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1. The Need to Teach About the
Processes of Science

2. The Nature of Science

3. The Nature of Science
Scientific Ways
Science relies on evidence from the natural world.
Although we must be flexible in our thinking, we should still follow the
scientific process guided by some parameters.
There is no conclusion to science; it is always a work in progress and always
tries to correct itself.

4. Byanalyzingthecompositionoficecoresdrilledfromglaciers,scientistscandeterminepast
atmosphericconditions,temperaturevariations,andgreenhousegaslevels.

5. The Nature of Science
Scientific Principles: Science…
Assumes that we can learn about the world by gathering evidence using
our senses and the extensions of our senses, such as tools or equipment.
Uses and tests evidence from the natural world to explain science concepts
or phenomena substantially.
Is a process of continuously learning about the world around us.
Scientific claims are tested and accepted based on observations and
rejected if these fail the test.

6. The Nature of Science
Steps in the Scientific Method
1.Make an observation.
2.Ask a question.
3.Do some background research.
4.Make a hypothesis.
5.Make a prediction.
6.Do an experiment.
7.Analyze your data.
8.Draw your conclusion.

7. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Make an observation.
A good observation helps create good questions.
What if you tried to cook rice in a rice cooker and
plugged it, but your rice is not cooking?

8. Steps in the Scientific Method
2. Ask a question.
- Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How?
“Why is my rice not cooking?”

9. Steps in the Scientific Method
3. Do some background research.
Find out if other people have asked the same
question before?
When you research online, search for study,
research, or meta-analysis.

10. Steps in the Scientific Method
4. Make a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things
work, but may not necessarily be the correct answer.
“Perhaps the outlet is broken.”
“Perhaps the chord is broken.”
“Perhaps I forgot to press the ON button.”

11. Steps in the Scientific Method
5. Make a prediction.
“Perhaps the outlet is broken.”
“If we plug the rice cooker to a
different outlet, then, it could work.”

12. Steps in the Scientific Method
5. Make a prediction.
“Perhaps the chord was broken.”
“If…, then,…”

13. Steps in the Scientific Method
5. Make a prediction.
“Perhaps I forgot to press the ON
button.”
“If…, then,…”

14. Steps in the Scientific Method
6. Do an experiment
Collect data.
Gather measurements.
Analyze the results of your experiment.
How many times can this be done?

15. Steps in the Scientific Method
7. Analyze your data.
Put the results of your experiment in tables
or graphs.
Ask:
Is your hypothesis right or wrong?
Is there a need to repeat the experiment?

16. Steps in the Scientific Method
8. Draw your conclusion.
State a conclusion based on evidence.
You cannot conclude that your
experimental results are 100% correct all
the time.
You can gather a lot of evidence that it can
be correct.

17. Steps in the Scientific Method
9. Tell people about what you found out.
- oral presentation
- written form(journal)

18. Steps in the Scientific Method
Shortened Version
1. Observe and ask.
2. Research.
3. Formulate a hypothesis and predict.
4. Test your hypothesis.
5. Analyze and conclude.
6. Share the results.

19. Teaching About the Six
Basic Science Process Skills

20. Basic Process Skills
1. Observation
2. Communication
3. Measurement
4. Classification
5. Inference
6. Prediction

21. Observing
five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing
the most basic skill in science
involves exploring looks (color, shape, and size), sounds, texture,
temperature, pressure, tastes, and smells or odors
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22. Communicating
the process of letting other people know
what we are doing and thinking
speaking, reading, and writing
2

23. Communicating
•Verbal Communication
•group discussions
•explaining procedures
•presenting findings
•Written Communication
•Lab reports
•science journals
•research papers

24. Measuring
Using standard or non-standard units to quantify
objects or events.
Understanding the importance of accuracy and
precision.
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25. Measuring
Isolation of Stimulus
Unconventional Ways of Measuring
Conventional Ways of Measuring
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26. Classifying
similarities, differences, and interrelationships
- rank and order based on one property
- binary classification or multistage classification
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27. Inferring
making an educated guess based on observations and
prior knowledge.
Observation: You see wet grass in the morning.
Inference: It probably rained last night.
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28. Inferring
You hear a loud crash from the kitchen.You infer that
something might have broken.
A detective observes footprints in the mud and infers
someone walked there.
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29. Inferring
Yousaw a boy wearing a cast around his right arm.
What can you infer?
Along the road, you saw a house without a roof, with
some parts of its walls all black and some broken
windows. What can you infer?
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30. Predicting
When we predict, we offer our best guess on what
might happen in the future based on facts or pieces of
evidence. We are making a forecast of what we might
observe in the future.
A prediction is stated in an if/then manner.
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31. Predicting
“If I water the plants in the garden daily, then they will
grow healthy.”
“If I increase the amount of fertilizer I use for rice plants,
then the rice plants will have more yield.”
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32. Teaching About the Six
Integrated Science Process
Skills

33. Identifying and Controlling Variables
Independent variable: the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes;
considered the "cause" in a cause-and-effect relationship
Dependent variable: measured or observed in response to changes in the independent
variable; represents the "effect" in the cause-and-effect relationship.
Control variables: are factors that are kept constant throughout the experiment to ensure
that any changes in the dependent variable can be attributed solely to the manipulation of
the independent variable.
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34. Example: Testing the Effectiveness of a New
Fertilizer on Plant Growth
Independent Variable: Amount of fertilizer applied (measured in
grams)
Dependent Variable: Plant growth (measured in height and
biomass)
Control Variables: Soil type, amount of water, sunlight exposure,
plant species
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35. Formulating and Testing Hypotheses2
FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS
StartwithaQuestion."Doestheamountofwateraffecthowtallaplantgrows?"
IdentifyVariables:
•Whatistheindependentvariable?•Whatisthedependentvariable?
Createan"If,Then"Statement:Helpstudentswritetheirhypothesisinasimpleformat.
MakeItTestable:Ensurethehypothesiscanbetestedthroughanexperiment.Itshouldbeclearandspecific,avoidingvaguetermslike"better"or"more"withoutcontext.

36. Formulating and Testing Hypotheses2
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
1.Design the experiment.
2.Conduct the experiment.
3.Analyze the results.
4.Draw conclusions.
5.Share findings.

37. Defining Operationally
Key Aspects of Operational Definitions
Clarity and specificity
Observable criteria
Measurement procedures
Student engagement
3

38. Defining Operationally: Example
Concept: "Plant Growth"
Operational Definition: "Plant growth will be measured
by the height of the plant in centimeters, taken once a
week for four weeks after planting."
3

40. Defining Operationally: Example
When investigating the effects of vitamin E on the endurance of a person, what do you mean
by "endurance"? Your operational definition can be any of the following:
the number of hours a person can stay awake
the distance a person can run without stopping
the number of jumping jacks a person can take before getting
tired and stopping
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41. Interpreting Data
Organize the data.
Identify patterns and trends.
Draw conclusions.
Communicate findings.
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42. Experimenting
Investigate the effect of changing one variable on the change of
another variable.
We use all the processes that we studied.
We also write a hypothesis (or an educated tentative guess),
gather and analyze our data, infer conclusions, and use all other
science process skills needed.
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43. Constructing Models
Types of Models
Physical Models: These are tangible representations, like 3D models of the solar system or
anatomical models of plants and animals.
Visual Models: Diagrams, flowcharts, and drawings that illustrate processes or structures,
such as the stages of plant growth.
Mathematical Models: Equations or formulas that represent relationships between
variables, useful for older primary students.
Computer Simulations: Digital representations that allow students to manipulate variables
and observe outcomes, though this may be more applicable in upper primary grades.
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44. mathematical modelvisual model
computer simulationphysical model