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Critical thinking

1. CRITICAL THINKING the art of taking charge of your mind

2. What is thinking Why   is the sky blue? Is time travel possible? Why doesn’t she like me? Why doesn’t he like me ? As you start asking questions and seek answers, you are in fact THINKING. In other words:- Thinking is purposeful, organised process that we use to make sense of the world.

3. What is critical thinking Critical thinking includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following  :-  understand the logical connections between ideas identify, construct and evaluate arguments

4. Cants. solve problems systematically identify the relevance and importance of ideas reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values

5. Critical thinking is general term given to a wide range of cognitive and intellectual skills needed to: ➢ Effectively identify, analyze and evaluate arguments. ➢ Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases. ➢Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions . ➢Make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do . Note: Critical thinking is a skill so fortunately for us we can enhance it through practice.

6. Definition Norris(1989) defined critical thinking as reasonable and reflective thinking that is focused upon deciding what do believe or do. Gather and assess information Information in a logical balanced and way to reach conclusions justified by reasoned argument argument based on available evidence

7.   Step 1: Knowledge ( MAIN TOPIC POINT THESIS ISSUE ) The  basic level of acquisition of knowledge requires the student to be able to exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers . Keywords : Define, list, describe, identify, show, name, quote

8. Step 2: Comprehension( Understand what you read, hear, or see ) Comprehension   means students understanding the material read, heard or seen . In comprehending, you make the new knowledge that you have acquired your own by relating it to what you already know . Keywords : Explain, describe, summaries, differentiate, discuss, interpret

9. Step 3: Application ( to   know and to apply what you comprehend ) Application   requires that you know what you have read, heard, or seen, that you comprehend it, and that you carry out some task to apply what you comprehend to an actual situation . Keywords : Illustrate , Use the information, Apply, Demonstrate, Show, Solve, Classify, Discover

10. Step 4: Analysis Analysis  i nvolves breaking what you read or hear into its component parts, in order to make clear how the ideas are ordered, related, or connected to other ideas. Analysis deals with both form and content to improve your critical thinking . Keywords: Breakdown , distinguish, infer, prioritise , order, justify, classify, arrange, divide.

11.   Step 5: Synthesis Synthesis  involves the ability to put together the parts you analysed with other information to create something original. Keywords : Integrate , modify, rearrange, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, incorporate

12. Step 6: Evaluation Evaluation   occurs once we have understood and analysed what is said or written and the reasons offered to support it. Then we can appraise this information in order to decide whether you can give or withhold belief, and whether or not to take a particular action Keywords : Decide, rank, test, measure, recommend, support, conclude, compare, appraise, defend .

13.   Levels Of Critical Thinking 1 Basic level At the basic level of critical thinking a learner trusts that experts have the right answers for every problem . Thinking is based on a set of rules or principles.

14. 2 Complex level Complex critical thinkers analyze and examine choices more independently. The person’s thinking abilities and initiative to look beyond expert opinion begin to change. In complex critical thinking each solution has benefits and risks that decides before making a final decision. 3 Commitment level The third  level of critical thinking is commitment. At this level a person make choices without assistance from others and accepts accountability for decisions made.

15. components fallacy arguments assumption emotion language logic perception

16. Critical thinking competencies Critical thinking competencies is a cognitive process in which nurse uses to make judgments about the clinical care. This include general critical thinking and specific critical thinking.

17.  1. General critical thinking Scientific method Problem solving Decision making 2 . Specific critical thinking Diagnostic reasoning Clinical inference Clinical decision making

18. Scientific method :  It is a way to solve problems using reasoning. The scientific method has 5 steps ; 1. Problem identification 2 . Collection of data 3. Formulation of a question 4. Testing the question 5. Evaluating the result of the test

19. • Problem solving: When a problem arises, obtain information and then use the information and previous knowledge to find a solution . D ecision making:  It is end product of critical thinking that focuses on problem solution. When u face a problem and need to choose a solution from several options, you are making a decision

20. Diagnostic reasoning : It is a process of determining clients health status after receiving information about the client. Clinical inference: It the process of drawing conclusion's from related pieces of evidence. Clinical decision making : It is a problem solving activity that focuses on defining client problem and selecting appropriate treatment

21. Attitudes of critical thinking Confidence : Confidence grows with experience in recognizing the strengths and limitations. Thinking independently : Independent thinking and reasoning are essential to the improvement and expansion of nursing practice. Fairness : A critical thinker deals with situations justly. Risk taking : A critical thinker is willing to take risks in trying different ways to solve problems.

22. Cont. Responsibility and accountability : When caring for patients the nurse is responsible for correctly performing nursing care activities based on standards of practice Risk taking : A critical thinker is willing to take risks in trying different ways to solve problems. Curiosity : It is the interest to gain new knowledge. Integrity : Nurse should be honest, truthful and willing to accept their mistakes. Humility : It is important to accept any limitations in your knowledge and skill.

23. cont. Responsibility and accountability : When caring for patients the nurse is responsible for correctly performing nursing care activities based on standards of practice. Discipline :   A disciplined thinker follows a systematic approach when making decision or taking action. Perseverance : A critical thinker works to achieve highest level of quality care. Minimal effort will not be satisfactory. Creativity : To find solutions outside of the standard routines of care while still keeping standards of practice.

24. Cont. Logical : draws reasonable conclusion. Intuitive : use intuition as a guide to search for evidence. Flexible: changes approach as needed to get the best. Empathetic : ability to imagine other feeling and difficulties.

25. Critical thinking in nursing Critical thinking in nursing helps caregivers make decisions that lead to optimal patient care. Clinical nurses has to posses analytical skill and decision making ability. Nurse also able to make clinical nursing judgment by categorizing, organizing, and analyzing the piece of information collect throught nursing assessment.

26. Nursing process Nursing process a critical thinking process that professional nurses use to apply the best available evidence to caregiving and promoting human functions and responses to health and illness ( American Nurses Association, 2010 ). a systematic method of providing care to clients. The nursing process is a systematic method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.

27. Purposes of nursing process To identify a client’s health status and actual or potential health care problems or needs. To establish plans to meet the identified needs. To deliver specific nursing interventions to meet those needs.

28. clinical reasoning Use of critical thinking Universal applicability • Interpersonal and collaborative style decision making problem solving Client centeredness Dynamic nature Cyclic characteristic s

29. ASSESSMENT   Definition : Assessment is the  systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation, and documentation of data (information). Types of assessment 1. Initial nursing assessment 2 . Problem-focused assessment 3 . Emergency assessment 4 . Time-lapsed reassessment

30. Collection of data   Data   collection is the process of gathering information about a client’s health status. It includes the health history, physical examination, results of laboratory and diagnostic tests, and material contributed by other health personnel.  

31. Types of Data Two   types 1 . Subjective data, also referred to as symptoms or covert data, are clear only to the person affected and can be described only by that person. Itching, pain, and feelings of worry are examples of subjective data . subjective data objective data

32.   2 . Objective data- also referred to as signs or overt data, are detectable by an observer or can be measured or tested against an accepted standard. They can be seen, heard, felt, or smelled, and they are obtained by observation or physical examination. For example, a discoloration of the skin or a blood pressure reading is objective data.

33. Sources of Data Sources   of data are primary or secondary . 1. Primary : It is the direct source of information. The client is the primary source of data. 2 . Secondary: It is the indirect source of information. All sources other than the client are considered secondary sources. Family members, health professionals, records and reports, laboratory and diagnostic results are secondary sources.

34. Methods of data collection   The methods used to collect data are observation, interview and examination . 1.Observation : It is gathering data by using the senses. Vision, Smell and Hearing are used. 2.Interview : An interview is a planned communication or a conversation with a purpose. 3. Examination : p hysical examination is a systematic data collection method to detect health problems .

35.  To conduct the examination, the nurse uses techniques of inspection, palpation , percussion auscultation.

36.   Organization of data   - The nurse uses a format that organizes the assessment data systematically. This is often referred to as nursing health history or nursing assessment form. Validation of data -The   information gathered during the assessment is “double-checked” or verified to confirm that it is accurate and complete. Documentation of data- To  complete the assessment phase, the nurse records client data. Accurate documentation is essential and should include all data collected about the client’s health status.

37. Nursing process assessment Critical thinking Observation Distinguishing information Validate data Organizing data Categorizing data