Critical Reasoning is all about systematically discovering, analysing, and solving problems.

Formulates assertions about the content and properties of a text read.

1. Critical Reading as Reasoning

2. ASSERTIONS

3. Objective: Formulates assertions about the content and properties of a text read.

4.  An assertion is a statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief on a particular topic, often without evidence.  An assertion can be formulated after reading a story or a poem, and even after watching a play. ASSERTION

5. The Purpose of Writing an Assertion • It is for the writer to convey directly an idea or feeling and to convince the reader to accept the writer ’s interpretation of a particular literary work.

6. The Purpose of Writing an Assertion • It is for the writer to convey directly an idea or feeling and to convince the reader to accept the writer ’s interpretation of a particular literary work.

7. The Purpose of Writing an Assertion • It is for the writer to convey directly an idea or feeling and to convince the reader to accept the writer ’s interpretation of a particular literary work. Forming Assertion

8. Let us use this short text in formulating different types of assertion. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the culture and values of the Filipinos are still in tacked. Pre colonial Philippines has their own form of government and social structure. Every local community is composed of small kingdom or tribe headed by a chieftain called the ‘rajah’ or‘datu’.

9. Social structure also exists and is composed of three classes namely – the ‘maharlika’ or freeman, ‘timawa’ or the middle class and the ‘alipin’ or the slaves. Judicial, legislative and executive systems, also known as the branches of the government, are also present during precolonialism .The ‘datu’ formulates the law, ‘village elders’ help the datu in deciding and promulgating laws and the ‘umalohokan’ or town crier is the one who disseminates new law or ordinances.

10. Philippines is also known as sea travellers with the use of their ‘balangay’ or Butuan boat. They also had smooth foreign relation because of the trading of minerals and goods. Literacy rate is also high because of the existence of the ‘baybayin’ or the ancient writing method. All of these advances were abolished as the Spaniards fully colonized the country.

11. TYPES OF ASSERTIONS

12. 1.Basic Assertion  is a statement used to express the writer's feelings, beliefs, and opinions directly. This type of assertion is usually used in writing formal papers like thesis and dissertation. Example: The Philippines has an advanced civilization before thecolonization of Spain. Form and branches of government, social structure and the existence of ancient writing are some of the evidence that proves the advancement of the precolonial period.

13. Explanation: This first sentence is considered as the basic assertion. The second sentence contains evidence that support the assertion.

14. 2 . Emphatic Assertion Is a statement used to express empathy or on how a person understands the feelings and emotions of the literary author. This can be used on writing a formal or informal paper.

15. It is usually composed of two parts: 1) the first part is the statement that recognizes the situation or even the feelings of the characters on the text being read 2.) the second statement where the writer states his stand about the situation.

16. Example: I know that the Philippines, before pre-Spaniard colonization, has their system of writing called the ‘baybayin’. This alone proves that the Filipinos are literate as opposed to the Spaniards claim. Explanation: The first part recognizes the situation based on the text being read. The second part contains the writer’s stand on the situation presented.

17. 3. I - Language Assertion  is a statement used to express the feeling and preference of the writer.  It is called I-Language because it focuses on the writer and is using the pronoun ‘I’. This type of assertion is recommended if the author wants to express negative feelings and opinion. This is best used in writing a review or reflection paper.

18. It is composed of Three parts.  The first part contains the accurate information from literary work, especially the topic the writer disagrees with (When you. . .).  The second part includes the effect or feeling of the writer towards the topic (It affects/I feel...).  The last part includes the preference or recommendation of the writer (Therefore, I prefer/I want...).

19. Example: Upon reading that the ancient Filipino civilization is divided into three social classes namely the ‘maharlika’, ‘timawa’ and ‘alipin’, I feel proud because of the civilization social advancement and at the same time sad because of the promulgation of social differentiation. With this finding, I want to do further research on the existence of these social classes’ stigma.

20. Explanation: The example given is divided into three parts that includes the feelings and preference of the writer.

21. Two (2) factors that must be considered before formulating assertion

22. 1. Determine the type of paper you are going to write – and can either be formal or informal paper. 2. Determine the type of literary work you are going to examine including novel, poem, journal article or theatre play. It is best to include facts and evidence after every assertion. This is done to make a strong stand on every claimed assertion.

23. Lets Check your Understanding

24. 1.A statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief on a certain topic is called . A. assertion B. opinion C. fact D. affirmation

25. 2.When is the best time to formulate literary assertion? A. after reading a story B. after playing online games C. before watching a play D. before writing the poem

26. 3.The following are types of assertion except : A. I – Language Assertion B. Emphatic Assertion C. Core Assertion D. Basic Assertion

27. 5. Why do we need to formulate assertions? (choose two answers) A. to convince the reader to accept the writer’s interpretation B. to let the reader understand the background of the paper C. to present the conclusion of the academic research D. to let the writer directly convey his idea or feeling

28. 6. What makes a strong literary assertion? A. Every assertion must contain hypothesis proposed by the author. B. Every assertion must be followed by facts and evidence. C. Every assertion must include observation made by the novelist. D. Every assertion must include the summary of articles.

29. 7. The following are parts of I-Language Assertion except . A. it contains information on its effect or feeling of the writer B. it contains information on the recommendation of the writer C. it contains information from other credible sources D. it contains specific information from the literary work.

30. Common types of Assertions (According to the degree of Sanity)

31. FA T CA T FACT

32. PIN LOT ION OPINION

33. O VEN LO TION CONVENTION

34. Common Types of Assertions (according to degree of certainty)

35. This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research. Example: The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an anesthetic and a sedative. FACT

36. . It is a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms.  Conventions depend on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs. Example: The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae. CONVENTION

37. . It is based on facts, but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. Example: The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of worship. OPINION

38. . It is based on personal choice; therefore, they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked. Example: Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers. PREFERRENCE

39. CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING ASSERTION INTO STATEMENT OF CONVENSIONS, FACT, PREFFERENCE and OPINION. 1. Social media is defined as the Internet and mobile based tools and devices that facilitate the integration of technology, telecommunications, and social interaction. 2.Facebook is a cooler social media platform than Twitter.

40. 6.Another name for social media is “Web 2.0” because both terms emphasize the social aspects of the internet as avenues for communication, collaboration, and creative expression. 7.Many teenagers’ present obsession with taking selfies shows they are the most narcissistic generation.

41. 3.In 2012, there were 1.4 billion users of social media worldwide. 4.Teachers should use social media in their lessons to get more students interested. 5. Social networks are the most distracting websites on the Internet.

42. Nutrition and the Philippines: 'Nation at risk' Fritzie Rodriguez MANILA, Philippines — “Undernutrition is he single greatest threat to a child’s life.” Dr Martin Parreño, National Program Officer of the World Food Programme-Philippines, called on Filipinos to pay more attention to child malnutrition at all times — with or without disasters. Latest statistics from the National Nutrition Council (NNC) showed that 67% of Filipino families are not eating enough even when there are no calamities. In the Philippines, malnutrition is seen across all age groups — from infancy to adulthood, the 2013 National Nutrition Survey revealed. “At the center of malnutrition’s underlying causes is inadequate childcare and feeding practices,” Parreño added. “And we don’t have a structure curriculum addressing this,” he said during the 2014 Dr Juan Salcedo Memorial Lecture organized by the Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines (NFP) on Thursday, October 9.

43. Children who grew up in homes where parents did not care or invest in proper food and hygiene will most likely grow up to become the same kind of parents, hence perpetuating the cycle. The Department of Education has been working on integrating health and nutrition lessons in school curricula. More recent strategies also try to involve parents in classes and school-based supplementary feeding programs. Such efforts, however, will remain fruitless unless more parents realize the value of nutrition and their roles as primary caregivers.