Critical thinking is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read, hear, say, or write.

Critical thinking is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read, hear, say, or write.

1. Critical Reading as Reasoning READING and WRITING

2. By the end of the lesson, you will be able to;

3. CRITICAL THINKING VS. NON-CRITICAL THINKING

4. NOW, HOW WILL YOU DEFINE CRITICAL THINKING?

5. What’s New ? What is Critical Reading? Critical reading goes beyond recognition of the text’s meaning and restating it in your own words. A critical reader does not merely skim the text at hand. • To reach a solid interpretation of a text, the critical reader must dwell on what the text does by making such remarks beyond what it says. From this, the critical reader must identify what the text wholly means based on the previous analysis.

6. According to the website criticalreading.com, there are three steps of analysis reflecting the three types of reading and discussion:

7. 3 Types of Reading and Discussion: 1. What a text says – restatement (wherein the reader merely restates what is said in the original text) 2. What a text does – description (wherein the reader discusses aspects of the discussion itself) 3. What a text means – interpretation (wherein the reader analyzes the meaning of the text as a whole).

8. Goals of Critical Reading Prentice Hall has enumerated the following critical reading skills: 1. The ability to distinguish between fact and opinion 2. The ability to identify the author’s purpose 3. The ability to make inferences 4. The ability to recognize the author’s tone 5. The ability to recognize persuasive techniques

9. Facts versus Opinions • A statement of fact is characterized by its ability to be verified through experimentation, personal observation or credible sources. • Facts are statements that can be checked or proved. We can check facts by conducting some sort of experiment, observation or by verifying (checking) the fact with a source document. • Facts often contain numbers, dates or ages and facts might include specific information about a person, place or thing .

10. Facts versus Opinions • An opinion, on the other hand, is a statement that cannot be proved or checked. It tells what someone thinks, feels or believes. • It is a statement that needs further evidence and other valid supporting details to be proven true . • Clue words for opinion statements are: think, believe, seem, always, never, most, least, worse, greatest. To recognize a fact or an opinion, ask yourself, “Can this statement be proved?”. If your answer is YES, then that statement is a fact; if your ANSWER is NO, then that statement is an opinion.

11. Identify the following statements if it is fact or opinion. Dogs come in many different breeds . The history of ballet began in Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . The most beautiful tourist spot in the Philippines is Siargao . Without the sun, earth could not support life. The most remarkable novel is Noli Me Tangere . I think copying assignments in the internet is wrong. Most of the people believe that cursing in school is inappropriate behavior. Emilio Aguinaldo was the first President of the Philippines. Vices such as smoking and drinking alcohol can cause health problems. Oranges contain both calcium and Vitamin C.

12. Analyzing a Written Text In analyzing a written text, it is important to take note of the following elements as well as the guide questions that come with it: • Purpose/Context – What does the text aim to do? Does it mean to persuade or does it contribute to a discussion of an existing topic? What content does the text cover? What purpose does it serve its readers?

13. Author’s Purpose and Tone • An author’s purpose is his reason for or intent in writing. An author’s purpose may be to amuse the reader, to persuade the reader or to inform him. • Purpose is the reason an author writes about a topic. An author may have a more specific purpose in mind other than to inform, entertain or persuade him. To figure out the author’s purpose, you as the reader, must consider the main idea, thought pattern and tone.

14. • Author/s – Who wrote the text? What are his qualifications for writing about the topic? • Audience – What is its target audience? Where is the text found? What does the author expect the reader to get from his/her composition? Are you a part of the author’s audience?

15. • Topic and Position – Is the author’s argument on the topic at hand supported by valid evidence? Is the author’s position clear? Is it presented as objective? Is his/her stand based on other author’s position or simply from personal observation/experience? • Research/Sources – Do previous researches have a role in supporting the author’s argument? Which of the references elicits further discussion?

16. • Proof/Evidence – What are the proofs/evidence presented by the author throughout the text? Did they come from credible sources? What type of proof is used by the author (e.g. references to other work, interpretations of other work, original research, personal experience, author’s opinions, critical analysis, etc.)? Do these proofs validate the argument? Which of the evidence carries the most weight? • Organization – How are the information organized in the text? For what particular reason are they arranged in this particular way? Where did the author plainly states his/her stand on the topic? Is the organization driven more by the content (the information that needs to be presented), by the authors' argument, by the needs of the audience, or by some combination of the three?

17. • Style – What can you infer from the author’s choice of words? From what perspective did the author write the text? Was he/she inclusive with his/her choice of words? Did they use jargons or slanted meanings? If there are, were they properly defined for the reader’s convenience and understanding? What other writing techniques did the author apply in writing the text? Analyze each sentence structure, figurative language and rhetorical questions existing in the text. • Drawing Conclusions – What does the author want to highlight? Compare and contrast the text with other similar ones. Identify the similarities and differences in their approach of the same topic.

18. Making Inferences • An inference is an idea or conclusion that’s drawn from evidence and reasoning. • An inference is an educated guess . • When you are making an inference, you are reading between the lines or just looking carefully at the facts and coming to conclusions.

19. Example: • A boy is wearing a Led Zeppelin T-shirt, glasses, and his shoes have mud on them. One can infer he likes Led Zeppelin, his eyesight is poor and he walked through mud. • You adopt a puppy from the shelter and he seems nervous and scared. He hides from loud noises and had some noticeable scars. You can infer that he was abused by his former owner.

20. Quiz. Multiple Choice. 1. Liza is conducting a research about the effects of mobile games to the academic performance of Filipino students from ages 12 to 17 years old. She makes an analysis and complex understanding of a source that can support her study. What do you call the skill that Liza possess? Critical Reading Non-Critical Thinking Remembering Understanding

21. Quiz. Multiple Choice. 2. “To determine the effects of mobile games to the academic performance of Filipino students from ages 12 to 17 years old.” Is an example of what element in analysing written text? Author’s Position Author’s Purpose Author’s Tone Author’s Style

22. Quiz. Multiple Choice. 3. “The town was as busy as a bee.” This statement is an example of a simile and can be found in the author’s text. What element in analysing written text is this? Author’s Position Author’s Purpose Author’s Tone Author’s Style

23. Quiz. Multiple Choice. 4 . Jerry a Grade 11 student attended a training activity sponsored by the Department of Labor and Employment. He asked for questions and clarifications during the training. . What do you call the skill that Jerry possess? Critical Thinking Critical Reading Non-Critical Thinking Recalling

24. Quiz. Multiple Choice. 5. This is a guess that is based on existing evidence. It is a conclusion that’s drawn from evidence and reasoning . analysis inference u nderstanding remembering

25. Create a slogan and a love letter for your MOTHER as we join in celebrating the WOMEN’S MONTH