Cr.p.c. (short notes)

crpc

1. Prepared by: KumariRanjuBala
H.O.D. & Assistant Professor (Law),
M.S. College, Motihari
B.R.A.BiharUniversity, Muzaffarpur
Contact: [email protected]
Short Notes on the Terms (Cr.P.C)
L.L.B. IIIrd

2. Bailableand Non-Bailableoffence: -
The1stscheduleenshrinedintheCodeisareadyreferencewhichdepictsthesection,
natureoftheoffence,whetheritiscognizableornon-cognizable,billableornon
bailable,andinwhatcourtsuchanoffencehastobetried.
Bailableoffencemeansanoffencewhichisshownasbailableinthefirstscheduleor
whichismadebailablebyanyotherlawforthetimebeinginforce.Thusnon-
bailableoffencemeansanyoffenceotherthanbailableoffence.Generallybailable
offencesarelessseriousthannonbailableoffencesandinbailableoffencebailis
grantedasamatterofcoursebythepoliceofficerorbythecourt.
Nonbailableoffencedoesnotmeanthatbailcaninnocasebegranted.Itonlymeans
thatitcanbegrantedonthediscretionofthecourt.

3. Charge:-
TomakeitmoreunderstandablewecanrefertoReilyVsR2(ILR28Cal
434(437)inwhichthechargewasdefinedas“apreciseformulationofthespecific
accusationmadeagainstapersonwhoisentitledtoknowitsnatureattheearliest
stage”.Thenotesgivenundersection211to217whichrelatestothechargebe
alsoexamined.Thuswemaysaythatitisapreciseformulationofthespecific
accusationsmadeagainstapersonwhoisentitlestoknowitsnatureattheearliest
stage.Itconsistsofanotificationtotheaccusedoftheoffencewhichheisalleged
tohavecommittedandwhichheisrequiredtoplead.

4. CognizableandNon-CognizableOffence:-
Cognizableoffencemeansanoffenceforwhichapoliceofficermay,inaccordance
withtheI
st
scheduleorunderanyotherlawforthetimebeinginforce,arrest
withoutwarrantandacognizablecasemeansacaserelatingtoanoffenceinwhich
thepoliceofficermay,inaccordancewiththefirstscheduleorunderanyotherlaw
forthetimebeinginforce,arrestwithoutwarrant.Inordertobeacognizablecaseit
isenoughifoneormoreoftheoffencesarecognizableoffences.

5. Continue…..
Noncognizableoffencemeansanoffenceforwhichapoliceofficerhasnoauthority
toarrestwithoutawarrantandnon-cognizablecasemeansrelatingtoanoffencein
whichapoliceofficerhasnoauthoritytoarrestwithoutawarrant.

6. Complaint:-
Themeaningofthewordcomplaintiscommonparlanceisagrievance.Aharmonious
readingoftheprovisionsofsection2(d)and2(r)[i.e.policereport]ofthecodewould
indicatethatapolicereportofnon-cognizableoffenceafterinvestigationwouldbe
deemedtobeacomplaintandthepoliceofficermakingsuchareportbedeemedtobe
complainant(lajpatraiVsstate;1983CrLJ888).Thusaccordingtolanguageof
‘MunicipalcouncilVsPrabhuNarain(1969RLW24)thecomplaintmeansthe
allegationsmadetoamagistratewithaviewtohistakingactionunderlaw,thataperson
hascommittedanoffenceandacomplainant,thereforeisthepersonwhomakesan
allegationinformofacomplainttothemagistrate.Itmustalsobenotedthatasper‘
BhimappaBasapaVsLaxmanS.Samagounda(AIR1970S.C1155)theword
complainthasawidemeaningandincludesevenanoralallegation.

7. Continue…
Noformisprescribedwhichthecomplaintmusttake.Allthatisnecessaryisthatthere
mustbeanallegationwhichprimafaciedisclosesthecommissionofanoffencewiththe
necessaryfactsforthemagistratetotakeaction).
Furtherinorderthatitmaybetreatedasacomplaintitshouldcontainallegationsthata
personknownorunknownhascommittedanoffenceandactionbetakenagainsthim.
Thereforeanapplicationifitcontainstherequisiteallegationscanalsobetreatedasa
complaint.Wecansumupthatthebasicingredientsofacomplaintarethat:
1.itmustbemadetoamagistrate,
2.Itmustbemadewithaviewtohistakingtheactionunderthecode
3.Itmustcontainanallegationthatsomepersonwhetherknownorunknownhas
committedanoffenceand
4.Itmustnotbethereportofapoliceofficer.

8. Inquiry:-
Bythedefinitionaclearlinehasbeendrawnbetweeninquiryandtrial,thelaternot
definedbythecodeandhastobeunderstoodwithreferencetothecontextinwhichit
occurs.InthisregardtheHon'bleSupremeCourthasinterpretedthewordinquiryin
VCShuklaVsStatethroughCBI(AIR1980SC962)inwhichinquiryandtrialhave
beenqualified.Asmentionedin‘StateofUPVsLakshmiBrahmanAIR1983SC
439)thesupremecourthasheldthatfromthetimetheaccusedappearsorisproduced
beforethemagistratewiththepolicereportundersection170andthemagistrate
proceedstoenquirewhetherundersection207hasbeencompliedwithandthen
proceedstocommittheaccusedtothecourtofsessions,theproceedingsbeforethe
magistratewouldbeanenquiryascontemplatedbysection2(g).

9. Investigation:-
Itisthedutyofapoliceofficertoinvestigateinacomprehensivemannerandthoroughly.
Investigationsinacognizableoffencebyapoliceofficercommencesontheinformation
receivedbyanofficerinchargeofapolicestationrelatingtothecommissionofa
cognizableoffenceorifsuchofficerhasreasontosuspectthecommissionofacognizable
offence.Asper‘HNRishbudVsStateofDelhi(AIR1955SC196),underthecode
investigationconsistsgenerallyofthefollowingsteps
1.Proceedingonthespot,
2.Ascertainmentofthefactsandcircumstancesofthecase,
3.Discoveryandarrestofthesuspectedoffender,
4.Collectionofevidencerelatingtothecommissionoftheoffencewhichmayconsistof

10. Continue…..
theexaminationofvariouspersonsincludingtheaccusedandreductionoftheir
statementsintowritingiftheofficerthinksfit,thesearchoftheplacesorseizureof
thingsconsiderednecessaryfortheinvestigationandtobeproducedatthetrial,
and
5.Formationoftheopinionastowhetheronthematerialcollectedthereisacaseto
placetheaccusedbeforeamagistratefortrialandifsotakingnecessarystepsfor
thesamebyfilingofachargesheetundersec173.

11. Judicialproceedings:-
Inearlierdefinitionsbythecourtsthetermjudicialproceedingwasdefined‘nothingmore
orlessthanasteptakenbythecourtinthecourseoftheadministrationofjustice,in
connectionwiththependingcases’.
InMayne’scriminallawofIndiawefindittobedefinedas‘anystepinthelawful
administrationofjustice,inwhichevidencemaybelegallyrecordedforthedecisionofa
matterinissueinthecaseorofanyquestionnecessaryforthedecisionorfinaldisposal
ofsuchmatter’.Thejudicialproceedingsincludeanyproceedinginthecourseofwhich
evidenceisormaybelegallytakenonoath.Thetestwhetheraproceedingisjudicialthat
wereapprovedbytheSupremeCourtinBharatBankCase(AIR1950SCR459)is
following.
1.thepresentationofthecasebyeachofthepartiestothedispute,

12. Continue…..
2.Ascertainmentofthefactsbytheevidenceadducedbythepartiesifthe
questionispurelyoffacts,
3.Thesubmissionbythepartiesoflegalargumentstoascertainaquestionoflaw
and
4.adecisiondisposingofthematter.

13. Offence:-
Thedefinitionappliestoanyactoromissionpunishablebyanylawforthetimebeing
inforce.Thereforetoconstituteanoffencetheremustbeapositiveallegationthat
offencehasbeencommittedbythepersonaccusedoftheoffenceandthatsuchan
offenceiscauseofanactoromissionwhichismadepunishablebylaw.Asper‘ML
SethiVsRPKapurAIR1967SC528,anoffenceisconstitutedassoonasitisfound
thattheactswhichconstitutethatoffencehavebeencommittedbythepersonaccused
oftheoffence.Itremainsanoffencewhetheritistriablebythecourtornot.Ifalaw
prescribespunishmentforthatoffence,thefactthatthetrialofthatoffencecanonly
betakenupbycourtsaftercertainspecifiedconditionsarefulfilleddoesnotmake
thatoffenceanylessanoffence’

14. PoliceReport:-
AsmentionedinBabuRamAgarwallaVsState1976CalHN864,thisdefinition
makesitclearthattheexpression‘PoliceReport’throughoutthecodewouldrefer
tothefinalreportundersubsection2ofsection173ofthecriminalprocedure
codeincognizablecasesandalsoinnon-cognizablecaseswheretheinvestigation
isundertakenundertheorderofthemagistrateundersection155(2)ofthecode.

15. PublicProsecutor:-
Section24ofthecodehasdetailedouttheprovisionsregardingthepublicprosecutors.
Aswefurtherfindmentioninthe‘StateofRajasthanVsPukhRaj19652CrLJ677,
AIR1965Raj196,publicprosecutorsareoffourcatagories
1.AppointedbythecentralgovernmentforconductofanyproceedingsintheHigh
Court,
2.AppointedbythestategovernmentforconductinganyproceedingsintheHigh
Court,
3.Publicandadditionalpublicprosecutorsappointedbythestategovernmentfor
everydistrictand
4.Specialpublicprosecutorsappointedbythecentralorstategovernmentfora
particularcaseorclassofcases.

16. Warrantcaseandsummonscase:-
Itisthequantumofpunishmentthatdistinguishesawarrantcasefromasummons
case.Thedistinctiondoesnotdependuponwhetherasummonsorwarrantsshallbe
issuesinthefirstinstance.Noristhequestionwhetherthepolicemayormaynot
arrestwithoutwarrant-cognizableornon-cognizable,anybearinguponthe
distinctionbetweensummonsandwarrantcase.ChapterXXlaysdownthedistinct
proceduretobefollowedinthetrialofsummonscasesandchapterXIXhasthe
procedureofwarrantcases.

17. Thanks…..