CRIMINOLOGY MAJORITY leader of the Philippines

Aboutt of what is crime

1. CRIMINOLOGY
- is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and
control of criminal behavior. is a body of knowledge
regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon
(Tradio, 1999).
- It is the study regarding crime a social phenomenon. It
includes within its scope the of making of laws, of
breaking of laws, and the reaction towards the breaking of
laws (Edwin Sutherland & Donald Cressey).
- is a mutidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995). This
means that many disciplines are involved in the collection
of knowledge about criminal action, including,
psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, neurology,
political science and economics. sociology, psychology,
and psychiatry have dominated the study of crime.
But over the years,
Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes,
criminals, victims and criminal behavior. It also deals with
the prevention, and solution of crimes (RA11131, Sec 4, p
e.)
Note: Social Phenomenon refers to the event or any
happening in the society.

ORIGIN OF THE WORD
- derived from the Latin word “crimen”, which means
accusation. And translated Greek “logia”, which denotes
“the study of”.
Rafaelle Garofalo – coined the term criminology (in
Italian criminologia).
Paul Topinard – used it for the first time in French in the
same year. French anthropologist

Purposes of Studying Criminology:
- Prevent crime which is the primary or aim;
- Know and understand crime and criminals;
- Foster higher concepts of citizenry and leadership
together with an understanding of one's moral or country.
- Prepare students for career in law enforcement and
scientific crime detection work and to provide them a
broad cultural background; and
- Develop within the students an understanding of
constitutional guarantees and due process in so far it
affects the total administration of justice.

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. It is applied science – has already established
universally accepted principles and concepts and
these are used by other fields of studies.
2. It is a social science – it studies crime as social
phenomenon. Crime is a social problem which has
great impact to society.
3. It is dynamic – the concept of criminology and
their applications adopt to the changing times.

4. It is interdisciplinary – many disciplines are in
involved in the study of crimes and criminal behavior
which may include sociology, psychology, psychiatry,
economics and other fields.
5. It is nationalistic – the study of criminology takes into
consideration the history, culture, and social norms and the
laws of the country. Each country has its own set of laws
and crimes are defined by the laws of the country.

Allied Discipline of Criminology
Sociological Criminology -focused on the group of people
and society as a whole.
Psychological Criminology - the science of behavior and
mental processes of the criminal.
Psychiatric Criminology - the science that deals with the
study of crime through forensic psychiatry, the study of
criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that
strongly relies on the individual.
Ex. (Psychoanalytic Theory - Sigmund Freud). It also
explains that criminals are acting out of uncontrollable
animalistic, unconscious, or biological urges.

PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
 Criminal Etiology – division of Criminology
which studies the causes of crimes.
 Sociology of Laws – scientific analysis of the
conditions from which criminal laws are
developed.
 Penology/Corrections- division of Criminology
which scientifically analyze the correctional
methods, rehabilitation, and treatment of
offenders.
Criminology studies the different factors that enhance
the development of criminal behavior such as:
 Criminal Demography – study of the relationship
between criminality and population.
 Criminal Epidemiology – study of criminality in
relation to spatial distribution in a community.
 Criminal Ecology – study of the relationship
between environment and criminality.
 Criminal Anthropology – study of criminality in
relation to physical constitution of men.
 Criminal Psychology – study of human behavior
in relation to criminality.
 Criminal Psychiatry – study of mental and
behavioral disorders in relation to criminality.
 Victimology – study of the role of the victim in
crime commission.

2. Basic Theories in Relation to Etiology of Crime,
Criminal Behavior, Deviant Behavior, and Human
Behavior
 Human Behavior – refers to the manner, the way
in which a human react to his environment.
 Criminal Behavior – is intentional behavior that
violates a criminal code; intentional in that it did
not occurs accidentally or under duress.
 Deviant Behavior – a behavior that deviates from
the norms and standards of the society. It is not
criminal behavior but it has the tendency to
become abnormal behavior, it will become
criminals when violates the provision of the
criminal law.

 School of Thought- The phrase ‘school of
thought’ refers to a specific way of thinking or a
group of people who share common opinion. It is
devised for organizing fundamentally differing
views of human nature and relating them to issues
surrounding crime and its control.
1. Classical School
- lays stress on the crime and not on the person or
criminal offender.
- Punishment which is retributive and punitive, is
standardized and proportioned to the gravity and
nature of the offense.
- It assumes that every individual is rational, has
free will and knows the law.
- The general proposition of this school is to make
undesirable acts painful by attaching punishment
to them and to make them amount of pain entirely
different so that the prospective criminal could
make his calculation on it and make it just
sufficient so that the pain would exceed the
pleasure.
- Imposition of punishment must be the same for all
individuals regardless of age, mentality, social
status, and their personal conditions.
The proponents of Classical School were Cesare Beccaria
and Jeremy Bentham

1. Cesare Beccaria- an Italian philosopher and politician
best known for his "Essay on Crimes and Punishment"
treatise. He believed that the behavior of people with
regards to their choice of action is based on Hedonism
human beings choose those actions that give pleasure and
avoid those that brings pain.
2. Jeremy Bentham- an English jurist, philosopher, legal
and social reformer. Like Beccaria, he was concerned with
achieving the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
He referred to his philosophy of social control as
Utilitarianism.
• Utilitarianism- the good is what produces the greatest
amount of happiness for the greatest number of people
(including oneself), even if it causes unhappiness to
oneself
2. Neo-Classical School
It modifies the approach of the Classical School. It argues
that since children and lunatics cannot calculate pain and
pleasure, they should not be regarded as criminals and as
such they should not be punished.
3. Positivist/Italian School
• This school views crime as a social phenomenon and
attaches importance to the criminal offenders.
• The concept of guilt must be substituted with that of
social behavior and like a sick person, the criminal should
be treated in a correctional institution.
• Criminal offenders should be considered as part of and
not apart from society.
• It presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal
and external factors outside of the individual's control.
• It also argues that most serious crimes were committed
by individuals who were primitive or atavistic that is. who
failed to evolve to a fully human and civilized state.
Main Proponents of Positivists/Italian School
1. Cesare Lombroso -Italian criminologist and physician,
founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology,
often referred to as the father of criminology.
rejected the established classical school, which held that
crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. stated that
criminality was inherited, and that someone
"born criminal" could be identified by physical defects
which confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic.
CATEGORIES OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO
LOMBROSO
1. Born Criminals- those with atavistic
characteristics.
2. Insane Criminals- those having anatomical and
biological abnormalities. These includes
imbeciles, idiots, as well as alcoholics and
hysterics, and epileptics.
3. Criminal by passion- those who are triggered by
emotional force such as love, hatred, anger and
jealousy.
4. Occupational criminals- those who commit crimes
given the opportunity. This type of criminals has
innate characteristics to commit crime. Occasional
criminals are composed into four subtypes:
- Criminaloid- those who are easily swayed or
tempted to do evil. Criminaloids are normal
persons who commit crimes under the pressure of
circumstances.
- Epileptoid- those who are suffering from epilepsy,
a neurological disorder.

3. - Habitual criminal- those who live normally but
later on develop an undesirable habit (i.e.
gambling, drugs) which influence him to commit
lifetime criminality.
- Pseudocriminal- like criminaloids,
pseudocriminals are normal persons. They only
commit crimes when the situation forces them to
do so. A best example of this one is self-defense.
B. Enrico Ferri
- a student of Lombroso and was known as his best
associate.
- He investigated social and economic factors and
postulated on crime prevention methods.
- He stressed out that society needed protection against
criminals which can be achieved through criminal law and
penal policy.

C. Raffaele Garofalo
- An Italian jurist and a student of Lombroso.
- He traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical
features but to their psychological equivalents which he
called moral anomalies/moral inferiorities.
- According to this theory, natural crimes are found in all
human societies regardless of the views of lawmakers, and
no society can disregard that.

Crime may be defined according to:
Legal- An act or omission in violation of laws
Social- Anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental,
or harmful to the norms of society.
Psychological- crime is an act, which is considered
undesirable due to behavioral maladjustment of the
offender.

CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense,
felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.
Offense - is an act or omission that is punishable by
special laws
Felony - Is an act or mission that is punishable by the
Revised Penal Code, the criminal law in the Philippines
(Reyes, 1960).
Delinquency- is an act referring to any action; course or
conduct that deviates from acts approved by the majority
of people.
Misdemeanor - acts that are in violation or simple rules
and regulations usually referring to acts committed by
minor offenders.
Infraction of Law- is an act or omission against ordinances