactive Audio and Video Telecommunications System
96 Habilitative Services
97 Rehabilitative Services
99 Multiple Modifiers
Category II Modifiers
1P Performance Measure Exclusion Modifier due to Medical Reasons
2P Performance Measure Exclusion Modifier due to Patient Reasons
3P Performance Measure Exclusion Modifier due to System Reasons
8P Performance measure reporting modifier–action not performed, reason not otherwise specified
Anesthesia Physical Status Modifiers
P1 A normal healthy patient
P2 A patient with mild systemic disease
P3 A patient with severe systemic disease
P4 A patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
P5 A moribund patient who is not expected to survive without the operation
P6 A declared brain-dead patient whose organs are being removed for donor purposes
Modifiers Approved for Hospital Outpatient Use
Level I (CPT)
25 Significant, Separately Identifiable Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health
Care Professional on the Same Day of the Procedure or Other Service
27 Multiple Outpatient Hospital E/M Encounters on the Same Date
33 Preventive Services
50 Bilateral Procedure
52 Reduced Services
58 Staged or Related Procedure or Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional During the
Postoperative Period
59 Distinct Procedural Service
73 Discontinued Outpatient Procedure Prior to Anesthesia Administration
74 Discontinued Outpatient Procedure After Anesthesia Administration
76 Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
77 Repeat Procedure by Another Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
78 Unplanned Return to the Operating/Procedure Room by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional
Following Initial Procedure for a Related Procedure During the Postoperative Period
79 Unrelated Procedure or Service by the Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional During the
Postoperative Period
91 Repeat Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Test
Level II (HCPCS/National)
E1 Upper left, eyelid
E2 Lower left, eyelid
E3 Upper right, eyelid
E4 Lower right, eyelid
FA Left hand, thumb
F1 Left hand, second digit
F2 Left hand, third digit
F3 Left hand, fourth digit
F4 Left hand, fifth digit
F5 Right hand, thumb
F6 Right hand, second digit
F7 Right hand, third digit
F8 Right hand, fourth digit
F9 Right hand, fifth digit

9. GG Performance and payment of a screening mammogram and diagnostic mammogram on the same patient, same day
GH Diagnostic mammogram converted from screening mammogram on same day
LC Left circumflex coronary artery
LD Left anterior descending coronary artery
LM Left main coronary artery
LT Left side (used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body)
QM Ambulance service provided under arrangement by a provider of services
QN Ambulance service furnished directly by a provider of services
RC Right coronary artery
RI Ramus intermedius coronary artery
RT Right side (used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body)
TA Left foot, great toe
T1 Left foot, second digit
T2 Left foot, third digit
T3 Left foot, fourth digit
T4 Left foot, fifth digit
T5 Right foot, great toe
T6 Right foot, second digit
T7 Right foot, third digit
T8 Right foot, fourth digit
T9 Right foot, fifth digit

10. Place-of-Service Codes for Professional Claims
Listed below are place-of-service codes and descriptions. These codes should be used on professional
claims to specify the entity where service(s) were rendered. Check with individual payers (eg, Medicare,
Medicaid, other private insurance) for reimbursement policies regarding these codes. If you would like to
comment on a code(s) or description(s), please send your request to [email protected].
Place
of
Service
Code(s)
Place of Service
Name Place of Service Description
01 Pharmacy
A facility or location where drugs and other medically related
items and services are sold, dispensed, or otherwise provided
directly to patients. (Effective 10/1/03)
02
Telehealth Provided
Other than in Patient’s
Home
The location where health services and health related services
are provided or received, through telecommunication technology.
Patient is not located in their home when receiving health
services or health-related services through telecommunication
technology. (Effective 1/1/17)
03 School
A facility whose primary purpose is education. (Effective
1/1/03)
04 Homeless Shelter
A facility or location whose primary purpose is to provide
temporary housing to homeless individuals (eg, emergency
shelters, individual or family shelters). (Effective 1/1/03)
05
Indian Health Service
Free-Standing
Facility
A facility or location, owned and operated by the Indian Health
Service, which provides diagnostic, therapeutic (surgical and
non-surgical), and rehabilitation services to American Indians
and Alaska Natives who do not require hospitalization.
(Effective 1/1/03)
06
Indian Health Service
Provider-Based
Facility
A facility or location, owned and operated by the Indian Health
Service, which provides diagnostic, therapeutic (surgical and
non-surgical), and rehabilitation services rendered by, or under
the supervision of, physicians to American Indians and Alaska
Natives admitted as inpatients or outpatients. (Effective 1/1/03)
07
Tribal 638 Free-
Standing Facility
A facility or location owned and operated by a federally
recognized American Indian or Alaska Native tribe or tribal
organization under a 638 agreement, which provides diagnostic,
therapeutic (surgical and non-surgical), and rehabilitation
services to tribal members who do not require hospitalization.

11. (Effective 1/1/03)
08
Tribal 638 Provider-
Based Facility
A facility or location owned and operated by a federally
recognized American Indian or Alaska Native tribe or tribal
organization under a 638 agreement, which provides diagnostic,
therapeutic (surgical and non-surgical), and rehabilitation
services to tribal members admitted as inpatients or outpatients.
(Effective 1/1/03)
09
Prison/Correctional
Facility
A prison, jail, reformatory, work farm, detention center, or any
other similar facility maintained by either Federal, State, or local
authorities for the purpose of confinement or rehabilitation of
adult or juvenile criminal offenders. (Effective 7/1/06)
10
Telehealth Provided
in Patient’s Home
The location where health services and health related services
are provided or received, through telecommunication technology.
Patient is located in their home (which is a location other than a
hospital or other facility where the patient receives care in a
private residence) when receiving health services or health
related services through telecommunication technology.
(Effective 1/1/22)
11 Office
Location, other than a hospital, skilled nursing facility (SNF),
military treatment facility, community health center, State or local
public health clinic, or intermediate care facility (ICF), where
the health professional routinely provides health examinations,
diagnosis, and treatment of illness or injury on an ambulatory
basis.
12 Home
Location, other than a hospital or other facility, where the patient
receives care in a private residence.
13
Assisted Living
Facility
Congregate residential facility with self-contained living units
providing assessment of each resident’s needs and on-site
support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with the capacity to
deliver or arrange for services including some health care and
other services. (Effective 10/1/03)
14 Group Home
A residence, with shared living areas, where clients receive
supervision and other services such as social and/or behavioral
services, custodial service, and minimal services (eg, medication
administration). (Effective 10/1/03)
15 Mobile Unit
A facility/unit that moves from place-to-place equipped to
provide preventive, screening, diagnostic, and/or treatment
services. (Effective 1/1/03)
16 Temporary Lodging
A short term accommodation such as a hotel, camp ground,
hostel, cruise ship or resort where the patient receives care, and
which is not identified by any other POS code. (Effective 1/1/08)
A walk-in health clinic, other than an office, urgent care facility,

12. 17
Walk-in Retail Health
Clinic
pharmacy, or independent clinic, and not described by any other
Place of Service code, that is located within a retail operation
and provides, on an ambulatory basis, preventive and primary
care services. (Effective 5/1/10)
18
Place of
Employment/Worksite
A location, not described by any other POS code, owned or
operated by a public or private entity where the patient is
employed, and where a health professional provides on-going or
episodic occupational medical, therapeutic or rehabilitative
services to the individual. (This code is available for use
effective January 1, 2013 but no later than May 1, 2013.)
19
Off Campus—
Outpatient Hospital
A portion of an off-campus hospital provider based department
which provides diagnostic, therapeutic (both surgical and
nonsurgical), and rehabilitation services to sick or injured
persons who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.
(Effective January 1, 2016)
20 Urgent Care Facility
Location, distinct from a hospital emergency room, an office, or a
clinic, whose purpose is to diagnose and treat illness or injury
for unscheduled, ambulatory patients seeking immediate medical
attention. (Effective 1/1/03)
21 Inpatient Hospital
A facility, other than psychiatric, which primarily provides
diagnostic, therapeutic (both surgical and non-surgical), and
rehabilitation services by, or under, the supervision of physicians
to patients admitted for a variety of medical conditions.
22
On Campus—
Outpatient Hospital
A portion of a hospital’s main campus which provides
diagnostic, therapeutic (both surgical and non-surgical), and
rehabilitation services to sick or injured persons who do not
require hospitalization or institutionalization. (Description
change effective January 1, 2016)
23
Emergency Room—
Hospital
A portion of a hospital where emergency diagnosis and treatment
of illness or injury is provided.
24
Ambulatory Surgical
Center
A free-standing facility, other than a physician’s office, where
surgical and diagnostic services are provided on an ambulatory
basis.
25 Birthing Center
A facility, other than a hospital’s maternity facilities or a
physician’s office, which provides a setting for labor, delivery,
and immediate postpartum care as well as immediate care of
newborn infants.
26
Military Treatment
Facility
A medical facility operated by one or more of the Uniformed
Services. Military Treatment Facility (MTF) also refers to
certain former U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) facilities
now designated as Uniformed Service Treatment Facilities
(USTF).

13. 27 Outreach Site/Street
A non-permanent location on the street or found environment, not
described by any other POS code, where health professionals
provide preventive, screening, diagnostic, and/or treatment
services to unsheltered homeless individuals. (Effective October
1, 2023)
28-30 Unassigned N/A
31
Skilled Nursing
Facility
A facility which primarily provides inpatient skilled nursing care
and related services to patients who require medical, nursing, or
rehabilitative services but does not provide the level of care or
treatment available in a hospital.
32 Nursing Facility
A facility which primarily provides to residents skilled nursing
care and related services for the rehabilitation of injured,
disabled, or sick persons, or, on a regular basis, health-related
care services above the level of custodial care to other than
individuals with intellectual disabilities.
33
Custodial Care
Facility
A facility that provides room, board, and other personal
assistance services, generally on a long-term basis, and which
does not include a medical component.
34 Hospice
A facility, other than a patient’s home, in which palliative and
supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families are
provided.
35-40 Unassigned N/A
41 Ambulance—Land
A land vehicle specifically designed, equipped and staffed for
lifesaving and transporting the sick or injured.
42
Ambulance—Air or
Water
An air or water vehicle specifically designed, equipped, and
staffed for lifesaving and transporting the sick or injured.
43-48 Unassigned N/A
49 Independent Clinic
A location, not part of a hospital and not described by any other
Place of Service code, that is organized and operated to provide
preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitative, or palliative
services to outpatients only. (Effective 10/1/03)
50
Federally Qualified
Health Center
A facility located in a medically underserved area that provides
Medicare beneficiaries preventive primary medical care under
the general direction of a physician.
51
Inpatient Psychiatric
Facility
A facility that provides inpatient psychiatric services for the
diagnosis and treatment of mental illness on a 24-hour basis, by
or under the supervision of a physician.
52
Psychiatric Facility—
Partial
Hospitalization
A facility for the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness that
provides a planned therapeutic program for patients who do not
require full time hospitalization, but who need broader programs
than are possible from outpatient visits to a hospital-based or

14. hospital-affiliated facility.
53
Community Mental
Health Center
A facility that provides the following services: outpatient
services, including specialized outpatient services for children,
the elderly, individuals who are chronically ill, and residents of
the CMHC’s mental health services area who have been
discharged from inpatient treatment at a mental health facility; 24
hour a day emergency care services; day treatment, other partial
hospitalization services, or psychosocial rehabilitation services;
screening for patients being considered for admission to State
mental health facilities to determine the appropriateness of such
admission; and consultation and education services.
54
Intermediate Care
Facility/Individuals
with Intellectual
Disabilities
A facility which primarily provides health-related care and
services above the level of custodial care to individuals with
intellectual disabilities but does not provide the level of care or
treatment available in a hospital or SNF.
55
Residential Substance
Abuse Treatment
Facility
A facility which provides treatment for substance (alcohol and
drug) abuse to live-in residents who do not require acute medical
care. Services include individual and group therapy and
counseling, family counseling, laboratory tests, drugs and
supplies, psychological testing, and room and board.
56
Psychiatric
Residential Treatment
Center
A facility or distinct part of a facility for psychiatric care which
provides a total 24-hour therapeutically planned and
professionally staffed group living and learning environment.
57
Non-residential
Substance Abuse
Treatment Facility
A location which provides treatment for substance (alcohol and
drug) abuse on an ambulatory basis. Services include individual
and group therapy and counseling, family counseling, laboratory
tests, drugs and supplies, and psychological testing. (Effective
10/1/03)
58
Non-residential
Opioid Treatment
Facility
A location that provides treatment for opioid use disorder on an
ambulatory basis. Services include methadone and other forms of
Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT). (Effective January 1,
2020)
59 Unassigned N/A
60
Mass Immunization
Center
A location where providers administer pneumococcal pneumonia
and influenza virus vaccinations and submit these services as
electronic media claims, paper claims, or using the roster billing
method. This generally takes place in a mass immunization
setting, such as, a public health center, pharmacy, or mall but may
include a physician office setting.
61
Comprehensive
Inpatient
Rehabilitation
A facility that provides comprehensive rehabilitation services
under the supervision of a physician to inpatients with physical
disabilities. Services include physical therapy, occupational

15. Facility therapy, speech pathology, social or psychological services, and
orthotics and prosthetics services.
62
Comprehensive
Outpatient
Rehabilitation
Facility
A facility that provides comprehensive rehabilitation services
under the supervision of a physician to outpatients with physical
disabilities. Services include physical therapy, occupational
therapy, and speech pathology services.
63-64 Unassigned N/A
65
End-Stage Renal
Disease Treatment
Facility
A facility other than a hospital, which provides dialysis
treatment, maintenance, and/or training to patients or caregivers
on an ambulatory or home-care basis.
66-70 Unassigned N/A
71 Public Health Clinic
A facility maintained by either State or local health departments
that provides ambulatory primary medical care under the general
direction of a physician.
72 Rural Health Clinic
A certified facility which is located in a rural medically
underserved area that provides ambulatory primary medical care
under the general direction of a physician.
73-80 Unassigned N/A
81
Independent
Laboratory
A laboratory certified to perform diagnostic and/or clinical tests
independent of an institution or a physician’s office.
82-98 Unassigned N/A
99
Other Place of
Service
Other place of service not identified above.

17. Executive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer: James L. Madara, MD
Senior Vice President, Health Solutions: Lori Prestesater
Vice President, Coding and Reimbursement Policy and Strategy: Jay Ahlman
Director, CPT Coding and Regulatory Services: Zach Hochstetler
Director, CPT Content Management and Development: Leslie W. Prellwitz
Manager, CPT Editorial Panel Processes: Desiree Rozell
Senior Manager, CPT Content Management and Development: Karen E. O’Hara
Vice President, Operations Health Solutions: Denise C. Foy
Senior Manager, Publishing and Fulfillment: Elizabeth Goodman Duke
Manager, Developmental Editing: Lisa Chin-Johnson
Editorial Assistant: Laura Moreno
Vice President, Sales and Marketing: Sue Wilson
Director, Print, Digital and Guides: Erin Kalitowski
Director, CPT Operations and Infrastructure: Barbara Benstead
Director, Product Management, CPT Infrastructure: Julio Rodriguez
Marketing Manager II: Vanessa Prieto
Printed in the United States of America. 23 24 25/ BD-RD / 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Professional ISBN: 978-1-64016-284-6
ISSN: 0276-8283
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT
®
) is copyright 1966, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1983-2023 by the
American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
1st Edition printed 1966
2nd Edition printed 1970
3rd Edition printed 1973
4th Edition printed 1977
Revised: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993,
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

18. permission of the publisher.
To purchase additional CPT products, contact [phone] or visit the AMA Store at amastore.com.
Refer to product number EP054124.
To request a license for distribution of products containing or reprinting CPT codes and/or guidelines,
please see our website at www.ama-assn.org/go/cpt, or contact the American Medical Association
CPT/DBP Intellectual Property Services, 330 North Wabash Avenue, Suite 39300, Chicago, IL 60611,
312 464-5022.
AC50:EP054124:9/2023

19. Disclaimers and Notices
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information regarding the subject
matter covered. While the AMA and the authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they
make no representations or warranties, whether expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy or
completeness of any information provided in this publication and specifically disclaim any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The materials and information contained
herein are provided AS IS. The information in this publication is not, and should not be relied on, as
medical, legal, financial, or other professional advice, and participants are encouraged to consult a
professional advisor for any such advice.
Codes and other materials and information presented in this book do not (i) constitute clinical advice, (ii)
address or dictate payer coverage or reimbursement policy, or (iii) substitute for the professional
judgment of the practitioner performing a procedure or providing a service, who remains responsible for
correct coding.
Company and product names cited herein are not an endorsement by the AMA.
No unauthorized third party can offer coding guidance on behalf of the AMA.
This publication is for personal use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the AMA.
Neither the AMA nor its staff shall be held liable or responsible for any loss or damage, including but not
limited to special, incidental, or consequential damages, allegedly arising from any information or
suggestion contained in this publication.

20. Use of Copyright Protection Technology in CPT
®
Professional 2024 Codebook
The American Medical Association (AMA) takes the copyright protection of its content very seriously
and is committed to providing the most effective anti-piracy efforts for its authors and readers. To help
combat print piracy, protect our intellectual properties, and ensure our customers’ right to authentic AMA-
certified content, the AMA has adopted copyright protection technology in the CPT
®
Professional 2024
codebook.
To protect the copyrighted content and prevent counterfeiting of the CPT
®
Professional 2024 codebook
using scanners and photocopiers, this book is equipped with state-of-the-art anti-piracy technology within
its pages. Therefore, you will notice light-yellow dots in a small rectangle at the bottom of most pages in
this book. We have verified that these dots will not impede your ability to read or view the content of the
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In addition to stopping counterfeit book production and protecting the copyrighted content of this manual,
the use of anti-piracy technology is designed specifically to protect you, the end-user, by ensuring that you
are using an accurate, high-quality, and authentic AMA-certified version of the reference manual. We
appreciate your efforts and cooperation in reducing content piracy and improving copyright protections.

21. Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

22. YOMUD
Synonyms .—Yamoud, Yamut. Sometimes called yellow or brown
Bokhara.
Why So Named.—After a tribe of Nomadic Turkomans by that name
who dwell in the western part of Turkestan on the plains along the
shores of the Caspian.
Knot.—Either the Senna or the Ghiordes. Number vertically eight to
fifteen; number horizontally seven to twelve; number to square inch
fifty-six to one hundred eighty.
Warp.—Brown wool or goats' hair.
Woof.—Good wool of medium length or goats' hair. Frequently dyed
red.
Nap.—Fine wool of medium length or goats' hair.
Sides.—A coarse selvage of two cords which are colored in alternate
squares of red and blue, red and brown, or two shades of red, giving
it a checker-board effect.
Ends.—A wide web at each end in plain red or with blue stripes.
Frequently stripes of colored wool are worked into the web with
apparently as much care and skill as that given to the body of the
rug. Finished with a fringe of loose warp threads which are
occasionally twisted at irregular intervals.
Border.—There are usually three border stripes, one medium sized
one with a narrow one on each side. The barber-pole stripe, the
reciprocal saw-teeth, and the latch hook variations are the
predominating border designs.
Prevailing Colors.—Ground almost invariably of a rich brownish red
which is softer and deeper in tone than that of the Khivas and
Tekkes. Figures in drab, blue, green, and yellow.
Dyes.—Usually the best.

23. Designs .—The tribal patterns show great individuality and combine
the Turkoman octagon with many of the Caucasian designs. A
common arrangement is that of octagons and elongated diamond
forms in alternate rows with plenty of latch hook variations. Very
frequently the field is covered with the diamond forms alone.
Prices.—From $0.75 to $2.50 per square foot.
Sizes.—Seldom smaller than five by eight or larger than eight by
eleven feet.
Remarks .—They resemble the Bokharas in some respects and the
Caucasian products in others. About the only antique, in carpet
sizes, now found in the market.
THE EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED
Maj. L. B. Lawton's Description .—This weave is the rarest of the Turkomans.
So rare is it that Mr. Mumford in his article in the Century Magazine, January,
1910, states that to his knowledge no bales of antique Yomuds had been
imported for seven years. Nearly all Yomuds have the cross pattern, are
usually deeper in tone than their cousins the prayer Bokharas, and lack the
little niche. Yomuds are silkier than prayer Bokharas, and have the color of
the Delaware grape. This specimen has an unique pattern as a panel across
the end, otherwise it is typical. Yomuds adhere more closely to their type
than do any other weave.

24. YOMUD RUG
Size 5'7" × 4'4"
PROPERTY OF COLONEL GEORGE G. BRIGGS, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

25. KASHGAR
Why So Named.—After the city of Kashgar, a city of Eastern Turkestan
which enjoys a great caravan trade and is one of the richest markets
in Central Asia.
Knot.—Senna. Number vertically five to nine; number horizontally
four to seven; number to square inch twenty to sixty-three.
Warp.—Coarse cotton.
Woof.—Four-stranded cotton.
Nap.—Wool of medium length, frequently part silk.
Weave.—Coarse and poorly tied.
Sides.—An added yarn selvage.
Ends.—Selvage of varying lengths with a fringe of loose warp threads
at each end.
Border.—Chinese in character. Swastika border common.
Prevailing Colors.—Usually strong yellow, blue, red, pink, green, and
orange with white or old ivory. Pale terracotta is common.
Dyes.—Good as a rule.
Designs .—Chinese in character. Generally fretted grounds or trellis
covered with figures of bats, butterflies, cranes, dragons, fish, and
trees. The knot of destiny is very commonly employed.
Prices.—$1.00 to $3.00 per square foot.
Sizes.—From three to six by six to twelve feet.
Remarks .—Not very many found in the markets.
YARKAND

26. Why So Named.—After a city of that name in Eastern Turkestan, in the
vicinity of which they are made.
Knot.—Senna. Number vertically five to nine; number horizontally
four to seven; number to square inch twenty to sixty-three.
Warp.—Coarse wool or cotton.
Woof.—Coarse wool or cotton. Generally four strands between each
row of knots.
Nap.—Coarse wool of medium length, sometimes more or less silk.
Sides.—A selvage of two cords.
Ends.—Web of varying lengths with loose warp threads at each end.
Border.—Usually three border stripes, one of medium width with a
narrow one on each side.

27. HAVING A POT OF TEA AT BOKHARA

28. A STREET IN SAMARKAND
As a rule the borders are small in proportion to the size of the rug.
The swastika border design is commonly employed.
Prevailing Colors.—Resemble those of the Bokhara with a field of rich
brownish reds. Sometimes the field is of tan color. The designs may
be in blue, red, green, yellow, pink, and terracotta.
Designs .—Resemble those of the Bokhara and Kashgar. Fretted
grounds with figures of animals, dragons, bats, butterflies, circles,
and octagons. A common design is the arrangement of four dragons
in the form of a swastika.
Prices.—$0.75 to $2.50 per square foot.
Sizes.—From three to six by six to twelve feet.

29. Remarks .—Quite similar to the Kashgar. The modern ones are not
attractive.
SAMARKAND
Synonym .—The trade name of "Malgaran" is given to an inferior
grade.
Why So Named.—After the city of Samarkand, a city of Western
Turkestan in the valley of Zarab-Shan, one hundred miles east of
Bokhara, which was once the centre of learning in Asia, having had
several universities there.
Where Made.—In the vicinity of Samarkand.
Knot.—Nearly always the Senna, seldom the Ghiordes. Number
vertically five to seven; number horizontally six to ten; number to
square inch thirty to seventy.
Warp.—Wool, cotton or silk, usually dyed blue or yellow.
Woof.—In the antiques cotton or wool. In the moderns cotton. Like
the Kazaks there are three or four woof threads between each row
of knots.
Nap.—Good, heavy, loose, lustrous wool. Sometimes silk or a mixture
of silk and wool.
Weave.—Loosely woven.
Sides.—Antiques have a narrow selvage added sometimes with two
colors like the Yomuds. Modern pieces are overcast.
Ends.—Similar to those of the Turkoman products. Wide web with
fringe of loose or twisted warp threads.
Border.—From three to five border stripes, usually three. The inner
border usually carries the Greek meander, the outer one floral
designs and the middle one figures corresponding to the central
designs. The undulating vine and lotus pattern are frequently used.

30. Prevailing Colors.—Field usually blue, red, or golden brown. Bokhara
reds and yellows are lavishly used.

31. SAMARKAND RUG
PROPERTY OF MR. A. U. DILLEY
Dyes.—Of the best.

32. Designs .—There are usually five medallions (circles of happiness),
one at each corner of the field and one in the centre bearing some
dragons, animal, or floral forms. Very little trace of Persian, Turkish,
or Caucasian influence; Mongolian characteristics predominate with
some trace of Turkoman. Chinese fret, swastika, dragon, fish, and
floral forms.
Sizes.—From three to nine by nine to fifteen feet.
Prices.—Antiques rare and costly, moderns from $1.00 to $2.50 per
square foot.
Remarks .—The moderns are much inferior to the antiques. They are
suitable for library and hall use.
THE EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED
Although made in Russian Turkestan, Samarkand weavings are Chinese in
every respect.
This particular piece displays three round medallions or circles of happiness,
also butterflies and various Chinese plant forms. The first and third border
stripes are composed of one of the Chinese lotus bud border designs, while
the central stripe consists of the swastika fret.

33. DAGHESTAN PRAYER RUG
Size, 4'8" × 4'2".
BY COURTESY OF NAHIGIAN BROS., CHICAGO, ILL.
Owners ' Description .—In all the rugs that we have imported from the Caucasian
provinces we do not recollect having seen one with a finer texture than this

34. Daghestan. It has as many knots to the square inch as the finest Kashan rugs,
which, as is well understood, are the finest products of the Persian looms.
The "barber pole" stripes in the border, the reciprocal Van Dyke design, and the
"wine glass" figure in the widest border are all characteristic designs found in
Caucasian rugs. Even the niche is similar to other Daghestan prayer rugs. But we
see at once Persian influences in the field of the rug.
The "flame" design as it is called here, which is in reality a variation of the familiar
"river loop" or "El-Ayassi" pattern, and which is distinctly a Persian figure, is here
used throughout the field. As if to emphasize the theory that the flame, which the
early Persians worshipped, is represented by this design, each individual figure is
made to give off rays of light and warmth.
Another interesting and noticeable feature in this rug is that while in Persian
fabrics like the Sereband, where this or a very similar design is used, the figures
are almost all exactly alike, whereas here they differ considerably and no two are
alike in detail.
(See page 254)

35. THE BELUCHISTAN RUGS
Beluchistan is a vast, wild and mountainous country extending from
Kirman to India and from Afghanistan to the South Arabian Sea,
partly under Persian rule and partly under the protection of Great
Britain. It has an area of about 146,000 square miles with but
800,000 population. The capital, Kelat, has a population of 15,000.
The inhabitants are principally Nomad tribes of primitive habits and
of the Mohammedan faith. The rugs of Beluchistan are taken way
across Afghanistan to Bokhara to be marketed. On this account and
also because of their great likeness to the Turkoman products they
are classified as such by several prominent writers. Like the latter
they invariably have a wide web at each end, usually with a woven
design. The colors and designs are similar to those of the Turkoman
class and the dyes are good, but nowadays unwashed ones are
extremely scarce.
BELUCHISTAN
Synonyms .—Balooch, Baloochee, Bilooz, Bilouche, etc. Sometimes
wrongly called "Blue Bokhara."
By Whom Made.—By the Nomadic tribes of Beluchistan and by
Beluches residing in Afghanistan and Eastern Persia.
Knot.—Always Senna. Number vertically six to ten; number
horizontally five to twelve; number to square inch thirty to one
hundred twenty.
Warp.—Usually wool, frequently goats' hair.
Woof.—Always dark wool.

36. Nap.—Fine, long, compact, lustrous wool, goats' and camels' hair.
Sides.—Overcast or selvaged, usually with goats' or horses' hair.
Ends.—Wide ornamented selvage with loose or twisted warp ends.
Often a row of colored yarns run through the web.
Border.—From three to four border stripes, usually one wide one and
two narrow ones.
Prevailing Colors.—Usually dark reds and dark browns with a
sprinkling of white. Tan is frequently employed in the field and is
generally the undyed camel's hair.

37. BELUCHISTAN RUG
Size 6'8" × 3'4"
(Without the webbing, which is one foot long at each end)
(MINA KHANI DESIGN)
FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR

38. Designs .—Geometrical devices, hexagons, octagons, etc. Occasionally
stiff floral patterns.
Sizes.—Mostly small, two to seven by three to eleven feet.
Cost.—From $1.00 to $2.50 per square foot.
Remarks .—One of the last rugs to be affected by outside influences.
Although scarcely any chemical dyes are used, the "doctoring"
process has been adopted so that nowadays an unwashed
Beluchistan is a scarce article. The modern ones are inferior to the
antiques, although all wear well.
THE EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED
Knot: Senna. Eight to the inch vertically and thirteen horizontally, making one
hundred eight to the square inch. The centre field of dark blue is covered
with the Mina Khani design, which, being a Kurdish design, is seldom found
in Beluchistan products. The two narrow border stripes in white are of the
Greek key design upon a background of dark brown, while the main border
stripe consists of rectilineal vines and flowers arranged similarly to the Herati
border design upon a varying background of light and dark Turkoman red.
The webbing at each end is covered with fine designs and stripes and in
several places are talismanic tufts of wool.

39. CHINESE RUGS

40. CHINESE RUG
Size 23' × 24'
BY COURTESY OF COSTIKYAN & CO., NEW YORK CITY.
Presented by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York City. A very unique and beautiful piece. It is one of the most celebrated
and costly rugs in America. The cloud bands and the five clawed Chinese dragons
are framed in by the Chinese fret.
(See page 301)

41.  
CHINA
CHINESE RUGS.
It is practically within the last decade or so that the artistic merits of
the Chinese rugs have been fully appreciated. Previous to that time
they were promptly laid aside to make place for the other Oriental
weaves. A few wise connoisseurs were in the meantime securing all
the choice pieces available and some have made themselves
independently wealthy by their sagacious forethought. At the
present time Chinese rugs are eagerly sought and treasured more
than those of any other class, good ones bringing fabulous prices.
To illustrate the rapid advance in the value of choice pieces the
writer will relate one incident out of many similar ones which to his
knowledge have occurred.
About eighteen years ago a wealthy horseman of Central New York
died leaving a stable which, together with its furnishings, was worth
many thousands of dollars. Sometime after his death the furnishings

42. were sold at public auction. Among the articles thus disposed of was
a Chinese rug 10 × 12 which was bid in by a New York man for
$150.00. Two years ago it was resold for $25,000.
Excluding those of recent make, Chinese rugs are of good
workmanship and honest dyes, the weavers being little influenced by
modern ideas, consequently they are durable and, on account of
their original Mongolian designs, can easily be distinguished from the
other Oriental products. Unfortunately, on account of the growing
scarcity of wool in China and on account of foreign invasion, the rug
industry seems to be dying out.
The classification of Chinese rugs is a difficult matter, in fact
anything like an accurate classification is impossible even for a
connoisseur for they cannot be assigned to the different provinces
by the finish of their sides and ends as are the other Oriental
weaves, but the classification must depend mostly upon the colors,
materials and workmanship, which were in vogue at certain periods,
as well as the effect of time upon these colors and materials.
Those which reach our own shores are generally divided into three
classes according to the districts from which they came, namely,
Pekin, Tientsin and Thibet, the latter being practically Chinese
although not geographically so. The above are named in order of
their excellence, the finest pieces, as a rule, coming from northern
China.
Unlike other Oriental textiles those of China may be interestingly
classified according to the symbolism of their designs, thus we may
have the longevity rug in which are depicted the crane, the stork,
the deer, or the tortoise, all of which are symbols of longevity. The
literary rug is decorated with books, ink stands, pencils, brushes,
scrolls, and sceptres. The bat, the gourd, the circle of happiness,
and the shou denote happiness; the dragon, the lion, the phœnix,
and the sword authority and power; the swastika, the knot of
destiny, the swallow, and the magpie are symbols of good luck,
while in the religious rugs are found the rosary, the incense burner
and various altar implements.

43. The Chinese weaver is fond of filling every available space with
objects with which he comes in daily contact, thus among the
animate things may be mentioned butterflies, dogs, doves, ducks
and swans. Among the inanimate things are vases, chess boards,
jars, stands, baskets, wheels, ribbons, shells, pots and plates, while
among the flowers are the peony, the primrose, the peach, the
magnolia and tea blossom, the lotus, the orchid, the
chrysanthemum, the sun flower and the aster.
There are seven designs, which on account of the great frequency
with which they are used, are worthy of special mention. Named in
order of their employment, they are the circle of happiness, the
Chinese fret, the swastika, the butterfly, the bat, the shou, and the
dragon.
The circle of happiness which is found in nearly all classes of Chinese
rugs is a circle or ovoid within which are worked various Mongolian
designs. The Chinese, or Greek fret, as it is sometimes called, is a
border design suggested by the overlapping of the sea waves and is
found in fully two-thirds of the Chinese products. The swastika
needs little explanation other than the statement that for centuries it
has symbolized good luck to many tribes in distant parts of the
world. Butterflies, symbols of vanity, are frequently found
intermingled with flowers or bats, the latter being symbolic of
happiness. The shou, which stands for prosperity, has nearly a
hundred different forms, many of which are similar in shape to the
Egyptian scarab. The dragon, the Chinese symbol for sovereignty,
always has five claws, unlike the Japanese dragon, which has but
three. It is frequently represented as holding or looking towards a
round object, the so-called "chin" or jewel.
The materials from which the Chinese make their rugs are practically
the same as are used in the other rug making countries with
perhaps the exception that the wool varies more in quality, being on
an average considerably coarser than that of Persia or Anatolia. The
Chinese also employ considerable hair, which in appearance very

44. much resembles that of a cow. Rugs made of this hair are known as
Yak rugs.
Chinese weaving differs little from that of other parts of the Orient.
Both the Senna and the Ghiordes knots are employed, most
frequently the former, but the appearance is different on account of
the size and looseness of the warp and pile yarn, which, in many
instances, makes it impossible for the weaver to tie over eight to ten
knots to the square inch. During the early part of the eighteenth
century, designs were frequently made to stand out in relief by
cutting somewhat shorter the wool around them.
Chinese designs are characteristic and interesting, being similar to
those found in the old Chinese porcelains. As a rule they are simple,
with little detail and are outlined with a contrasting color. No family
or tribal designs are employed as in the other rug making countries.
Each rug being usually the work of one weaver, both in design and
execution, it is frequently symbolic of his creed.
During the 16th and 17th centuries the majority of Chinese rugs had
a field of solid color or were covered with the trellis design. They
also had but few narrow border stripes, either in plain colors or
carrying simple geometric designs, but about the middle of the 18th
century, they began to show Persian influence, floral patterns being
adopted especially for the borders.
Like the designs, the colors employed by the weavers are quite
similar to those used in the old porcelains. As a rule, they are dull,
warm and harmonious, but few shades being used in the same
piece.
The colors and shades most frequently used in Chinese rugs, named
in order of their employment, are dark blue, yellow, light blue,
apricot, ivory white, dark brown, cream, old red, tan, fawn, robin's
egg blue, green, fruit red, persimmon red, ash white, sapphire blue,
peach blow, salmon pink, brownish red, brick red, greenish yellow,
turquoise blue, copper pink, and black.

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