Cranial-nerves2011gyógytornász.p_usefuldocumtn pt

informative

1. Nuclei of cranial nervesNuclei of cranial nerves
Anna L. Kiss Anna L. Kiss
Department Anatomy, Histology and Department Anatomy, Histology and
EmbryologyEmbryology
Semmelweis UniversitySemmelweis University
BudapestBudapest
20182018

2. Cranial nerves:Cranial nerves:

they belong to the peripheral nervous systemthey belong to the peripheral nervous system
12 pairs:12 pairs:
olfactory nerve (I)olfactory nerve (I)
optic nerve (II)optic nerve (II)
oculomotory nerve (III)oculomotory nerve (III)
trochlear nerve (IV)trochlear nerve (IV)
trigeminal nerve (V)trigeminal nerve (V)
abducens nerve (VI)abducens nerve (VI)
facial nerve (VII)facial nerve (VII)
vestibulocochlear (stato-acustic) nerve (VIII)vestibulocochlear (stato-acustic) nerve (VIII)
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
vagus nerve (X)vagus nerve (X)
accessory nerve (XI)accessory nerve (XI)
hypoglossal nerve (XII)hypoglossal nerve (XII)

3. Cranial nervesCranial nerves
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic chiasma (II)
Optic tract (II)
Oculomotory nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal+vagus nerves
(IX,X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Abducens nerve (VI)

4. Spinal nervesSpinal nerves: mixed (sensory, motor : mixed (sensory, motor
sometimes vegetative fibers)sometimes vegetative fibers)
radix posterior
radix anterior
ganglion spinale
nervus spinalis

5. Cranial nervesCranial nerves
FunctionallyFunctionally::
Somatic: voluntary
Visceral (vegetative):
autonom, unvoluntary
Sensory:
about the outside
world; structures
developed from
embryonic ectoderm
and somatic mesoderm
Motory:
controlling voluntary
muscles, derived from
somites and embryonic
gill arches
Sensory:
viscera
developed
from ectoderm
and splanchnic
mesoderm
Motory:
controlling
function of the
viscera
(symphatetic and
parasymphatetic)
general somatic afferent
GSA
somatic efferent
SE
general visceral afferent
GVS
visceral efferent
VE

6. •Olfactory nerve (I): is developing as an early part of the primitive Olfactory nerve (I): is developing as an early part of the primitive
telencephalontelencephalon
•Optic nerve (II): is developing as an outpouching from the Optic nerve (II): is developing as an outpouching from the
diencephalon diencephalon
•Carnial nerves III to XII:Carnial nerves III to XII:

originate from the brain stemoriginate from the brain stem

are embryologically homologous with spinalare embryologically homologous with spinal nervesnerves

nuclei of them derived originally from cell columns nuclei of them derived originally from cell columns
homologous with the columns of the spinal cordhomologous with the columns of the spinal cord

7. Special sensory cranial nervesSpecial sensory cranial nerves
•Olfactory nerve (I)Olfactory nerve (I)
•Optic nerve (II)Optic nerve (II)
•Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

8. Cranial nervesCranial nerves
•Motor nerves:
• IV, VI, XII – somatomotor
• III – somatomotor, visceromotor
•Sensory:
• VIII – special (hearing, balance)
•Mixed:
• V, VII, IX, X - sensory, motor + vegetatíve
(exept: V)
•Special motor:
• XI (motoros – spinal fibers)
•Not really cranial nerves:
• I, and II – outgrowth of the central nervous system

9. Oculomotory nerve (III)Oculomotory nerve (III)
•Somatomotory innervation of the muscles of the eye and Somatomotory innervation of the muscles of the eye and
parasympathetic motor innervation to the pupilparasympathetic motor innervation to the pupil
cerebral aqueduct
central gray matter

parasympathetic
nucleus
(Edinger-Westfal)
somatomotor nucleus
crus cerebri
(cerebral peduncle)

10. Oculomotory nerve (III)Oculomotory nerve (III)
crus cerebri
(cerebral peduncle)
mamillary body
interpeduncular
fossa
oculomotory
nerve (III)

11. Trochlear nerve (IV)Trochlear nerve (IV)
Somatomotory innervation of the eye muscle: sup. ogliqueSomatomotory innervation of the eye muscle: sup. oglique
inf. colliculus
motor nucleus of
cranial n. IV.
red nuclues

12. Trochlear nerve (IV)Trochlear nerve (IV)
thalamus
pineal body
midbraintrochlear nerve

13. Trochlear nerve (IV)Trochlear nerve (IV)
pons
trochlear nerve

14. Abducens nerve (VI)Abducens nerve (VI)
Somatomotory innervation of the muscle of the eye: Somatomotory innervation of the muscle of the eye:
rectus lateralis mrectus lateralis m..
thalamus
midbrain
rhomboid fossa,
floor of the IV. ventricle
nucleus of the
abducens nerve:
in the pontine part
of the rhomboid
fossa (IV ventr.)

15. Abducens nerve (VI)Abducens nerve (VI)
pons
medulla
oblongata
abducens nerve

16. III, IV, VI cranial nervesIII, IV, VI cranial nerves
oculomotory n.
trochlear n.
abducens n.
cavernous sinus
sup. orbital fissure
orbit

17. Cranial nerves innervating the Cranial nerves innervating the
eye’s muscles: III, IV, VIeye’s muscles: III, IV, VI
sup. oblique m.
lat. rectus m.
trochlear n.
abducens n.
oculomotory n.
ggl. ciliare

18. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
•Mixed nerve: somatomotory and somatosensory fibersMixed nerve: somatomotory and somatosensory fibers
•SomatomotorySomatomotory fibers: muscles of mastication fibers: muscles of mastication
•SomatosensorySomatosensory fibers: entire face (form the lower margin of the fibers: entire face (form the lower margin of the
mandible to mandible to the top of the scalp also the the top of the scalp also the
anterior wall of the auditory tubeanterior wall of the auditory tube
dura materdura mater
Mesencephalic n. of V.: is a ganglionMesencephalic n. of V.: is a ganglion
•Autonomic „hitchhikers”: from cranial nerves VII and IXAutonomic „hitchhikers”: from cranial nerves VII and IX

19. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
Motor nucleus:
pons
main sensory nucleus
(n. sensorius principalis)
pons
mesencephalic n.
n. spinalis
(n. tractus spinalis)
Sensory nuclei:

20. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
trigeminal nerves ganglion (Gasser)
and division of
the trigeminal n.
V/1: ophtalmic
V/2: maxillary
V/3 mandibular

21. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
•V/1: ophtalmic n.: V/1: ophtalmic n.:
sup. orbital fissureCavernous sinus orbit
Branches: frontal n: skin
lacrimal n.: lacrimal gland (sensory fibers)+”hitchhiker” (VII)
nasociliary n.: eye, nasal cavity, dorsal part of the nose

22. V/1: Ophthalmic nerveV/1: Ophthalmic nerve
frontal n.
lacrimal n.
nasociliary n.

23. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
•V/2: maxillary:V/2: maxillary:
Foramen rotundum
Branches: infraorbital n.: upper row of the teeth
zygomatic n.: face along the zygomatic arch
palatine nn.: oral cavity, palate
post. nasal rr : nasal cavity (septum, lateral wall)

24. V/2 Maxillary nerveV/2 Maxillary nerve

25. Trigeminal nerve (V)Trigeminal nerve (V)
V/3 mandibularV/3 mandibular: (carries mainly the motor fibers of the trigeminal n.): (carries mainly the motor fibers of the trigeminal n.)
foramen ovale infratemporal fossa mandibular canal foramen ovale infratemporal fossa mandibular canal
foramen mentaleforamen mentale
•Motor branches: to muscles of massicationMotor branches: to muscles of massication
•Auriculotemporal n.: sensory innervation: temporomandibular jointAuriculotemporal n.: sensory innervation: temporomandibular joint
tympanic membrane (ant. tympanic membrane (ant.
part)part)
acustic meatusacustic meatus
parotisparotis
visceromotor innervation: parotis (fibers from CN IX)visceromotor innervation: parotis (fibers from CN IX)
• Inf. alveolar n.: sensory innervation: upper row of the teethInf. alveolar n.: sensory innervation: upper row of the teeth
lower lip, skinlower lip, skin
motor innervation: mylohyoid, ant. belly of the digastricus m.motor innervation: mylohyoid, ant. belly of the digastricus m.

• Lingual n.: sensory innervation: general: tongue (ant. 2/3)Lingual n.: sensory innervation: general: tongue (ant. 2/3)
taste: chorda tympany (fibers from CN VII)taste: chorda tympany (fibers from CN VII)

26. V/3 Mandibular nerveV/3 Mandibular nerve
auriculotemp. n.
lingual n.
inf. alveolar n.
motor branches

27. Facial nerve (VII)Facial nerve (VII)
•Mixed nerve: somatomotory, viscerosensory, visceromotory fibersMixed nerve: somatomotory, viscerosensory, visceromotory fibers
•SSomatomotoryomatomotory:: mimetic muscles mimetic muscles
•ViscerosensoryViscerosensory:: taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
•Visceromotory:Visceromotory: lacrimal gland (V/1 „hitchhicker) lacrimal gland (V/1 „hitchhicker)
small salivary glands of the nasal cavity and soft palatesmall salivary glands of the nasal cavity and soft palate
sublingual and submandibular glandsublingual and submandibular gland

28. Facial nerve (VII)Facial nerve (VII)
somatomotor nucleus:
facial colliculus
sensory nucleus:
n. solitarius +
n. tractus solitarii
visceromotor nucleus:
n. salivatorius sup.
pons
medulla

29. Facial nerve (VII)Facial nerve (VII)
facial nerve

30. Facial nerve (VII)Facial nerve (VII)
•Temporal bone (post. surface): facial canalTemporal bone (post. surface): facial canal
geniculum: greater petrosal n.geniculum: greater petrosal n.
stylomastoid foramenstylomastoid foramen
•Branches: Branches: greater petrosal ngreater petrosal n.: lacrimal gland, salivary glands of the nasal.: lacrimal gland, salivary glands of the nasal
cavity and soft palate (with V/1)cavity and soft palate (with V/1)
stapedius nstapedius n.: motor nerve for stapedius m..: motor nerve for stapedius m.
chorda tympanchorda tympany: taste sensory of the ant.2/3 of the tonguey: taste sensory of the ant.2/3 of the tongue
(with V/3) (with V/3)
motor branches motor branches to digasticus m. + mimetic muscles to digasticus m. + mimetic muscles

31. Facial nerve (VII)Facial nerve (VII)
greater petrosal n.
stapedius n.
chorda tympani
muscular branches

32. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Mixed nerveMixed nerve: somatosensory, somatomotory, viscerosensory and : somatosensory, somatomotory, viscerosensory and
visceromotory fibersvisceromotory fibers
•SomatosensorySomatosensory: general (pain) from tongue (post 1/3) pharynx: general (pain) from tongue (post 1/3) pharynx
•Somatomory:Somatomory: muscles of the pharynx muscles of the pharynx
•Viscerosensory:Viscerosensory: taste (post. 1/3 of the tongue) swalloing reflex carotis taste (post. 1/3 of the tongue) swalloing reflex carotis
sinussinus
•Visceromotory:Visceromotory: parotis parasympathetic innervation (with V/3) parotis parasympathetic innervation (with V/3)

33. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Sensory nuclei:
Somatosensory:
n. tractus spinalis of V.
Viscerosensory:
solitary n.
Motor nuclei:
Visceromotor:
salivatory n.
Somatomotor:
n. ambiguus
medulla
medulla

34. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
glossopharyngeal n.

35. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
tympanic n.
lesser petrosal n.
ramus sinus
caroticus
ramus lingualis

36. Vagus nerve (X)Vagus nerve (X)
•Mixed nerve:Mixed nerve: somatosensory, somatomotory, viscerosensory, somatosensory, somatomotory, viscerosensory,
visceromotory fibersvisceromotory fibers
•SomatosensorySomatosensory: general sensory+pain: general sensory+pain
•SomatomotorySomatomotory: striated muscles of pharynx, larynx esophagus: striated muscles of pharynx, larynx esophagus
•Viscerosensory:Viscerosensory: mucosa of the larynx, pharynx trachea, esophagus pleura, mucosa of the larynx, pharynx trachea, esophagus pleura,
pericardium, lung stomach, organs present in the upper part of the pericardium, lung stomach, organs present in the upper part of the
abdominal cavityabdominal cavity
•Visceromotory:Visceromotory: glands of the upper mentioned organs glands of the upper mentioned organs

37. Vagus nerve (X)Vagus nerve (X)
Sensory nuclei:
Somatosensory:
tractus spinalis
n. V.
Viscerosensory:
solitary nucleus,
ala cinerea lat.
Motor nuclei:
Somatomotor:
n. ambiguus
Visceromotor:
ala cinerea med.

38. Vagus nerve (X)Vagus nerve (X)
Vagus nerve

39. Vagus nerve (X)Vagus nerve (X)
•Jugular foramen vagina carotica (neck) chest cavity Jugular foramen vagina carotica (neck) chest cavity
anterior mediastinum: recurrent laryngeal arteries post. mediastinumanterior mediastinum: recurrent laryngeal arteries post. mediastinum
esophagus abdominal cavityesophagus abdominal cavity
Branches: cervical: ext. acustic meatus, pharynx, larynxBranches: cervical: ext. acustic meatus, pharynx, larynx
chest cavity: pericardium, pleura, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, chest cavity: pericardium, pleura, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
esophagus esophagus
abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, colonabdominal cavity: stomach, liver, colon

40. Accessory nerve (XI)Accessory nerve (XI)
•Motor nerve: (largest part belogs Motor nerve: (largest part belogs
to cranial nerve X), ext. branch: to cranial nerve X), ext. branch:
sternocleidomastoid + trapezius sternocleidomastoid + trapezius
m.m.
N. ambiguus

41. Accessory nerve (XI)Accessory nerve (XI)
Accessory n.:
cranial root
spinal root
Jugular foramen

42. Accessory nerve (XI)Accessory nerve (XI)
sternocleidomastoid m.
trapezius m.

43. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
•Motor nerve: muscles of the Motor nerve: muscles of the
tongue, infrahyoid musclestongue, infrahyoid muscles
hypoglossal n.

44. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal canal

45. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
•Neck: between a. carotis comm. and int. jugular veinNeck: between a. carotis comm. and int. jugular vein
•lateral groove of the tonguelateral groove of the tongue
ansa cervicalis

46. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
hypoglossal nerve
ansa cervicalis